Prognostic Nomogram, Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Urinary Bladder Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the demographics, survival rates, and therapeutic approaches of small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) while highlighting key differences compared to common urinary bladder cancers. METHODS: Our analysis utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER), and data was collected from 2000-2020. RESULTS: A total of 1040 cases of urinary bladder SCNEC and LCNEC were identified. Most patients were over the age of 80 years (33.2%), male (78.9%), and Caucasian (83.6%). Most tumors were over 4.1cm (47.4%) and in the lateral wall of the bladder (37.8%). The overall 5-year survival was 22.1% (95% confidence interval (95% CI):20.7-23.5). The 5-year survival by sex was greatest for the female population (28.0%; (95% CI: 24.5-35.0). For treatment modality, the 5-year survival for each was as follows: surgery, 12.5% (95% CI: 10.5-14.5) multimodality therapy (surgery and chemotherapy), 31.1% (95% CI: 28.5-33.7) and combination (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation) 32.8% (95% CI: 29.1-36.5). On multivariable analysis, positive nodal status hazar ratio (HR)(HR3.65 [95% CI: 2.34-5.71], P < .001) was identified as a negative predictor for survival, and increasing age was nearly significant for a worse prognosis (P = .052). The prognostic nomogram that was created to predict patient survivability mirrored the findings from the statistical analysis, with a statistically significant difference found in race, treatment modality, and tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS: SCNEC and LCNEC are rare yet highly intrusive subtypes of bladder cancer that usually affect Caucasian males over the age of 80 years old. The study identifies older age and positive nodal status as adverse prognostic indicators. Our findings offer crucial insights that can inform future clinical guidelines and serve as a basis for more tailored treatment strategies for these aggressive subtypes of bladder cancer.

Emerging trends and demographic disparities in anal cancer mortality across the United States census regions: An analysis of National Center for Health Statistics mortality data.

AIMS: Anal cancer, despite its rarity, is a matter of serious concern in the United States, with an uptrend in recent years and marked racial disparities in mortality rates. The aim of this work was to investigate anal cancer mortality trends and sex race disparities in the United States from 1999 to 2020. METHOD: This is a retrospective study using data from the CDC WONDER database (1999-2020). We investigated deaths attributed to anal cancer, identified by the ICD-10 code C21.1, and excluded individuals aged 14 years and under. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to investigate temporal trends and a t-test was used to compare continuous variables. RESULTS: Both male and female age-adjusted mortality attributed to anal cancer increased significantly during the study period across all subgroups, including race (Black and White), US Census region (Northeast, Midwest, South and West) and age (15-64 and ≥65 years) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). For each subgroup, women demonstrated significantly higher rates of mortality than men, except in the Black population, where Black men had higher rates than Black women (0.40 vs. 0.29, p < 0.001). Additionally, Black men had significantly higher mean mortality rates than White men (0.40 vs. 0.27, p < 0.001). The highest rates of anal cancer mortality were among geriatric individuals, especially women aged ≥65 years, at 1.18 per 100 000. CONCLUSION: The rise in anal cancer mortality and racial and sex disparities present a significant challenge for healthcare providers and policy makers. Further studies are required to devise evidence-based strategies to effectively tackle this challenge.

Analyzing the effectiveness of Nields constraint and stratification on dynamics of non-Newtonian fluid by executing numerical and machine learning approaches.

Stratified flows are commonly observed in numerous industrial processes. For example, a gas-condensate pipeline typically uses a stratified flow regime. However, this flow arrangement is stable only under a specific set of operating conditions that allows the formation of stratification. In this study, the authors analyzed the flow attributes of Prandtl Eyring liquid past an inclined sheet immersed in a stratified medium. The flow also characterizes the features of the magnetic field along with a first-order chemical reaction. Convective boundary constraints associated with the thermosolutal exchange at the extremity of the domain are also prescribed. The fundamental equations of the study are formulated in dimensional PDEs and converted into dimensionless ODEs via similar variables. The numerical solution of the modelled setup is acquired by executing computations using shooting and RK-4 methods. The intelligent computing paradigm working on the mechanism of the back-propagated Levenberg-Marquardt strategy is also capitalized to forecast the behavior of related physical quantities. Graphs and tables are drawn to elaborate the impression of pertinent factors on flow distributions. It is perceived that the momentum profile diminishes with the magnetic field effect, whereas the opposite behavior is observed for the skin friction coefficient. The thermal and concentration distributions were found to dominate in the absence of stratification. Consideration of convective heating and concentration tends to elevate thermal and mass distributions.

