Promotion of a green economy with the palm oil industry for biodiversity conservation: A touchstone toward a sustainable bioindustry.

Palm oil is a representative and important biomass, not only as the most edible vegetable oil consumed worldwide, but also as a material for chemicals and biofuels. Despite the potential sustainability of the palm oil industry, it has conventionally emitted excess greenhouse gases, waste materials, and wastewater, brought land use change, thus affecting the natural environment. Therefore, the successful development of a sustainable palm oil industry is a touchstone for promoting the bioeconomy. Here, we first review the concept of the bioeconomy and the positive and negative aspects of the palm oil industry. Then, we consider solutions for introducing a green economy into the palm oil industry, such that it may coexist with biodiversity and environmental conservation toward the Sustainable Development Goals.

Two cytotoxic squalene-derived polyethers from the Japanese red alga Chondria armata.

The red alga Chondria armata is known to produce and contain a rich diversity of secondary metabolites, such as domoic acid-related alkaloids and triterpene polyethers. Our investigation on red alga C. armata from Kagoshima coast, Japan, resulted in the isolation of two new triterpene polyethers, bandokorols A (1) and B (2). The structures of these compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data such as infrared (FTIR), 1H-NMR, APT, 1H-1H-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY and FAB mass spectrometry (HRFABMS). The anticancer potentials of these compounds were tested against adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL), S1T cells and their IC50 values are reported here.

Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Xenia in 1977 to 2019.

Members of the marine soft coral genus Xenia are rich in a diversity of diterpenes. A total of 199 terpenes consisting of 14 sesquiterpenes, 180 diterpenes, and 5 steroids have been reported to date. Xenicane diterpenes were reported to be the most common chemical skeleton biosynthesized by members of this genus. Most of the literature reported the chemical diversity of Xenia collected from the coral reefs in the South China Sea and the coastal waters of Taiwan. Although there was a brief review on the terpenoids of Xenia in 2015, the present review is a comprehensive overview of the structural diversity of secondary metabolites isolated from soft coral genus Xenia and their potent biological activity as reported between 1977 to 2019.

New dataset of foliicolous lichens on leaves of five major species of Dipterocarpaceae in INIKEA forest rehabilitation plot of Borneo.

Rehabilitation of degraded forest is being intensified in Borneo, effort by the INIKEA Rehabilitation Project in Luasong (Sabah) has resulted in healthy growth of native timber species to Borneo. Slow growth rate of Dipterocarps has been attributed to presence of biofoulers on its leaves and herbivory. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to document the coverage and distribution of foliicolous lichens on the leaves of five common timber species Dipterocarpus conformis, Dryobalanops lanceolate, Dryobalanops keithii, Shorea ovalis, and Shorea fallax, planted during this project in 2008. Colonization of foliicolous lichen on timber species was seen to exist in two distinct pattern; leaves of genus Shorea showed surface colonization of 28-29%, while genus Dipterocarpus and Drybalanopsis exhibited a lesser coverage of 15-18%. A total of 32 species belonging to nine families were recorded during the course of this study. Lichen diversity was higher on leaves of Dipterocarpus conformis and Shorea ovalis as compared to the other three species. In addition, nine new records of foliicolous lichens were isolated, identified and their descriptions are presented here.

New anti-bacterial halogenated tricyclic sesquiterpenes from Bornean Laurencia majuscula (Harvey) Lucas.

Three new halogenated tricyclic sesquiterpenes, omphalaurediol (1), rhodolaurenones B (2) and C (3) were isolated together with nine known haloganated sesquiterpenes such as rhodolaurenone A (4), rhodolaureol (5), isorhodolaureol (6), (-)-laurencenone D (7), elatol (8), (+)-deschloroelatol (9), cartilagineol (10), (+)-laurencenone B (11) and 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-α-chamigren-9-one (12) from a population of Bornean red algae Laurencia majuscula. The structures of three new metabolites were determined based on their spectroscopic data (IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and MS). These compounds showed antibacterial activity against three human pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholera).

New cembrane-type diterpenoids from Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. with antifungal activity against Lagenidium thermophilum.

