Efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis in Hubei province, China: 2005-2018.

BACKGROUND: The Hubei province is one of the most schistosomiasis-epidemic-prone provinces in China. A series of strategies were adopted by the government to curb the rebound schistosomiasis endemic status that has prevailed since the early 2000s. This study aimed to elucidate the trends of schistosomiasis transmission and to appraise the effectiveness of the integrated control strategy in lake and marshland areas. METHODS: Surveillance data of schistosomiasis in the Hubei province between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed, including conventional health control measures, integrated strategies, and measures that focused on the infection source. According to the local annual plan for schistosomiasis control in endemic counties, previous measures were human and snail control and surveillance. Residents aged 6-65 years were screened by an immunological detection method called indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) after the transmission season each year. All residents who tested positive were then asked to provide a fecal sample for examination by the miracidium hatching technique (MHT) to detect the presence of schistosomes. Moreover, systematic snail surveys were conducted as a part of the combined environmental sampling method. The latter included integrated strategies and measures that focused on the infection source. Bovine stool samples were also collected and concurrently assessed using the MHT by the agriculture department, river-hardening slope protection was constructed by the water conservancy department, and forestation promotion was conducted by the forest department. The effectiveness of the integrated control strategy was assessed using two indicators of resident and livestock infection rates and three indicators of snail epidemics across all endemic areas. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2018, a total of 28. 46 million and 2. 05 million residents were assessed by immunological (IHA) and etiological (MHT) detection techniques, respectively. Snail surveys and molluscicide application were performed in 2. 26 hectares and 0. 37 hectares, respectively. Moreover, 2. 60 million bovines were assessed by etiological detection techniques (MHT). The river-hardening slope protection project was implemented in 503 places, and 46 thousand hectares in endemic areas underwent environmental modification. Forestation was implemented at an area of 0. 15 million hectares. Between 2005 and 2018, the epidemic indicators, including resident and livestock infection rates and the infested areas and infection rate of snails, all presented downward trends. The resident infection rate decreased from 3. 78% in 2005 to 0% in 2016, which persisted through 2018. The livestock infection rate decreased from 5. 63% in 2005 to 0% in 2013, which also persisted through 2018. From 2005 to 2018, the snail-inhabited area was slightly reduced, but the area of infected snails decreased to 0 in 2012; this persisted through 2018. All counties met the goal for schistosomiasis infection control, transmission control, and disruption of schistosomiasis activity in 2008, 2013, and 2018 separately. That means the goal has been achieved in each stage. CONCLUSIONS: The decline of the schistosomiasis epidemic rate demonstrates that the Chinese government was successful in meeting its public health goal in Hubei province. In the next decade, precision interventions must be implemented in endemic counties with a relatively low epidemic status to achieve the goals of the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. A similar strategy can be applied in other countries to eliminate schistosomiasis globally.

A spatial analysis of human Schistosoma japonicum infections in Hubei, China, during 2009-2014.

BACKGROUND: The province of Hubei is located in the middle of China, near the middle and lower reaches of the River Yangtze, and is an area where schistosomiasis is endemic. It is challenging to control this disease in this environment, and it would be useful to identify clusters of infection and transmission, as well as their distributions during recent years. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in Hubei, in order to facilitate the effective control and elimination of this disease. METHODS: We collected schistosomiasis surveillance data from all endemic counties in Hubei during 2009-2014. A geographical information system (ArcGIS, version 10.1) was used to link the counties' geographical data with the epidemiological data, and the spatial scanning method (FleXScan v3.1.2) was used to identify spatial clusters of human infections with Schistosoma japonicum. RESULTS: In Hubei, patients who exhibited stool test results that were positive for S. japonicum accounted for > 50 % of all cases in China during 2009-2014. However, each endemic county in Hubei exhibited a declining trend in the number of human S. japonicum infections during the study period. The ArcGIS analyses revealed that the middle reaches of the River Yangtze were highly endemic for S. japonicum infections. Spatial scan analyses revealed the following infection clusters: two clusters in ten counties during 2009, two clusters in nine counties during 2010, three clusters in 12 counties during 2011, two clusters in 12 counties during both 2012 and 2013 and two clusters in ten counties during 2014. Most of the cluster regions were located in the lake and marshland regions along the basins of the River Yangtze. CONCLUSION: We successfully identified schistosomiasis clusters at the county level in Hubei during 2009-2014, and our results revealed that the clusters were typically located in lake and marshland regions. These data may be useful for controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis in other high-risk areas.