Antinutrients in Halophyte-Based Crops.

The cultivation of halophytes is an alternative approach to sustain agricultural productivity under changing climate. They are densely equipped with a diverse group of metabolites that serve multiple functions, such as providing tolerance to plants against extreme conditions, being used as a food source by humans and ruminants and containing bioactive compounds of medicinal importance. However, some metabolites, when synthesized in greater concentration above their threshold level, are considered antinutrients. Widely reported antinutrients include terpenes, saponins, phytate, alkaloids, cyanides, tannins, lectins, protease inhibitors, calcium oxalate, etc. They reduce the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients from the diet and also cause serious health problems. This review focuses on antinutrients found both in wild and edible halophytes and their beneficial as well as adverse effects on human health. Efforts were made to highlight such antinutrients with scientific evidence and describe some processing methods that might help in reducing antinutrients while using halophytes as a food crop in future biosaline agriculture.

Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Background: This retrospective study aims to examine the patient demographics, survival rates, and treatment methods for small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of prostate origin while also identifying the main differences between common types of prostate cancer with comparative analysis for survival. Methods: Our analysis utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER), and data was collected from 2000-2020. Cox proportional hazards and chi-squared analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 718 cases of prostate small and large neuroendocrine carcinoma were identified. The median age was 71.5 years, and the median follow-up was 11.0 years (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 9.2-12.8). Most patients were over the age of 80 years (33.8%) and Caucasian (74.4%). The overall 5-year survival was 8.0% (95% CI = 6.8-9.2). The 5-year OS for Caucasians was 7.3% (95% C.I. 6.0-8.3). For Black Americans, the 5-year OS was 11.9% (95% C.I. 7.3-16.5). For Hispanics, the 5-year OS was 12.2% (95% C.I. 7.7-16.7). The 5-year cause-specific survival (CSS) was 16.2% (95% CI = 14.3-18.1). For treatment modality, the five-year survival for each were as follows: chemotherapy, 3.5% (95% CI = 2.1-4.9); surgery, 18.2% (95% CI = 13.6-22.8); multimodality therapy (surgery and chemotherapy), 4.8% (95% CI = 1.7-7.9); and combination (chemoradiation with surgery), 5.0% (95% CI = 1.0-9.0). The prognostic nomogram created to predict patient survivability matched the findings from the statistical analysis with a statistical difference found in race, income, housing, stage, and nodal status. The nomogram also indicated a slight increase in mortality with tumors of greater size. This analysis showed a slight increase in mortality for patients of Asian race. In addition, there was a significant increase in death for patients with stage 3 tumors, as well as patients who underwent surgery and radiation. Furthermore, we performed propensity score matching for survival differences, and no survival difference was found between SCNEC and LCNEC. Conclusions: Asian patients, larger tumor size, and distant disease were associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes. By leveraging insights from registry-based studies, clinicians can better strategize treatment options, improving patient outcomes in this challenging oncology arena.

Computational insights into zinc silicate MOF structures: topological modeling, structural characterization and chemical predictions.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) play a pivotal role in modern material science, offering unique properties such as flexibility, substantial pore space, distinctive structure, and large surface area. Recently, zinc-based MOFs have attracted significant attention, particularly in the biomedical arena, owing to their versatile applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and cancer imaging. However, there remains a crucial need to explore and understand the structural properties of zinc silicate-based MOFs to fully exploit their potential in various applications. The objective of this study is to address this need by employing topological modeling techniques to characterize zinc silicate networks. Utilizing connection number concept of chemical graph theory and novel AL molecular descriptors, we aim to investigate the structural intricacies of these MOFs. More precisely, zinc silicate-based MOF networks are topologically modeled via novel AL topological indices, and derived mathematical closed form formulae for them. By comparing experimental and calculated values and constructing linear regression models, the predictive capabilities of the proposed descriptors are evaluated. Specifically, the performance of derived topological indices against the physico-chemical properties of octane isomers is assessed, which provide valuable insights into their predictive potential. The findings of this study demonstrated the potential of novel AL indices in predicting a wide range of important physico-chemical properties, further enhancing their practicality in materials science and beyond.

Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera on production performance and gut health in broilers.

Objective: In the present research work, we examined the dietary Moringa oleifera effect on gut health and growth traits in chickens. Materials and Methods: There were 280 chicks (day old) that were weighted and allotted uniformly in seven groupings, each containing eight replicates (n = 5). Birds were supplemented with M. oleifera leaf extract (MLE) and seed extract (MSE) for 35 days. Group I was the control (fed merely basal diets), while Group II received 0.8% MLE, Group III was given 0.8% MSE, Group IV was given 1.2% MLE, Group V was given 1.2% MSE, Group VI was given 0.8% MLE + 0.8% MSE, and Group VII was given 1.2% MLE + 1.2% MSE. At the end of the fifth week, two chickens were selected from each replica, and samples (small intestine and ileal ingesta) were collected. Results: The chicken diet with MLE and MSE supplements saw significant improvement (p < 0.05) in both feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain (BWG). In the small intestine (duodenal, jejunal, and ileal), dietary MLE and MSE supplements significantly increased (p < 0.05) the surface area of the villus and the ratio of their height/crypt depth in comparison to the control group. The MLE and MSE supplements significantly increased (p < 0.05) the total goblet cell counts in the small intestine. The Lactobacillus spp. count was significantly improved (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.05) in Escherichia coli counts when the bird diet was supplemented with MLE (0.8%) and MSE (0.8%). Conclusion: Results indicated that M. oleifera leaf and seed extract diet improved the growth trait and gut health in chickens.

Microneedle patch casting using a micromachined carbon master for enhanced drug delivery.

For successful treatment of diseases, sufficient therapeutics must be provided to the body. Microneedle applications in therapeutic delivery and analytics sampling are restricted because of various issues, including smaller area for drug loading and analytics sampling. To achieve sufficient drug loading and analytics sampling and improve drug penetration while maintaining painless administration, patch-type microneedle arrays were designed and fabricated using polymer casting from a conical cavity mold. Microcavities were formed on a carbon plate via micromechanical machining. A porous polymer layer was coated on a microneedle patch (MNP). The pores of the porous polymer layer provided space and channels for drug delivery. A pH-sensitive polymer layer was employed to cap the porous polymer layer, which prevented drug leakage during storage and provided a stimulus drug release in response to body pH conditions. The drug can be delivered through holes connected to both sides of the patch. The drug release of the MNP was investigated in vitro and in vivo and showed conceptual proof that these MNs have the potential to enhance treatment protocols for various diseases with the flexibility of coating and therapeutic materials and offer significant scope for further variations and advancement.

A computational study of gene expression patterns in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using TCGA data.

Aim: Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the second most prevalent cancer in Pakistan. Methods: Gene expression data from TCGA and GETx for normal genes to analyze Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). Data was further investigated using the Enrichr tool to perform Gene Ontology (GO). Results: Our analysis identified most significantly differentially expressed genes and explored their established cellular functions as well as their potential involvement in tumor development. We found that the highly expressed Keratin family and S100A9 genes. The under-expressed genes KRT4 and KRT13 provide instructions for the production of keratin proteins. Conclusion: Our study suggests that factors such as poor oral hygiene and smokeless tobacco can result in oral stress and cellular damage and cause cancer.

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) holds vast cancer data processed with powerful computers and cloud tech. This sparks new bioinformatics for better cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. In Southeast Asia, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is prevalent. We used TCGA and GETx data to study gene expression. High-expression Keratin and S100A9 genes fight cellular damage under stress, while under-expressed KRT4 and KRT13 genes shape cell structure. Poor oral care and smokeless tobacco could induce cell damage, sparking cancer mutations. Unveiling HNSCC mechanisms may guide targeted treatments and preventive strategies.

