Enhancing microbial superoxide generation and conversion to hydroxyl radicals for enhanced bioremediation using iron-binding ligands.

Harnessing bacteria for superoxide production in bioremediation holds immense promise, yet its practical application is hindered by slow production rates and the relatively weak redox potential of superoxide. This study delves into a cost-effective approach to amplify superoxide production using an Arthrobacter strain, a prevalent soil bacterial genus. Our research reveals that introducing a carbon source along with specific iron-binding ligands, including deferoxamine (DFO), diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA), citrate, and oxalate, robustly augments microbial superoxide generation. Moreover, our findings suggest that these iron-binding ligands play a pivotal role in converting superoxide into hydroxyl radicals by modulating the electron transfer rate between Fe(III)/Fe(II) and superoxide. Remarkably, among the tested ligands, only DTPA emerges as a potent promoter of this conversion process when complexed with Fe(III). We identify an optimal Fe(III) to DTPA ratio of approximately 1:1 for enhancing hydroxyl radical production within the Arthrobacter culture. This research underscores the efficacy of simultaneously introducing carbon sources and DTPA in facilitating superoxide production and its subsequent conversion to hydroxyl radicals, significantly elevating bioremediation performance. Furthermore, our study reveals that DTPA augments superoxide production in cultures of diverse soils, with various soil microorganisms beyond Arthrobacter identified as contributors to superoxide generation. This emphasizes the universal applicability of DTPA across multiple bacterial genera. In conclusion, our study introduces a promising methodology for enhancing microbial superoxide production and its conversion into hydroxyl radicals. These findings hold substantial implications for the deployment of microbial reactive oxygen species in bioremediation, offering innovative solutions for addressing environmental contamination challenges.

Critical advances and assessment on chemo-biological conversions of waste polyvinyl chloride.

The widespread production and consumption of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) present significant ecological challenges, including chronic exposure to humans, microplastic releases, and climate changes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of innovative strategies for PVC waste conversions through biotic degradation and chemical approaches (e.g. thermolysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis). We critically analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with each recycling/upcycling method of PVC, evaluating five representative techniques-microbial degradation, thermolysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis, based on their environmental impacts, economic viability, and industrial relevance. While microbial degradation shows promise for energy-efficient PVC degradation, it lacks effective metabolic pathways and high-efficiency enzymes. Thermolysis emerges as the most recommended method for PVC recycling/upcycling due to its ease of implementation, operational simplicity, and valuable products, and acceptance for large-scale applications. This review is expected to advance strategies for mitigating plastic wastes and fostering circular economies.

Insights into the carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways in mixed-autotrophy/heterotrophy anammox consortia in response to temperature reduction.

While the multi-coupled anammox system boasts a substantial research foundation, the specific characteristics of its synergistic metabolic response to decreased temperatures, particularly within the range of 13-15 °C, remained elusive. In this study, we delve into the intricate carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways of mixed-autotrophy/heterotrophy anammox consortia under conditions of temperature reduction. Our macrogenomic analyses reveal a compelling phenomenon: the stimulation of functional genes responsible for complete denitrification, suggesting an enhancement of this process during temperature reduction. This adaptation likely contributes to maintaining system performance amidst environmental challenges. Further metabolic functional recombination analyses highlight a dramatic shift in microbial community composition, with denitrifying MAGs (metagenome-assembled genomes) experiencing a substantial increase in abundance (up to 200 times) compared to autotrophic MAGs. This proliferation underscores the strong stimulatory effect of temperature reduction on denitrifying species. Notably, autotrophic MAGs play a pivotal role in supporting the glycolytic processes of denitrifying MAGs, underscoring the intricate interdependencies within the consortia. Moreover, metabolic variations in amino acid composition among core MAGs emerge as a crucial adaptation mechanism. These differences facilitate the preservation of enzyme activity and enhance the consortia's resilience to low temperatures. Together, these findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the microbial synergistic metabolism within mixed-autotrophy/heterotrophy anammox consortia under temperature reduction, shedding light on their metabolic flexibility and resilience in dynamic environments.

