Pan-cancer analysis and the oncogenic role of Glypican 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Recent studies indicate that Glypican 1 (GPC-1) is aberrantly expressed and plays a key role in certain cancers, but little is known in the hepatocellular carcinoma. Raw data from TCGA, GTEx and TIMER databases were utilized to comprehensively analyze GPC-1 expression landscape in pan-cancer, and the biological function of GPC-1 was investigated in liver cancer cells. The results revealed that GPC-1 is highly expressed in HCC, negatively correlated with survival, and also positively correlated with immune infiltration and clinical stage. Furthermore, GPC-1 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in the HCC cell lines. WGCNA analysis and HCCDB database revealed that Akt acted as a key molecule related to GPC-1, influencing biological functions and regulating cell malignant behaviors via the AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings provide a relatively comprehensive understanding of the oncogenic role of GPC-1 in HCC, implying that GPC-1 could serve as an innovative therapeutic target.

Lamina Cribrosa Configurations in Highly Myopic and Non-Highly Myopic Eyes: The Beijing Eye Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics of lamina cribrosa (LC) configuration in highly myopic (HM) eyes. Methods: Participants from the Beijing Eye Study 2011, free of optic nerve or retinal diseases, were randomly selected to examine LC depth (LCD) and LC tilt (LCT) using three-dimensional optical coherent tomography images of the optic nerve head (ONH). LCD and LCT were measured as the distance and angle between the LC plane with two reference planes, including the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) plane and the peripapillary sclera (PPS) plane, respectively. Each parameter was measured in both horizontal and vertical B-scans. Results: The study included 685 individuals (685 eyes) aged 59.6 ± 7.7 years, including 72 HM eyes and 613 non-HM eyes. LCD measurements showed no significant differences between HM eyes and non-HM eyes in both horizontal (LCD-BMO = 421.83 ± 107.86 µm for HM eyes vs. 447.24 ± 104.94 µm for non-HM eyes, P = 0.18; and LCD-PPS = 406.39 ± 127.69 µm vs. 394.00 ± 101.64 µm, P = 1.00) and vertical directions (LCD-BMO = 435.78 ± 101.29 µm vs. 450.97 ± 106.54 µm, P = 0.70; and LCD-PPS = 401.62 ± 109.9 µm vs. 379.85 ± 110.35 µm, P = 0.35). However, the LCT was significantly more negative (tilted) in HM eyes than in non-HM eyes horizontally (LCT-BMO = -4.38 ± 5.94 degrees vs. -0.04 ± 5.86 degrees, P < 0.001; and LCT-PPS = -3.16 ± 5.23 degrees vs. -0.94 ± 4.71 degrees, P = 0.003), but not vertically (P = 1.00). Conclusions: Although LCD did not differ significantly between HM and non-HM eyes, LCT was more negative in HM eyes, suggesting that the temporal or inferior side of the LC was closer to the reference plane. These findings provide insights into morphological and structural changes in the LC and ONH between HM and non-HM eyes.

Phytochrome B interacts with LIGULELESS1 to control plant architecture and density tolerance in maize.

Over the past few decades, significant improvements in maize yield have been largely attributed to increased plant density of upright hybrid varieties rather than increased yield per plant. However, dense planting triggers shade avoidance responses (SAR) that optimize light absorption but impair plant vigor and performance, limiting yield improvement through increasing plant density. In this study, we demonstrated that high-density induced leaf angle narrowing and stem/stalk elongation are largely dependent on phytochrome B (phyB1/B2), the primary photoreceptor responsible for perceiving red (R) and far-red (FR) light in maize. Maize phyB physically interacts with the LIGULELESS1 (LG1), a classical key regulator of leaf angle, to coordinately regulate plant architecture and density tolerance. The abundance of LG1 is significantly increased by phyB under high R:FR light (low density) but rapidly decreases under low R:FR light (high density), correlating with variations in leaf angle and plant height under various densities. Additionally, we identified the homeobox transcription factor HB53 as a target co-repressed by both phyB and LG1 but rapidly induced by canopy shade, indicating its central role in response to varying densities. Notably, HB53 regulates plant architecture by controlling the elongation and division of ligular adaxial and abaxial cells. These findings uncover the phyB-LG1-HB53 regulatory module as a key molecular mechanism governing plant architecture and density tolerance, providing potential genetic targets for breeding maize hybrid varieties optimized for high-density planting.

Matrine reduces traumatic heterotopic ossification in mice by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization through the MAPK pathway.