Colorectal Leiomyosarcoma: Demographics Patterns, Treatment Characteristics, and Survival Analysis in the U.S. Population.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal leiomyosarcoma (CR-LMS) is a rare neoplasm arising from smooth muscle cells. It accounts for less than 0.1% of all colorectal malignancies. In this population-based study, we aim to understand the demographics, treatment characteristics, and pathologic factors associated with survival in CR-LMS. METHODS: Data from the SEER Program (2000-2018) were analyzed using SEER*Stat and SPSS. Statistical methods included descriptive analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the impact of various factors on disease-specific and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 191 cases of CR-LMS were identified. Most patients were 60-69 years of age (median: 64 years) and Caucasian (78%). There was nearly the same distribution in sex (M:F ratio; 1:1.2). The overall 5-year observed survival was 50.3% (95% C.I., 46.3-54.2). The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 66.1% (95% C.I., 62.0-70.1). The 5-year overall survival after resection was 60.8% (95% C.I., 56.3-65.3). Multivariable analysis identified grades III and IV (p = 0.028) as negative predictors of overall survival. Regional spread and distant stage are negative predictors of overall survival (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data reveals that colorectal leiomyosarcoma (CR-LMS) often presents in patients around 64 years old with advanced stages and poor differentiation. Key adverse prognostic factors include older age, high tumor grade, large tumor size, and distant metastases, with surgical resection showing the best survival outcomes. To improve outcomes, further research and consolidation of data are essential for developing targeted therapies and comprehensive guidelines.

Clinicopathologic patterns and survival patterns among prostate carcinosarcoma patients in the United States: An analysis of SEER database.

INTRODUCTION: Prostatic carcinosarcoma comprises <1% of all prostate neoplasms. The literature on this disease is limited to a few case studies, primarily due to the rarity of this malignancy. We aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, and histologic factors, prognosis, and survival of prostatic carcinosarcoma. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients with prostatic carcinosarcoma from 2000-2018. Demographic and clinical data, including age, race, sex, tumor grade, stage, tumor size, lymph node status, metastasis, and treatment modalities, were recorded. RESULTS: Prostatic carcinosarcoma had a median age of 72 years at diagnosis, with a majority of cases among White individuals (93%). When reported, the histologic grade comprised moderately differentiated (3.3%), poorly differentiated (56.7%), and undifferentiated/anaplastic (40%) subtypes. In patients with reported data, tumor size varied between 2-5 cm (15.8%) and >5 cm (84.2%). Distant metastasis most commonly occurred in the liver (12.5%) and lung (12.5%), followed by the bone (8.3%). The most common treatment performed was surgery with radiation (32.4%). The five-year overall survival was 11.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic carcinosarcoma affects men in the seventh decade of life. Regional and distant tumor stage is considered an indicator of survival. Prostate carcinosarcoma is rare; due to its aggressive nature, a deeper understanding, and an improved personalized therapeutic approach are necessary for improving patient outcomes in this challenging arena of oncology.

An empirical analysis to examine the role of institutions in bridging the gap between environmental policy stringency and energy poverty.

The findings related to strict environmental policies and energy poverty have been found contradictory. Strict environmental regulations may protect the environment by enhancing renewable energy resources but at the same time, major dependent sectors and consumers reliance on non-renewable energy resources face the problem of energy poverty. Moreover, environmental policies either soft are strict and depend on stakeholders' preferences, and such policies are implemented through institutions. Considering these aspects, the current study examines the impact of environmental policy stringency on energy poverty and further examines the role of institutions in bridging the gap between environmental policy stringency and energy poverty for the selected 31 countries from 1996 to 2020. For empirical analysis, Pooled OLS, random effect model, and system generalized methods of moments (GMM) are applied. To check the robustness of baseline models, spatial lag, spatial error, and feasible generalized methods of moments are applied. Furthermore, to examine the mediating role of institutions, we applied the structural equation modeling technique. Empirical analysis shows that an increase in environmental policy stringency significantly increases energy poverty, while institutional proxies significantly decrease energy poverty. The interactive effects of institutional proxies indicate declining effects on energy poverty. More importantly, institutions act as important mediators between environmental policies and energy poverty. Based on the findings, this study recommends soft environmental policies to maintain a balance between a sustainable environment and minimum energy poverty. This study further recommends authorizing and strengthening the institutions to formulate and regulate balanced environmental policies for environmental safety along with reduced energy poverty. This study further recommends increases in urbanization, personal remittances, and enhanced energy efficiency to minimize energy poverty.