[Competition Results of Parasitic Disease Control Techniques among Technician in Hubei Province in 2015].

Objective: Objective To understand the qualification of technicians in parasitic disease control in Hubei Province by analyzing the rusults of technique competition in 2015. Methods: Provincial competitions on basic knowledge and on skills were conducted among 68 technicians in 17 cities （prefectures） in May 2015. The results were collected and analyzed with SPSS18.0 software. Scores were descriptively analyzed, and group comparisons were made by t-test and ANOVA. Results: The average score of the 68 competitors was 77.6, with a passing rate of 76.5%. In detail, the average scores of blood slide-making, Plasmodium detection, Kato-Katz slide-making and helminth egg detection were 9.3（passing rate, 98.5%）, 14.2 （32.4%）, 8.6 （98.53%） and 22.6 （27.9%） respectively. The average scores on theoretical knowledge and blood slide-making of female competitors were （84.5±17.3） and （9.4±0.4）, respectively, significantly higher than those of the males （70.7±21.1, 9.1±0.9 respectively） （P<0.05）. The scores of Plasmodium microscopy and egg microscopy were higher in competitors from counties［（16.3±8.0）, （25.8±12.0）］ than in those from cities/prefectures ［（12.5±6.5）, （20.0±10.8）］ （P<0.05）. In addition, the average scores on theoretical knowledge and egg dection were higher in competitors from districts with schistosomiasis control task ［（84.4±18.4）, （25.4±11.0）］ than in those from areas without schistosomiasis control task［（61.1±14.7）, （16.0±10.8）］（P<0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in scores of various items among competitors of different ages and with professional ranks (P>0.05). Conclusion: There is a good overall performance among the professionals but an imbalance in detecting capability in different areas. The microscopic examination skill also needs to be improved.

[Surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site in Honghu City from 2005 to 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the dynamics of schistosomiasis japonica in a national surveillance site in Honghu City, Hubei Province, China, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the intervention strategy of schistosomiasis control in the whole city. METHODS: The surveillance was performed in the surveillance village according to The National Surveillance Scheme of Schistosomiasis Japonica, and the results were analyzed statistically from 2005 to 2013. RESULTS: The schistosome infection rates in residents and cattle decreased from 1.76% and 20.93% in 2005 to 0 in 2013, respectively. The density of living Oncomelania snails decreased from 4.20/0.1m2 to 0.17/0.1m2, respectively. No infected snails were found during the period of 9 years in succession. The total area of snail control with molluscicidal drugs was 68.38 hm2 in the monitoring sites during the period of 9 years, and the expanded chemotherapy was performed for 634 person-times. Sixteen (person-time) advanced schistosomiasis patients received the treatment and salvation. The health education was carried out in 3 836 (person-times) students. Totally 5 685 leaflets of health education were distributed, and 17 bulletin boards of health education were performed. Five warning boards were set up at the environments with snails. CONCLUSIONS: The transmission of schistosomiasis in the surveillance site in Honghu City shows a gradually decreasing trend year by year. However, the surveillance and control of snails still should be strengthened.

[Effect of standardized construction of laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province in 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and current situation of the standardized construction of laboratories of schis- tosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province, so as to provide the evidence for establishing and improving the quality control system of diagnosis of schistosomiasis after the transmission of schistosomiasis was under control. METHODS: According to the procedures of self-examination, field operation, and laboratory on-site, five laboratories were assessed, and all the results were analyzed comparatively. RESULTS: The average number of staffs were (7.00±1.58) persons, and the staffs of the laboratories of the schistosomiasis control institutions with senior professional titles in the city level were more than that in the county level (t = 5.563, P < 0.05). The average space was (3.20±1.64) rooms, and the average area was (117.00±88.29) m2. The average score of field operation was (96.40±4.49) points. The average score of laboratory on-site assessment was (106.6±6.15) points. The highest and lowest of the laboratory on-site assessment scores were environment and facilities (19.60 ± 0.55) points and management system of laboratory quality control (15.70±2.39) points (F = 2.869, P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: The cultivation of laboratory staff should be strengthened, and the diagnostic capacity should be maintained and improved. The laboratory quality control system should be paid more attention to, and the construction and management of schistosomiasis laboratories should be standardized.