Three new cembrane diterpenes, nephthecrassocolides A-B (1-2) and 6-acetoxy nephthenol acetate (3) along with three known compounds, 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy nephthenol acetate (4), epoxy nephthenol acetate (5) and nephthenol (6) were isolated from one population of Nephthea sp. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data analysis and the antifungal activities of compounds 1-6 were evaluated.

Leucoxenols A and B, two new phenolics from Bornean medicinal plant Syzygium leucoxylon.

The medicinal plant, Syzygium leucoxylon or commonly known as Obah found in North Borneo was considered as traditional medicine by local committee. Two new phenolics, leucoxenols A (1) and B (2) were isolated and identified as major secondary metabolites from the leaves of S. leucoxylon. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data such as NMR and HRESIMS. Furthermore, these compounds were active against selected strains of fungi.

12-Epi-9-deacetoxyxenicin, new cytotoxic diterpenoid from a Bornean soft coral, Xenia sp.

One new compound, 12-epi-9-deacetoxyxenicin (1) along with a hydroperoxide product, 12-epi-9-deacetoxy-8-hydroperoxyxenicin (2) and two known sesquiterpenoids (3-4) were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Xenia sp. The structures of these secondary metabolites were elucidated based on their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxic activity against ATL cell line, S1T. In addition, compound 3 exhibited hyphal inhibition of Lagenidium thermophilum.

In vitro Inhibitory Effects of Two Bornean Medicinal Wild Gingers against Pathogenic Lagenidium thermophilum Infected Mud Crab Scylla tranquebarica.

　The antifungal activity of two Bornean medicinal wild gingers Plagiostachys megacarpa and Zingiber phillippsiae were examined against Lagenidium thermophilum. The most active extract was P. megacarpa at concentration of 320 µg/mL inhibiting both hyphal growth and zoospore production of L. thermophilum in 24 h. Toxicity tests were conducted using mud crab (Scylla tranquebarica) larva. Bath treatment of P. megacarpa at concentrations of 320 and 640 µg/mL for 24 h were highly effective against hyphae and zoospores of the strain and it is non-toxic to mud crab larva. Therefore, crude extracts P. megacarpa may be used as alternative treatment for marine Oomycete infection of mud crab.

Two new clerodane-type diterpenoids from Bornean liverwort Gottschelia schizopleura and their cytotoxic activity.

The Bornean liverwort Gottschelia schizopleura was investigated phytochemically for the first time. Two new and four previously known clerodane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the MeOH extract of G. schizopleura through a series of chromatographic techniques. The structures of the new metabolites were established by analyses of their spectroscopic data (1D NMR, 2D NMR, HRESIMS and IR). All the isolated compounds 1-6 were tested against human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60), human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and Mus musculus skin melanoma (B16-F10). Compound 1 and 2 showed active inhibition against HL-60 and B16-F10 cells.

15-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A, new diterpenoid from a bornean soft coral, Xenia sp.

A new xenicane diterpenoid, 15-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A (1) along with four known compounds 9-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A (2), isoxeniolide-A (3), xeniolide-A (4) and coraxeniolide-B (5) were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Xenia sp. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis, NMR and HRESIMS. Compound 5 showed cytotoxic activity against ATL cell line, S1T.

Non-halogenated new sesquiterpenes from Bornean Laurencia snackeyi.

Two new non-halogenated sesquiterpenes, snakeol (1) and snakediol (2) were isolated together with 9 known sesquiterpenes such as (R,Z)-33-dimethyl-5-methylene-4-(3-methylpenta-24-dien-1-yl)cyclohex-1-ene (3), palisol (4), pacifigorgiol (5), palisadin D (6), palisadin A (7), palisadin B (8), 5-acetoxypalisadin B (9), debromolaurinterol (10) and α-bromocuparane (11) from the red algae Laurencia snackeyi. The structures of two new metabolites were determined from their spectroscopic data (IR, 1D and 2D NMR and MS). Compounds 1, 2, 10 and 11 showed strong antibacterial activity against selected human clinical bacterial pathogens.

Capgermacrenes D-G, new sesquiterpenoids from a Bornean soft coral, Capnella imbricata.

Four new bicyclogermacrenes, capgermacrenes D (1) E (2) F (3) and G (4) were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella imbricata. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated based on their nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry spectral data. These compounds showed bacteriastatic and bacteriacidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Unusually high genetic diversity in the Bornean Limnonectes kuhlii-like fanged frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae).