Prognostic Factors and Survival Outcomes in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database Analysis.

Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (SCCT) is a rare, aggressive thyroid cancer distinguished by the emergence of squamous cells due to chronic inflammation or metaplasia. It poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, often identified at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. The rarity of SCCT underscores the necessity for advanced research on effective treatments and diagnostic strategies. The current data utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to determine the characteristics and outcomes of patients with primary SCCT. Methods De-identified data from patients with primary SCCT from 2000 to 2020 were collected using the SEER database. Demographic data, including age, sex, race, income, and housing, and clinical data including tumor size, tumor stage, nodal status, metastases, treatment modality, survival, and the patient's status, were extracted. Exclusion criteria were patients with unknown outcomes and missing death certificates. A detailed comparison of the two patient cohorts and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression survival analyses were conducted. Results Among the 159 primary SCCT patients, the median age was 71 ± 21 years, with 83 females (52.2%) and 76 males (47.8%). The median overall follow-up was 6.0 years (4.41-7.59). The majority were White (108, 67.9%), followed by Hispanic (19, 11.9%). The five-year overall survival (OS) of the study group was 17.6% (95% CI = 14.5-20.7). The five-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 37.6% (95% CI = 32.7-42.5). There was no significant difference based on surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation (p = 0.134). Age, tumor stage, nodal status, and distant metastases were negative prognostic factors. Sex, race, income, and housing were not predictive of survival. Conclusion The current study on SCCT highlights a low five-year OS rate of 17.6% and a DSS rate of 37.6%, with no significant difference in survival based on surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. The negative prognostic factors included age, tumor stage, nodal status, and distant metastases, whereas sex, race, income, and housing did not significantly predict survival outcomes. These findings underscore the critical need for early detection and the development of more effective treatment strategies to manage SCCT.

Association analysis of miRNA-146a and miRNA-196a polymorphism with breast cancer risk in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules, functioning either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. SNPs in miRNAs might modify the expression of genes associated with miRNAs, enhancing susceptibility to breast cancer. Both miRNA-146a (rs2910164) and miRNA-196a (rs11614913) are identified and significantly associated with breast cancer risk in several ethnicities, but remains unexplored in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population of Pakistan. METHODS: This study was aimed to check the relation of selected SNPs with breast cancer risk. The research cohort included 100 breast cancer patients and 100 healthy controls. All the participants were subjected for DNA extraction followed by T-ARMS PCR and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The results revealed a strong association between risk allele (G) of miRNA-146a and increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.04, P = 0.0006). Similarly, heterozygous and mutant genotypes also indicated high risk and significant association with breast cancer risk (CG; OR = 0.51, 9 P = 0.0001) (GG; OR = 3.76, P = 0.04). However, risk allele (T) of miRNA-196a (rs11614913) failed to exhibit significant association with breast cancer risk (OR = 0.92 P = 0.68). Similarly, the heterozygous and mutant genotype did not show significant association with breast cancer risk (CT; OR = 0.52, P = 0.125 (TT; OR = 0.88, P = 0.84). Furthermore, miRNA-146a (rs2910164) and miRNA-196a (rs11614913) polymorphisms exhibited non-significant associations with family history (P = 0.34, P = 0.77), PR status (P = 0.310, P = 0.397), ER status (P = 0.992, P = 0.981), nodal status (P = 0.86, P = 0.90), and menstrual status (P = 0.97, P = 0.09). Notably, miRNA-196a showed a significant association with the metastasis group (P = 0.010) and cancer stages (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study highlights the association of miRNA-146a (rs2910164) polymorphism with breast cancer risk but suggested non-significant association of miRNA-196a (rs11614913) with breast cancer risk. However, these findings need to be confirmed through larger data set for more accurate result.