[Effect of Parasep® feces centrifuge tube method on detecting schistosome eggs].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the Parasep® feces centrifuge tube method on detecting schistosome eggs. METHODS: A total of 803 residents aged from 6-65 years were selected in 2 schistosomiasis endemic villages, Jiangling County, Hubei Province, and their stool samples were collected and detected parallelly by the Kato-Katz technique, nylon silk egg hatching method, and Parasep® feces centrifuge tube method at the same time. RESULTS: Among the 803 people, 15 cases were found of schistosome egg positive, and the positive rate was 1.87%. The positive rates of the Kato-Katz technique, nylon silk egg hatching method, and Parasep® feces centrifuge tube method were 0.75%, 1.49% and 1.12%, respectively. The schistosome eggs got with the Parasep® feces centrifuge tube method were clear and easy to identify. CONCLUSION: In low endemic areas of schistosomiasis, the Parasep® feces centrifuge tube method can be used as schistosomiasis japonica etiology diagnosis method.

[Assessment of schistosomiasis endemic situation in national surveillance sites in Hubei Province from 2005 to 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance sites in Hubei Province, so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. METHODS: According to the national surveillance protocol, a longitudinal surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis was carried out in 16 national surveillance sites from 2005 to 2010. RESULTS: In general, the positive rates of IHA, Kato-Katz technique and infection rates of Schistosoma japonicum decreased from 15.67%, 10.93% and 1.71% in 2005 to 10.48%, 8.54% and 0.90% in 2010, and declined by 33.12%, 22.70% and 47.95%, respectively. The infection rates of S. japonicum of the male were higher than that of the female, and the peak infection rates were in the groups aged above 30 years. The endemic situation of fishermen and farmers were relatively serious. The infection rates of S. japonicum in cattle decreased from 11.69% in 2005 to 1.41% in 2010, and declined by 88.01% (χ2 = 298.79, P < 0.001). The areas with infected Oncomelania hupensis snails, the densities of living snails, the rates of infected snails and the densities of infected snails decreased by 90.88%, 61.66%, 80.00% and 92.00%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance sites in Hubei Province mitigates in 6 years, but the prevention is still a very daunting task.

[Surveillance of schistosomiasis japonica in potential endemic areas in Hubei Province from 2008 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential key risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission in potential endemic areas so as to provide the evidence for setting up the prediction and surveillance systems of schistosomiasis outbreak epidemic. METHODS: From 2008 to 2012, fixed and mobile surveillance sites in potential endemic areas of 2 counties in Hubei Province were selected. The immunological assays and stool examinations were carried out to investigate the schistosome infection situation of local people, mobile population and livestock. The distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails was investigated in risk areas and suspicious areas, and spreading patterns of snails were observed in the rivers that directly connected with the Yangtze River. RESULTS: A total of 6 052 local people aged 6-65 years were screened by IHA immunological tests, and the positive rate of antibody was 1.19% (72/6 052). Totally 72 antibody positives were examined by Kato-Katz technique and there were no positives. A total of 5 004 mobile persons were tested by IHA immunological tests and the positive rate was 1.36% (68/5 004). Totally 68 antibody positives were examined by Kato-Katz technique and there were no positives. Totally 287.07 hm2 potential endemic areas were investigated for Oncomelania snail detection, and no snails were found. The investigation on snail spreading patterns and the surveillance on suspicious circumstances were carried out, with no snails found. CONCLUSIONS: In the schistosomiasis potential endemic areas, some positives of IHA immunological tests are found. Therefore, monitoring is still needed to be strengthened.