A fanged frog Limnonectes kuhlii was once thought to be wide-ranging in Southeast Asia, but is now confined to its type locality Java through recent phylogenetic studies, which clarified heterospecific status of non-Javanese populations, and monophyly of Bornean populations. However, large genetic differences among Bornean populations suggest occurrence of cryptic species, which we test using dense geographic sampling. We estimated the phylogenetic relationships among samples of Bornean populations together with their putative relatives from the continental Southeast Asia, using 2517bp sequences of the 12S rRNA, tRNA(val), and 16S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA, and 2367bp sequences of the NCX1, POMC, and RAG1 of nuclear genes. In the mtDNA trees, Bornean L. kuhlii-like frogs formed a monophyletic group split into 18 species lineages including L. hikidai, with the deepest phylogenetic split separating L. cintalubang from the remaining species. Almost all of these lineages co-occur geographically, and two to three lineages were found syntopically in each locality. Co-occurrence of more than one lineage may be maintained by differential morphology and microhabitat selection. These syntopic lineages should be regarded as distinct species. Our results clearly indicate that taxonomic revision is urgent to clarify many evolutionary problems of Bornean L. kuhlii-like frogs.

Two New Lobane Diterpenes from a Bornean Soft Coral Sinularia sp.

Two new lobane diterpenoids, prenyl-α-elemenone (1) and ent-prenyl-ß-elemene (2), along with ,a known compound, α-murrolene (3) were isolated from a population of Bomean soft coral Sinularia sp. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic, including 2D NMR, and HR-MS data. These compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities against antibiotic resistant clinical strains.

Capgermacrene C, a New Sesquiterpenoid from a Bornean Soft Coral, Capnella sp.

A new bicyclogermacrene, capgermacrene C (1), along with a known compound, 1,4-peroxy-5-muurolene (2), were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella sp. The structures of these metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including NMR, and HRESIMS. Both compounds were subjected to antibacterial activity tests against antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria, but produced only negligible inhibition.

16-Hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene, a new Cembrane Diterpene from Malaysian Soft Coral Genus Sarcophyton.

One new cembrane diterpene, 16-hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene (1), along with three known compounds, 15-hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene (2), sarcophine (3) and sarcophytoxide (4) were isolated from Sarcophyton sp. collected from Karah Island, Terengganu, West Malaysia. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. Activities of these compounds against antibacterial resistant clinical bacteria are reported. Only 1 exhibited inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus.

New Laurene-type Sesquiterpene from Bornean Laurencia nangii.

We report the chemical composition of a population of Bornean Laurencia nangii Masuda. A new compound, neolaurene (1), along with five known metabolites, neolaurallene (2), 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-α-chamigrene (3), deoxyprepacifenol (4), cycloelatanene B (5) and intricatetraol (6), were isolated and their chemical structures elucidated based on spectroscopic data. In addition, their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity were evaluated.

Capgermacrenes A and B, Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from a Bornean Soft Coral, Capnella sp.

Two new bicyclogermacrenes, capgermacrenes A (1) and B (2), were isolated with two known compounds, palustrol (3) and litseagermacrane (4), from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella sp. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. Compound 1 was found to inhibit the accumulation of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory IL-1b and NO production by down-regulating the expression of iNOS protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

The essential oil profiles and antibacterial activity of six wild Cinnamomum species.

The essential oil composition of six species of wild Cinnamomum found in Borneo was investigated. The oils were obtained from bark by hydrodistillation and the volatile chemical profile was obtained via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). A total of 65 volatile constituents were identified, where the essential oils of the studied specimens contained high contents of oxygenated monoterpenes. Eucalyptol (1.2-31.1%), terpinen-4-ol (7.9-22.1%), eugenol (0.4-37.9%) and α-cadinol (0.4-1.8%) were detected consistently in the specimens studied. The oils of C. cuspidatum and C. crassinervium exhibited significant inhibition against Listeria monocytogenes, specifically the latter, which displayed a lower minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value against Staphylococcus aereus and L. monocytogenes. This result had highlighted the possible usage of the essential oil derived from wild cinnamom species against food borne pathogens.