Predictive Nomogram and Propensity Score Matching in Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Tubular Gastrointestinal Tract: A US Population-Based Clinical Outcome Study.

Background: Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) of the tubular gastrointestinal tract (GI-NECs) are rare and associated with worse clinical outcomes. This population-based study aims to highlight key demographics, clinicopathological factors, and survival outcomes in the US population. Methods: Data from 10,387 patients with GI-NECs were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database from 2000 to 2020. Results: Most patients were >40 years old at the time of presentation with a median age of 63 years old, with almost equal ethnic distribution per US population data. The most common primary tumor site was the small intestine (33.6%). The metastatic spread was localized in 34.8%, regional in 27.8%, and distant in 37.3% of cases, and the liver was the most common site of metastasis (19.9%) in known cases of metastases. Most NEC patients underwent surgery, presenting the highest 5-year overall survival of 73.2% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (95% CI 72.0-74.4%), while chemotherapy alone had the lowest 5-year survival of 8.0% (95% CI 6.4-10.0%). Compared to men, women had a superior 5-year survival rate of 59.0% (95% CI 57.6-60.5%). On multivariate analysis, age > 65 (HR 2.49, 95% CI 2.36-2.54%, p ≤ 0.001), distant metastasis (HR 2.57, 95% CI 2.52-2.62%, p ≤ 0.001), tumor size > 4 mm (HR 1.98, 95%, CI 1.70-2.31%, p ≤ 0.001), esophageal (HR 1.49, 95% CI 0.86-2.58%, p ≤ 0.001), transverse colon (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.15-3.33%, p ≤ 0.01), descending colon (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12, 3.97%, p = 0.02) anorectal sites, and liver or lung metastases were associated with worse survival. Surgical intervention and tumors located in the small intestine or appendix showed a better prognosis. Conclusion: GI-NECs are a group of rare malignancies associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore, epidemiological studies analyzing national databases may be the best alternative to have a more comprehensive understanding of this condition, assess the impact of current practices, and generate prognosis tools.

3D molecular structural modeling and characterization of indium phosphide via irregularity topological indices.

Indium phosphide (InP) is a binary semiconductor composed of indium and phosphorus. It has a zinc blende crystal structure, which is a type of cubic lattice structure. This lattice is composed of indium and phosphorus atoms arranged in a lattice of cube-shaped cells, with each cell containing four indium atoms and four phosphorus atoms. This lattice structure is the same for all materials with a zinc blende crystal structure and is the most common type of lattice structure in semiconductors. Indium phosphide (InP) has several chemical applications. It is commonly used as a dopant in the production of semiconductors, where it helps control the electrical properties of the material. InP is also utilized in the synthesis various indium-containing compounds, which can have applications in catalysts and chemical reactions. Additionally, InP nanoparticles have been investigated for their potential use in biomedical imaging and drug delivery systems. The topological characterization of 3D molecular structures can be performed via graph theory. In graph theory, the connections between atoms are represented as edges and the atoms themselves are represented as nodes. Furthermore, graph theory can be used to calculate the topological descriptors of the molecule such as the degree-based and reverse degree-based irregularity toplogical indices. These descriptors can be used to compare the topology of different molecules. This paper deals with the modeling and topological characterization of indium phosphide ( InP ) via degree-based and reverse irregularity indices. The 3D crystal structure of the InP is topologically modeled via partition of the edges, and derived closed form expressions for its irregularity indices. Our obtained results will be surely be helpful in investigating the QSPR/QSAR analysis as well as understanding the deep irregular behavior of the indium phosphide ( InP ) .

A systematic investigation of tobacco industry sourced data relating to illicit tobacco trade featured in Pakistan's media coverage (2015-2020).