Monitoring the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in potential risk regions of China, 2008 - 2012.

Schistosomiasis japonica, caused by Schistosoma japonicum infection, remains a major public health concern in China, and the geographical distribution of this neglected tropical disease is limited to regions where Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of the causative parasite, is detected. The purpose of this study was to monitor the transmission of S. japonicum in potential risk regions of China during the period from 2008 through 2012. To monitor the transmission, 10 fixed surveillance sites and 30 mobile sentinel sites were selected in 10 counties of four provinces, namely Anhui, Jiangsu, Chongqing and Hubei. There were 8, 9, 6, 2 and 3 cases infected with S. japonicum detected in the 30 mobile sentinel sites during the 5-year study period, while 27 subjects were positive for the antibody-based serum test in the 10 fixed sentinel sites; however, no infection was found. In addition, neither local nor imported livestock were found to be infected. No O. hupensis snails were detected in either the fixed surveillance or the mobile sentinel sites; however, the snail host was found to survive and reproduce at Chaohu Lake, inferring the potential of transmission of the disease. It is suggested that the continuous surveillance of schistosomiasis japonica should be carried out in both the endemic foci and potential risk regions of China, and an active, sensitive system to respond the potential risk of transmission seems justified.

[Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the dynamic schistosomiasis situation in Hubei Province so as to provide the evidence for formulating the effective control strategy. METHODS: According to the Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Hubei Province (the 2009 edition) , 207 endemic villages were selected and investigated for the schistosome infections of residents and livestock, and the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails. RESULTS: The average infection rates of residents and cattle were 0.35% and 0.15% respectively, and the endemic situation of fishermen and farmers were relatively serious (0.44% and 0.42%, respectively). The density of living snails was 0.30 snail/0.1m2, but no infected snails were found. CONCLUSION: The endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province was stable in 2013, but the efforts for the infectious source control still should be strengthened.

[Schistosomiasis endemic situation at a national surveillance site in Gong'an County, Hubei Province from 2004 to 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the schistosomiasis endemic situation at a national surveillance site in Gong'an County, Hubei Province. METHODS: According to The Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in China, the schistosome infection rates of residents and cattle, and the Oncomelania hupensis snail status were investigated yearly in Zhangjiahu Village, a national surveillance site, in Gong' an County from 2004 to 2013. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2013, the human schistosome infection rates decreased from 10.66% to 0.58%, and the cattle schistosome infection rates from 12.75% to 0. Meanwhile, the snail areas and densities reduced, and the schistosome infected snails were eliminated. CONCLUSION: The schistosomiasis endemic situation declined dramatically at the surveillance site, and schistosomiasis is well-controlled.

[Efficacy of routinely used patterns for schistosomiasis diagnosis in lake and marshland regions].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of routinely used pattern for schistosomiasis diagnosis in lake and marshland regions. METHODS: A historically heavy endemic village of schistosomiasis named Jinggan Village from Jiangling County was selected for field survey. The residents aged 6-65 years were screened by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) in parallel. The serological positives were examined by Kato-Katz technique and miracidium hatching technique to determine the infection of schistosome. The consistency of the two serological methods was evaluated. In addition, the schistosome infection rates were estimated accordingto the 3 detection patterns namely IHA, DDIA, IHA+DDIA combined with the etiologic examination. RESULTS: A total of 530 individuals were examined by the serological tests. The positive rate of DDIA was 46.98% (249/530), significantly higher than that of IHA (28.49%, 151/530) (χ2 = 59.55, P < 0.01). Totally 279 individuals were serological positives determined by IHA or DDIA, while 252 of them were detected by stool examination, and 22 cases were determined as parasitological positives, while 7 and 3 cases were diagnosed as antibody negatives by IHA and DDIA, respectively. The estimated infection rates determined by IHA, DDIA, IHA plus DDIA combined with stool examination were 3.14%, 3.97%, 4.60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Under the condition of endemic situation becoming more and more waning, the current routinely used pattern for schistosomiasis detection may lead to missed diagnosis. So, more sensitive and effective diagnostic tools or appropriate detection patterns need to be explored.