Strain-level multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in urban wastewater treatment plants: Transmission, source tracking and evolution.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as reservoirs for various pathogens and play a pivotal role in safeguarding environmental safety and public health by mitigating pathogen release. Pathogenic bacteria, known for their potential to cause fatal infections, present a significant and emerging threat to global health and remain poorly understood regarding their origins and transmission in the environment. Using metagenomic approaches, we identified a total of 299 pathogens from three full-scale WWTPs. We comprehensively elucidated the occurrence, dissemination, and source tracking of the pathogens across the WWTPs, addressing deficiencies in traditional detection strategies. While indicator pathogens in current wastewater treatment systems such as Escherichia coli are effectively removed, specific drug-resistant pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Aeromonas caviae, persist throughout the treatment process, challenging complete eradication efforts. The anoxic section plays a predominant role in controlling abundance but significantly contributes to downstream pathogen diversity. Additionally, evolution throughout the treatment process enhances pathogen diversity, except for upstream transmission, such as A. caviae str. WP8-S18-ESBL-04 and P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our findings highlight the necessity of expanding current biomonitoring indicators for wastewater treatment to optimize treatment strategies and mitigate the potential health risks posed by emerging pathogens. By addressing these research priorities, we can effectively mitigate risks and safeguard environmental safety and public health.

A case report of hepatic subcapsular hematoma: Newborn with an autoimmune hemolytic condition.

We report a case of hepatic subcapsular hematoma in a newborn baby detected with an autoimmune hemolytic condition due to ABO incompatibility. Magnetic resonance imaging could be helpful in differentiating hepatic subcapsular hematoma from other abdominal masses.

Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging Able to Provide Specific Diagnoses? A Case Report of Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue in the First Metacarpal of the Hand.

Introduction: Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of the soft tissue is a type of tumor that primarily affects the deep soft tissues of the extremities and trunk. We report a case of CCS of soft tissue arising in the first metacarpal of the hand, focusing on the imaging features of CCS combined with the clinicopathological and immunological results. Case Presentation: In this case, computed tomography images showed a soft tissue mass at the first metacarpal, with heterogeneous density, unclear boundaries, and bone destruction. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the mass showed slightly higher signal intensity on T1-weighted images and mixed hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, with inhomogeneous enhancements. On both T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences, there were some hypointense strips. No significant enhancements were found in these hypointense strips. Conclusion: We suggest that hypointense strips on MRI should lead to the inclusion of CCS in differential diagnoses.

Simultaneous deep removal of nitrate and tetrabromobisphenol A in microbial electrochemical system-constructed wetland.

Microbial electrochemical system-constructed wetland (MES-CW) is environmentally friendly in removing organic contaminants from wastewater. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is an emerging pollutant that is inefficiently removed in conventional wastewater treatment. The feasibility of deep removal of TBBPA and nitrate and the related mechanism in MES-CW remains unclear. This study demonstrated the enhanced TBBPA detoxification in MES-CW accompanied by nitrate removal. Nitrate significantly suppressed the TBBPA reductive debromination and methane generation. It altered the microbial community and enriched Acinetobacter in the electrode, stimulating the TBBPA hydrolytic debromination and metabolite oxidation. The biocathode supplied electrons for dehalogenators in TBBPA reductive debromination, while the anode served as the electron acceptor for function bacteria in TBBPA metabolite oxidation. Nitrate and anodic electricity optimized the microbial community and provided electron acceptors for TBBPA metabolites oxidation in MES-CW, guiding the deep removal of nitrate and emerging pollutants in wastewater.

Microbial-Guided prediction of methane and sulfide production in Sewers: Integrating mechanistic models with Machine learning.

Accurate modeling of methane (CH4) and sulfide (H2S) production in sewer systems was constrained by insufficient consideration of microbial processes under dynamic environmental conditions. This study introduces a microbial-guided machine learning (ML) framework (Micro-ML), which integrates microbial process representations from mechanistic models (microbial information) with ML models. Results indicate that Micro-ML model enhanced predictions of CH4 and H2S production, where microbial information provides more information for model optimization. The feature importance of microbial information performed comparable weightings for 58.12 % and 55.16 %, respectively, but their relative significance in influencing Micro-ML model performance varies considerably. The application of Micro-ML performed great potential in reducing CH4 and H2S production (decreased âˆ¼ 80 % and 90 %). The integrated model not only improves the accuracy of CH4 and H2S predictions but also offers a valuable tool for effective management strategies for sewer systems.

