RESUMO
The intention of the paper is to introduce the concept of thresholds or boundaries of perception and knowledge in epidemiology, especially in the context of risk assessment. The notion of causal scores is introduced. A risk pictogram is proposed as a standardized way of presenting and comparing various risks.
Assuntos
Epidemiologia , Metanálise como Assunto , Humanos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The different activities in the scope of the tumor center already shows in the multiplicity of concepts for which incidence register, therapy register, clinical register or the supplies register are only a few examples. Such terms circumscribe a few interests from the therapeutic, epidemiologic or clinical and scientific aspects, which are projected on tumor centers as an expectation or a duty. From the compilation of these interests a bundle of unspecific aims results for which a classification according to various levels of information is suggested. Only cooperation of all levels makes possible a tumor register as an information system for medicine which supports the tasks of all those involved and makes the questions of the population more easily and more quickly answerable.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Informação , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Institutos de Câncer , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Alemanha Ocidental , Humanos , Neoplasias/classificação , Neoplasias/terapiaRESUMO
Ethical questions in trials in humans are particularly urgent today for many reasons. Basic concepts and recognized ethical requirements are presented. The role of medical statistics and planning of trials for ethical questions is discussed with the example of estimation of case numbers. Human suffering is kept as low as possible, the framework of thought for sophisticated ethical questions is first prepared by calculation, statistics contribute to the objectivation of facts and the obtaining of consent and open up new ethical problems. A check-list of questions that should be raised in a trial on humans and a compilation of the ethical problems to be expected nowadays are given. Theses on the ethics of human trials close the paper.
