Bilateral accessory head of the adductor longus muscle: an anatomical case study.

The adductor longus muscle, with its proximal origin at the pubic bone and distal at the linea aspera, is reported to be one of the most frequently injured groin muscles in contact sports, namely football or ice hockey. Notwithstanding, there is a scarcity of published works regarding the accessory heads of the adductor longus muscle in the existing literature, let alone the clinical significance of the said variant. The following study is a case report describing bilateral accessory heads of the adductor longus muscle in a 97-year-old female cadaver. A routine cadaveric dissection revealed two accessory heads on the right thigh and one on the left thigh of a donor with no known structural or pathological abnormalities of the proximal lower extremity. The anterior division of the obturator nerve provided nerve supply to the variants on both sides. The deep femoral, superficial external pudendal, femoral vessels were responsible for the vascular supply to the accessory heads of the adductor longus. Undoubtedly, extensive knowledge regarding the variant anatomy of the hip adductor muscles is of immense importance to physiotherapists and orthopaedists treating patients for their injury or complete tears. Nonetheless, there is little information regarding the accessory heads of the adductor longus in the existing literature (originating mostly from cadaveric studies) that requires further evaluation in vivo to assess whether this variant might have an impact on a patient's everyday life.

[Gravitational osmotic pressure effect for a series of flat polymer membranes positioned horizontally]. / Cisnieniowy efekt grawiosmotyczny dla serii dwóch plaskich membran polimerowych ustawionych horyzontalnie.

In this paper the results of study pressure graviosmotic effect for a double-membrane osmotic-diffusive cell, in which series of two (Ml and M(r)), microporous and symmetrical flat polymeric membranes (Nephrophane and Cellulose IMP-1) separate three compartments (l, m, r) containing the heterogeneous and binary (aqueous glucose or ethanol solutions) or ternary (glucose solutions in 0.75 mole.l-1 aqueous ethanol solution or ethanol solutions in 0.1 mole.l-1 aqueous glucose solution) non-ionic solutions. In this system the solution concentrations fulfill the condition Ckl > Ckm > Ckr. The inter-membrane compartment (m) consists of the infinitesimal layer of solution. The volume of compartment m and external compartment (l and r) fulfill the conditions Vm-->0 and Vl = Vr-->infinity respectively. The calculations of pressure graviosmotic effect for configurations A and B of the double-membrane osmotic-diffusive cell were elaborated. In configuration A solution was placed in compartment below membrane M(r) and water above membrane Ml. In configuration B solution was placed in compartment above membrane Ml and water below membrane Ml. These calculated results are interpreted in terms of the convective instability that increases the diffusive permeability coefficients of complexes: concentration boundary layers (membrane Ml or M(r)) concentration boundary layer.

[Streaming gravity-diffusive effect for a series of two flat polymeric membranes oriented horizontally]. / Strumieniowy efekt grawidyfuzyjny dla serii dwóch plaskich membran polimerowych ustawionych horyzontalnie.

In this paper the results of study flux gravidiffusive effect for a double-membrane osmotic-diffusive cell, in which series of two (Ml and M(r)), microporous and symmetrical flat polymeric membranes (Nephrophane and Cellulose IMP-1). These membranes separate three compartments (l, m, r) containing the heterogeneous and binary (aqueous glucose or ethanol solutions) or ternary (glucose solutions in 0.75 mole.l-1 aqueous ethanol solution or ethanol solutions in 0.1 mole.l-1 aqueous glucose solution) non-ionic solutions. The solution concentrations fulfil the condition Ckl > Ckm > Ckr. The inter-membrane compartment (m) consists of the infinitesimal layer of solution. The volume of compartment m and external compartment (l and r) fulfill the conditions Vm-->0 and Vl = Vr-->infinity respectively. The study of flux gravidiffusive effect for configurations A and B of the double-membrane osmotic-diffusive cell were elaborated. In configuration A solution was placed in compartment below membrane M(r) and water above membrane Ml. In configuration B solution was placed in compartment above membrane Ml and water below membrane Ml. These results are interpreted in terms of the convective instability that increases the diffusive permeability coefficients of complexes: concentration boundary layers/membrane Ml or M(r)/concentration boundary layer.