Revisiting the Iron(II)/Cobalt(II)-Based Homogenous Fenton-like Processes from the Standpoint of Diverse Metal-Oxygen Complexes.

The aqueous FeIV-oxo complex and FeIII-peroxy complex (e.g., ligand-assisted or interfacial FeIII-hydroperoxo intermediates) have been recognized as crucial reactive intermediates for decontamination in iron-based Fenton-like processes. Intermediates with terminal oxo ligands can undergo the oxygen atom exchange process with water molecules, whereas peroxides are unable to induce such exchanges. Therefore, these distinct metal-oxygen complexes can be distinguished based on the above feature. In this study, we identified previously unknown intermediates with a peroxy moiety and cobalt center that were generated during peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation via aqueous CoII ions under acidic conditions. Results of theoretical calculations and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy revealed that the CoII ion tended to coordinate with the PMS anion to form a bidentate complex with a tetrahedral structure. These reactive cobalt intermediates were collectively named the CoII-PMS* complex. Depending on the inherent characteristics of the target contaminants, the CoII-PMS* complex can directly oxidize organic compounds or trigger PMS disproportionation to release hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals for collaborative decontamination. This work provides a comparative study between iron- and cobalt-based Fenton-like processes and proposes novel insights from the standpoint of diverse metal-oxygen complexes.

Improving microbial activity in high-salt wastewater: A review of innovative approaches.

The Zero discharge technology has become an important pathroute for sustainable development of high salt wastewater treatment. However, the cohabitation of organic and inorganic debris can cause serious problems such membrane clogging and the formation of hazardous impurity salts that further restrict the recovery of all salt varieties by evaporating and crystallizing. In highly salinized wastewater, biological treatments offer advantages in terms of cost and sustainability when used as a pre-treatment step to eliminate organic debris. On the other hand, high salinity is always a major obstacle to microbial diversity, abundance, and activity, which can result in low organic matter removal effectiveness or the failure of the microbial treatment system. Biofortification techniques can attenuate the negative effects of salt stress and other unfavourable conditions on microorganisms, while the regulation mechanisms of microbial and community collaboration by fortification methods have been an open question. Therefore, a comprehensive summary of the types, mechanisms, and effects of the major biofortification techniques is proposed. This review dialyzes the characteristics and sources of hypersaline wastewater and the main treatment methods. Then, the mechanisms of microbial salt tolerance are summarized and discussed based on microbial characteristics and the protective effects provided by the processes. Finally, the research and application of the main bioaugmentation methods are developed in detail, describing the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the different enhancement methods in their implementation. This review provides a more comprehensive perspective on the future engineering applications of bioaugmentation technology, and explores in depth the possibilities of applying biological methods to high-salinity wastewater treatment.

Microbiome regulation for sustainable wastewater treatment.

Sustainable wastewater treatment is essential for attaining clean water and sanitation, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have utilized environmental microbiomes in biological treatment processes in this effort for over a century. However, the inherent complexity and redundancy of microbial communities, and emerging chemical and biological contaminants, challenge the biotechnology applications. Over the past decades, understanding and utilization of microbial energy metabolism and interaction relationships have revolutionized the biological system. In this review, we discuss how microbiome regulation strategies are being used to generate actionable performance for low-carbon pollutant removal and resource recovery in WWTPs. The engineering application cases also highlight the real feasibility and promising prospects of the microbiome regulation approaches. In conclusion, we recommend identifying environmental risks associated with chemical and biological contaminants transformation as a prerequisite. We propose the integration of gene editing and enzyme design to precisely regulate microbiomes for the synergistic control of both chemical and biological risks. Additionally, the development of integrated technologies and engineering equipment is crucial in addressing the ongoing water crisis. This review advocates for the innovation of conventional wastewater treatment biotechnology to ensure sustainable wastewater treatment.

Transforming contaminant ligands at water-solid interfaces via trivalent metal coordination.