[Surveilance and response for Schistosomiasis japonica based on sentinel mice examination for cercariae-infested water in risk region, 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To monitor water body infestation in schistosomiasis high-risk areas with sentinel mouse technique. METHODS: A total of 72 surveillance sites from 47 counties were selected in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan, and Sichuan. The water infectivity of Schistosoma japonicum was determined in the surveillance sites by using sentinel mice during June-July and September, 2012. RESULTS: Among the 3,283 sentinel mice which were placed in 72 sites, 3,062 (93.3%) were recovered and dissected. Infected sentinel mice were found in six sites accounting for 8.3% (6/72) of the total surveillance sites, with an occurrence rate of sites with infected mice of 8.3% in June-July and 2.8% in September. 33 infected mice were discovered with a total infection rate of 1.08% (33/3,062). 1,085 adult worms were collected, with a mean worm burden of 32.9 worms per mouse in infected sentinel mice. 4 positive sites were in Hunan and 2 were in Jiangxi. Local acute schistosomiasis or suspected local acute cases which detected elsewhere were reported in 2 positive sites. Some follow-up activities were conducted in the 6 positive sites. CONCLUSION: Compared with those in 2010, the schistosomiasis risk areas are shrinking in 2012. However, some regions are still the schistosomiasis high-risk areas.

[Surveillance and forecast for schistosome infectivity of Yangtze River and Hanbeihe River during flooding in Hubei Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the schistosome infectivity of the water body of the Yangtze River and Hanbeihe River during flooding in Hubei Province. METHODS: The Oncomelania snail status was investigated in 17 sites of the Yangtze River and Hanbei River, and the infectivity of schistosome in sentinel mice was also determined. RESULTS: In the Yangtze River and Hanbei River, the average densities of living snails were 0.35 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.67 snails/0.1 m2 respectively, and the average infection rates of snails were 0.33% and 0.05%, respectively. The sentinel mouse surveillances were carried out twice in 10 sites of the Yangtze River. During the first surveillance the infection rate was 5.5% with 4 positive environment sites, and that was 5.5% with 7 positive environment sites in the second surveillance. The sentinel mouse surveillance was carried out once in 7 sites of the Hanbeihe River, and the infection rate was 11.9% with 4 positive environment sites. CONCLUSIONS: By monitoring schistosome infection of the water body, we can understand the threat of environment and provide warning information to prevent from the outbreak and spread of acute schistosomiasis. We can also indirectly get many messages about the quality of snail investigation and the effect of mollusciciding.

[Surveillance and forecast of Schistosoma japonicum-infected sentinel mice in key water regions of China in 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the approach and tool for surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis, so as to provide scientific evidence for improving the sensitivity of the surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis. METHODS: Two field detections were carried out in June and September by using the determination of sentinel mice in key high-risk water regions of 7 provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Sichuan, and the sentinel mice were raised in laboratory and dissected for observation of schistosome infections. The database regarding schisosome infections in key water regions of China was established, and the tempo-spatial distribution and environmental features of the national surveillance and forecast sites with positive sentinel mice were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 72 surveillance and forecast sites were detected in 34 counties (cities, districts) of 7 provinces. Of the 2 667 sentinel mice placed, 2 613 were recovered, with a recovery rate of 97.98%. Among the 72 sites detected, 17 were detected with positive sentinel mice, and the occurrence rate of positive sites was 23.61%. The occurrence rate was 17.24% (10/58) in June and 14.71% (10/68) in September, and no significant difference was observed between two batches (chi2 = 0.151, P = 0.698). Of the 2 436 sentinel mice dissected, 90 were positive, and 459 schistosome worms were collected, with a total infection rate of 3.69%, and the mean worm burdens of positive mice were 5.10 worms per mouse. The infection rate of sentinel mice was 2.82% (31/1 099) in June and 4.41% (58/1 337) in September, the infection rate of sentinel mice was significantly higher in September than that in Juen (chi2 = 14.681, P < 0.01), and the mean worm burdens of infected sentinel mice were 2.45 worms per mouse in June and 6.49 worms per mouse in September. The occurrence rates of the positive sites with infected snails detected in the study year, last year and without infected snails detected in recent 3 years were 29.63%, 41.67% and 12.12%, respectively, and no significant differences were detected (chi2 = 5.227, P = 0.071). The infection rates of sentinel mice in the aforementioned 3 settings were 9.38%, 3.98% and 0.59%, respectively, and there was significant difference observed (chi2 = 20.489, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring results of sentinel mice infections in key water regions can almost reflect the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in local areas. Notably, many infections are detected in settings without infected snails detected in recent years. The monitoring of sentinel mice infections could significantly improve the sensitivity of the surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis.