INTRODUCTION: Previous evidence suggests the tobacco industry uses media to disseminate misleading narratives relating to illicit tobacco trade (ITT) as part of efforts to influence policy outcomes. Such evidence is largely High-Income Countries (HIC) focussed, resulting in a literature gap for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Pakistan and its annual budget cycle is used as a case study for addressing this gap. METHODS: Electronic English-language articles from newspapers in Pakistan (328) were sourced from LexisNexis and a sub-sample of Urdu-language electronic articles (12) were identified through internet searches.The articles were published between 2015- 2020and included claims/estimates relating to ITT, which were coded to identify cited data sources. Changes in media coverage before and after Pakistan's annual budget announcements were explored via Wilcoxon signed rank and Poisson regression tests. RESULTS: Of the 357 claims/estimates analysed, 66 (20%) were industry funded. The most prevalent sources were national government bodies (36.6%) and tobacco companies or their representatives (15.1%). Wilcoxon signed-rank and Poisson regression tests on the frequency of English-language articles both created a p-value of < 0.05 for the frequency of relevant articles between the months of April and May, compared to the other months, indicating statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant increase in the number of English-language articles featuring claims/estimates relating to Pakistan's ITT in the months leading up to the annual budget each year. The government should consider measures to improve transparency standards within media coverage and promote factcheck journalism to safeguard against industry tactics to manipulate public discourses. IMPLICATIONS: This paper is, to our knowledge, the largest exploration of the use of data sourced from the tobacco industry within a country's media that has been undertaken to date, utilising a team of seven coders across the UK and Pakistan. Our findings reveal weaknesses within media coverage of ITT in Pakistan, both in English and Urdu language publications. We encourage the government to consider new standards to enhance transparency and promote factcheck journalism within media coverage in the country.

Computation of molecular description of supramolecular Fuchsine model useful in medical data.

Supramolecular chemistry is a fascinating field that explores the interactions between molecules to create higher-order structures. In the case of the supramolecular chain of Fuchsine acid, which is a type of dye molecule, several chemical applications are possible. Fuchsine acid helps to make better medicine carriers that deliver drugs where they're needed in the body, making treatments more effective and reducing side effects. It also helps create smart materials like sensors and self-fixing plastics, which are useful in electronics, keeping our environment clean, and making new materials. In sensing and detection, the supramolecular chain of Fuchsine acid utilizes as a sensor or detector for specific analyzes. In drug delivery, the supramolecular chains of Fuchsine acid incorporated into drug delivery systems. In recent years, a common method is linking a graph to a chemical structure and using topological descriptors to study it. This technique is becoming increasingly important over time. Topological descriptors gives very useful information while studying the topology of chemical graph. In this paper, we have computed the 3D structure of supramolecular graph of Fuchsine acid. We have computed an explicit expressions of ABC index, GA index, General Randi c ´ index, first and second Zagreb index, hyper Zagreb index, H-index and F-index of supramolecular structure of Fushine acid.

Colorectal Adenosquamous Carcinoma: Demographics, Tumor Characteristics, and Survival Benefits of Surgery with Chemoradiation.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is a rare subtype of colorectal carcinoma. This study presents findings from a large database query to highlight the demographic, clinical, and pathological factors, prognosis, and survival of colorectal ASC. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients with colorectal ASC diagnosed between 2000 and 2020 and assess factors associated with overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: Among 284 identified cases, the median age of diagnosis was 64 years. The majority of patients were White (69.0%), with income ≤ $70,000 ( 62.3%), and lived in metropolitan areas (85.6%). Regarding tumor characteristics, the majority of tumors were poorly differentiated (49.6%), regional stage (39.8%), size of > 4.0 cm ( 41.5%), and had a negative lymph node status (47.2%). Primary sites were the rectum (35.2%) and colon ( 64.8%). In patients with primary site to the rectum, the majority of treatment modality was multimodal therapy (40.0%). The main treatment modality for the primary site to the colon was surgery only (46.2%), followed by surgery + chemotherapy (34.2%). The overall 5-year survival was 31.3 (95% C.I. 28.4-34.2) and the 5-year cause-specific survival (CSS) was 40.1% (95% C.I. 36.9-43.3). Multivariate analysis showed age ≥ 60 years, regional stage, and distant stage were negative prognostic factors. An income of > $70,000, multimodal therapy, and surgery with chemotherapy were positive prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Colorectal adenosquamous carcinomas are more common in the non-Hispanic White populations and appear more frequently later in life (based on the median age of diagnosis at 64). Factors that contributed to a worse prognosis were an age of diagnosis ≥ 60 years, regional stage, and distant stage.