In environmental matrices, the migration and distribution of contaminants at water-solid interfaces play a crucial role in their capture or dissemination. Scientists working in environmental remediation and wastewater treatment are increasingly aware of metal-contaminant coordination; however, interfacial behaviors remain underexplored. Here, we show that trivalent metal ions (e.g. Al3+ and Fe3+) mediate the migration of pollutant ligands (e.g. tetracycline (TC) and ofloxacin) to the organic solid interface. In the absence of Al3+, humic acid (HA) colloids (50 mg/L) capture 26.1 % of the TC in water (initial concentration: 10 mg/L) via weak intermolecular interactions (binding energy: -5.71 kcal/mol). Adding Al3+ (2.5 mg/L) significantly enhances the binding of TC to an impressive 94.2 % via Al3+ mediated coordination (binding energy: -84.89 kcal/mol). The significant increase in binding energy results in superior interfacial immobilization. However, excess free Al3+ competes for TC binding via direct binary coordination, as confirmed based on the unique fluorescence of Al3+-TC complexes. Density functional theory calculations reveal the intricate process of HA-Al3+ binding via carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl sites. The HA-Al3+ flocs then leverage the remaining coordination capacity of Al3+ to chelate with TC. As well as providing insights into the pivotal role of metal ion on the self-purification of natural water bodies, our findings on the interfacial behavior of metal-contaminant coordination will propel coagulation technology to the capture of microscale pollutants.

Recovering Valuable Chemicals from Polypropylene Waste via a Mild Catalyst-Free Hydrothermal Process.

Waste polypropylene (PP) presents a significant environmental challenge, owing to its refractory nature and inert C-C backbone. In this study, we introduce a practical chemical recovery strategy from PP waste using a mild catalyst-free hydrothermal treatment (HT). The treatment converts 64.1% of the processed PP into dissolved organic products within 2 h in an air atmosphere at 160 °C. Higher temperatures increase the PP conversion efficiency. Distinct electron absorption and emission characteristics of the products are identified by spectral analysis. Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) reveals the oxidative cracking of PP into shorter-chain homologues (10-50 carbon atoms) containing carboxylic and carbonyl groups. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support a reaction pathway involving thermal C-H oxidation at the tertiary carbon sites in the polymer chain. The addition of 1% H2O2 further enhances the oxidation reaction to produce valuable short-chain acetic acids, enabling gram-scale recycling of both pure PP and disposable surgical masks from the real world. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) and environmental life cycle costing (E-LCC) analysis suggest that this hydrothermal oxidation recovery technology is financially viable, which shows significant potential in tackling the ongoing plastic pollution crisis and advancing plastic treatment methodologies toward a circular economy paradigm.

Unraveling the impact of perfluorooctanoic acid on sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification process.

PFOA has garnered heightened scrutiny for its impact on denitrification, especially given its frequent detection in secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants. However, it is still unclear what potential risk PFOA release poses to a typical advanced treatment process, especially the sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification (SAD) process. In this study, different PFOA concentration were tested to explore their impact on denitrification kinetics and microbial dynamic responses of the SAD process. The results showed that an increase PFOA concentration from 0 to 1000 µg/L resulted in a decrease in nitrate removal rate from 9.52 to 7.73 mg-N/L·h. At the same time, it increased nitrite accumulation and N2O emission by 6.11 and 2.03 times, respectively. The inhibitory effect of PFOA on nitrate and nitrite reductase activity in the SAD process was linked to the observed fluctuations in nitrate and nitrite levels. It is noteworthy that nitrite reductase was more vulnerable to the influence of PFOA than nitrate reductase. Furthermore, PFOA showed a significant impact on gene expression and microbial community. Metabolic function prediction revealed a notable decrease in nitrogen metabolism and an increase in sulfur metabolism under PFOA exposure. This study highlights that PFOA has a considerable inhibitory effect on SAD performance.

Unveiling the common laws of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) properties on short-chain fatty acids production from sludge by EPS disintegration pretreatment.

The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from sludge is promising, but the efficiency and product quality often vary because of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) characteristics and pretreatment principles. This study adopted specific EPS disintegration pretreatment to treat different types of sludge. By correlation coefficient matrix analysis and correlation dynamics change resolution, the intrinsic relationships between the nature of EPS and the production of SCFAs from sludge was unveiled. We demonstrate that tight-bound EPS (TB-EPS) is a principal carbon reservoir, positively impacting SCFAs yields, in the fermentation system with EPS as the main fermentation substrate, it can contribute about 29.2 % for SCFAs growth during fermentation. Conversely, TB-EPS exhibits a negative correlation during fermentation due to EPS-SCFAs interconversion, while loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) correlates positively. Proteins and polysaccharides in TB-EPS, especially proteins, significantly enhance individual SCFAs yields, predominantly acetic, propionic, and isovaleric acids. The findings would provide a theoretical basis for developing pretreatments and process-control technologies aimed at improving SCFAs production efficiency and quality.