[Risk evaluation of Schistosomiasis japonica in potential endemic areas in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of large hydraulic projects on schistosomiasis transmission and evaluate the transmission risk in potential endemic areas. METHODS: During 2008-2010, surveillance on risk factors related to schistosomiasis transmission and risk assessment were carried out in potential endemic sites in counties of Xuyu, Hongze, Jinhu, and Gaoyou in Jiangsu Province, Weishan County in Shangdong, Qianjiang City and Yiling District of Yichang City in Hubei, Juchao District of Chaohu City in Anhui Province, Wanzhou and Kaixian in Chongqing in Three Gorges Dam region or passed by South-to-North Water Diversion Project and Zhangjiagang City in Jiangsu Province located in lower reach of Yangtze River. At least one fixed and three temporary monitoring sites were set in each county (city or district). Local inhabitants aged 6-65 years old were screened by indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) or ELISA, and the sero-positives were tested by Kato-Katz or miracidium hatching techniques to investigate possible infection in 2008. The endemic status of schistosomiasis in mobile population was surveyed every year during 2008-2010. Infection status in livestocks was surveyed in Juchao, Qianjiang, Gaoyou and Wanzhou Counties in 2008-2010. Oncomelania hupensis distribution was investigated in risky and suspicious areas. Snail spreading investigation was conducted through salvaging floater and snails-inducing by straw curtains in rivers connected with Yangtze River. RESULTS: 8 256 local inhabitants were investigated by serological tests with a positive rate of 0.7% (60/8 256). Among the 60 serologically positive subjects, 55 individuals were examined by stool examination but none of them was egg positive. The antibody prevalence rate of migrating population in 2008-2010 was 2.0%, 1.4%, and 1.7%, respectively, with no significant difference (chi2 = 3.57, P > 0.05). Among the serologically positive subjects, egg-positive cases were found in migrating population in Juchao District each year and one case was found in Jinhu County in 2010. Oncomelania snails were only found in in Jinhu and Gaoyou without infected ones. A lot of aquatic shell-fish and snails were collected in the water floater and straw curtain without Oncomelania snails. CONCLUSION: Schistosomiasis is not endemic in the original nonendemic areas in Three Gorges Dam region and areas passed by South-to-North Water Diversion Project until now, but potential risk of transmission exists. Long term surveillance scheme on schistosomiasis should be established with varied monitoring factors in different category areas.

[Evaluation for schistosomiasis transmission control in Hongshan District of Wuhan City].

The status of schistosomiasis transmission control in Hongshan District of Wuhan City was evaluated. The schistosome infection rates of human and cattle were both below 1%, no local acute schistosomiasis patient occurred, and infected snails were not found during the period of 2008 to 2010. The files and data were well-documented. Therefore, Hongshan District reached the national criteria for schistosomiasis transmission control.

[Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in surveillance sites of Hubei Province in 2010. METHODS: According to The Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Hubei Province, 207 endemic villages were selected as surveillance sites, where the surveys of residents, livestock and Oncomelania snails were carried out. RESULTS: In the 207 surveillance sites, the infection rates of residents and cattle were 1.01% and 1.14%, respectively, the densities of living snails and infected snails were 0.50 and 0.000 4 snails/0.1 m2, respectively, and the infection rate of snails was 0.08%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with that in 2009, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2010 has decreased obviously, but as the repeatability of the disease, the control of infectious sources and the management of cattle should be strengthened, as well as the snail control.