High biomass yields of Chlorella protinosa with efficient nitrogen removal from secondary effluent in a membrane photobioreactor.

Further treatment of secondary effluents before their discharge into the receiving water bodies could alleviate water eutrophication. In this study, the Chlorella proteinosa was cultured in a membrane photobioreactor to further remove nitrogen from the secondary effluents. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on microalgae biomass yields and nutrient removal was studied. The results showed that soluble algal products concentration reduced in the suspension at low HRT, thereby alleviating microalgal growth inhibition. In addition, the lower HRT reduced the nitrogen limitation for Chlorella proteinosa's growth through the phase-out of nitrogen-related functional bacteria. As a result, the productivity for Chlorella proteinosa increased from 6.12 mg/L/day at an HRT of 24 hr to 20.18 mg/L/day at an HRT of 8 hr. The highest removal rates of 19.7 mg/L/day, 23.8 mg/L/day, and 105.4 mg/L/day were achieved at an HRT of 8 hr for total nitrogen (TN), ammonia, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. However, in terms of removal rate, TN and COD were the largest when HRT is 24 hr, which were 74.5% and 82.6% respectively. The maximum removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was 99.2% when HRT was 8 hr.

Roles of quorum-sensing molecules in methane production from anaerobic digestion aided by biochar.

Biochar has been used to enhance methane generation from anaerobic digestion through establishing direct interspecific electron transfer between microorganisms. However, the microbial communication is still inadequate, thereby limiting further methane production improvement contributed by biochar. This study investigated the roles of quorum-sensing molecules, acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge aided by biochar. Results showed that the co-addition of separated biochar and AHL achieved best methane production performance, with the maximal methane yield of 154.7 mL/g volatile suspended solids, which increased by 51.9%, 47.2%, 17.9%, and 39.4% respectively compared to that of control, AHL-loaded biochar, sole AHL, and sole biochar groups. The reason was that the co-addition of separated biochar and AHL promoted the stages of hydrolysis and acidification, promoting the conversion of organic matters and short-chain fatty acids, and optimizing the accumulation of acetate acid. Moreover, the methanogenesis stage also performed best among experimental groups. Correspondingly, the highest activities of electron transfer and coenzyme F420 were obtained, with increase ratios of 33.2% and 27.2% respectively compared to that of control. Furthermore, biochar did more significant effects on the evolution of microbial communities than AHL, and the direct interspecific electron transfer between fermentative bacteria and methanogens were possibly promoted.

Water flush boosts performance of elemental sulfur-based denitrification packed-bed systems: Optimization and mechanisms.

Despite the promising potential of elemental sulfur-based denitrification (ESDeN) packed-bed progresses, challenges such as excessive biofilm growth and gas entrapment persist, leading to denitrification deterioration. Water flush (WF) is recognized as an effective strategy, yet its effects remain underexplored. To address this knowledge gap, this study systematically investigated WF effects on ESDeN packed-bed denitrification. Results demonstrated that controlling WF effectively regulated denitrification, achieving superior and stable rates. Compared to no WF (0.45 kgN·m-3·d-1), rates improved by 1.20 âˆ¼ 1.56 times under low-frequency (weekly WF, 0.54 kgN·m-3·d-1) and low-intensity WF (0.54 âˆ¼ 0.70 kgN·m-3·d-1). High-frequency (hours WF) and high-intensity WF (30 & 50 m/h) further amplified denitrification rates by 1.73 âˆ¼ 2.29 times. The enhanced denitrifications under low-frequency/intensity WF were mainly attributed to prolonged actual hydraulic retention time (AHRT), while high-frequency/intensity WF improved both AHRT prolonging and biofilm thinning, facilitating mass transfer. This study offers a promising avenue for fine-tuning denitrification rates via strategic WF adjustments.