In this study, the role of matrine, a component derived from traditional Chinese medicine, in modulating macrophage polarization and its effects on traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) in mice was investigated. Traumatic HO is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal bone formation in nonskeletal tissues, often following severe trauma or surgery. The mechanisms underlying HO involve an enhanced inflammatory response and abnormal bone formation, with macrophages playing a crucial role. Our study demonstrated that matrine effectively inhibits the polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) toward the M2 phenotype, a subtype associated with anti-inflammatory processes and implicated in the progression of HO. Using in vitro assays, we showed that matrine suppresses key M2 markers and inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway in BMDMs. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that matrine treatment significantly reduced HO formation in the Achilles tendons of mice and downregulated the expression of markers associated with M2 macrophages and the MAPK pathway. Our findings suggest that the ability of matrine to modulate macrophage polarization and inhibit the MAPK pathway has therapeutic potential for treating traumatic HO, providing a novel approach to managing this complex condition.

Lignin-assisted electronic modulation on NiSe/FeOx heterointerface for boosting electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.

The development of productive and durable non-precious metal catalysts for the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for water splitting. Herein, a novel NiSe-FeOx heterojunction encapsulated in lignin-derived carbon layer (NiSe-FeOx@LC) was synthesized via hydrothermal self-assembly and in-situ pyrolysis. NiSe-FeOx@LC exhibited excellent OER performance with an overpotential of 265 mV at 50 mA·cm-2, a Tafel slope of 83 mV·dec-1, as well as long-term stability. Both experimental and DFT calculation results indicated that the doping of FeOx into NiSe@LC successfully optimized the dual interface structure between NiSe and FeOx, thereby promoted the d-bands orbital hybridization, that facilitated electron transfer. Besides, the carbon coating effectively protected the NiSe-FeOx components from leaching and agglomerating during the reaction. This study provides insight into the significance of lignin-derived carbon-encapsulated metallic catalyst for electrocatalytic OER process.

PTBP1-mediated biogenesis of circATIC promotes progression and cisplatin resistance of bladder cancer.

Background: Cisplatin (DDP) based combination chemotherapy is a vital method for the treatment of bladder cancer (BLca). Chemoresistance easily occurs in the course of cisplatin chemotherapy, which is one of the important reasons for the unfavorable prognosis of BLca patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely recognized for their role in the development and advancement of BLca. Nevertheless, the precise role of circRNAs in DDP resistance for BLca remains unclear. Methods: To study the properties of circATIC, sanger sequencing, agarose gel electrophoresis and treatment with RNase R/Actinomycin D were utilized. RT-qPCR assay was utilized to assess the expression levels of circRNA, miRNA and mRNA in BLca tissues and cells. Functional experiments were conducted to assess the function of circATIC in BLca progression and chemosensitivity in vitro. Various techniques such as FISH, Dual-luciferase reporter assay, TRAP, RNA digestion assay, RIP and ChIRP assay were used to investigate the relationships between PTBP1, circATIC, miR-1247-5p and RCC2. Orthotopic bladder cancer model, xenograft subcutaneous tumor model and xenograft lung metastasis tumor model were performed to indicate the function and mechanism of circATIC in BLca progression and chemosensitivity in vivo. Results: In our study, we observed that circATIC expression was significantly enhanced in BLca tissues and cells and DDP resistant cells. Patients with higher circATIC expression have larger tumor diameter, higher incidence of postoperative metastasis and lower overall survival rate. Further experiments showed that circATIC accelerated BLca cell growth and metastasis and induced DDP resistance. Mechanistically, alternative splicing enzyme PTBP1 mediated the synthesis of circATIC. circATIC could enhance RCC2 mRNA stability via sponging miR-1247-5p or constructing a circATIC/LIN28A/RCC2 RNA-protein ternary complex. Finally, circATIC promotes RCC2 expression to enhance Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) progression and activate JNK signal pathway, thus strengthening DDP resistance in BLca cells. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that circATIC promoted BLca progression and DDP resistance, and could serve as a potential target for BLca treatment.

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Memory Deficits in APP/PS1 Mice by Targeting Serotonergic Neurons in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus.

OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a significant global concern, but effective drugs able to slow down AD progression is still lacked. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to ameliorate cognitive impairment in individuals with AD. However, the underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood. This study aimed at examining the neuroprotective properties of EA and its potential mechanism of action against AD. METHODS: APP/PS1 transgenic mice were employed to evaluate the protective effects of EA on Shenshu (BL 23) and Baihui (GV 20). Chemogenetic manipulation was used to activate or inhibit serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Learning and memory abilities were assessed by the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Golgi staining, western blot, and immunostaining were utilized to determine EA-induced neuroprotection. RESULTS: EA at Shenshu (BL 23) and Baihui (GV 20) effectively ameliorated learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 mice. EA attenuated dendritic spine loss, increased the expression levels of PSD95, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampus. Activation of serotonergic neurons within the DRN can ameliorate cognitive deficits in AD by activating glutamatergic neurons mediated by 5-HT1B. Chemogenetic inhibition of serotonergic neurons in the DRN reversed the effects of EA on synaptic plasticity and memory. CONCLUSION: EA can alleviate cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by activating serotonergic neurons in the DRN. Further study is necessary to better understand how the serotonergic neurons-related neural circuits involves in EA-induced memory improvement in AD.

IRL790 modulated striatal D1 neurons synaptic plasticity ameliorating levodopa-induced dyskinesia in mouse.

Objective: Levodopa (L-dopa) therapy is the principal pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, prolonged use of this drug may result in different involuntary movement symptoms caused by the medication, referred to as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). LID is associated with changes in synaptic plasticity of the D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) located in the dorsal striatum (dStr). Within the striatum, the amount of Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is notably increased in LID, demonstrating colocalization with D1R expression in neurons, and the level of D3R expression is directly related to the intensity of LID. IRL 790, as a D3R antagonist, can ameliorate LID. This study aims to explore if IRL 790 improves LID by regulating the synaptic plasticity of D1+ MSNs in dStr. Methods: The electrophysiology and synaptic spine density of D1+ MSNs in dStr were recorded for sham mice, LID mice, and LID mice treated with IRL 790. The regulation of synaptic plasticity in LID D1+ MSNs by IRL 790 was analyzed. Behavioral tests were conducted to confirm the treatment effect of IRL 790 on LID. Results: In LID D1+ MSNs, there was persistent abnormal LTP, absence of LTD, and an increase in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). IRL 790 treatment restored normal LTP, LTD, and sEPSCs. Treatment with IRL 790 also restored the reduced dendritic spine density in D1+ MSNs of LID mice. IRL790 improved dyskinetic manifestations in LID mice. Conclusion: IRL790 ameliorates LID by regulating the synaptic structure and functional plasticity of striatal D1+ MSNs.

Biomimetic Nano-Regulator that Induces Cuproptosis and Lactate-Depletion Mediated ROS Storm for Metalloimmunotherapy of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Herein, a ccRCC targeting nanodrug is designed to enhance chemodynamic therapy (CDT) as well as activate cuproptosis and tumor immunotherapy via ccRCC cell membrane modifying CuO@Gd2O3 yolk-like particles (CGYL) loaded with lactate oxidase (LOx) (mCGYL-LOx). Benefiting from the homologous targeting effect of Renca cell membranes, the mCGYS-LOx can be effectively internalized by Renca cells, open the "gate", and then release LOx and copper (Cu) ions. LOx can catalyze excessive lactate in Renca cells into H2O2, following that the produced H2O2 is further converted by Cu ions to the highly toxic ·OH, contributing to tumor CDT. Meanwhile, the excessive Cu ions effectively trigger tumor cuproptosis. These synergistic effects induce the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate immunogenic cell death (ICD), leading to DC maturation and infiltration of immune effector cells. Moreover, LOx-mediated lactate consumption downregulates the expression of PD-L1, crippling tumor immune escape. In addition, the mCGYL-LOx improves T1-weighted MRI signal, allowing for accurate diagnosis of ccRCC. This study demonstrates that the mCGYL-LOx has great potential for improving therapy of ccRCC via the synergistic actions of CDT and cuproptosis as well as immunotherapy.

Serum proteomic analysis uncovers novel serum biomarkers for depression.

Objective: The identification of depression primarily relies on the clinical symptoms and psychiatric evaluation of the patient, in the absence of objective and quantifiable biomarkers within clinical settings. This study aimed to explore potential serum biomarkers associated with depression. Methods: Serum samples from a training group comprising 48 depression patients and 48 healthy controls underwent proteomic analysis. Magnetic bead-based weak cation exchange (MB-WCX) and MALDI-TOF-MS were used in combination. To screen the differential peaks, ClinProTools software was employed. The proteins were identified using LC-MS/MS. ELISA was employed to confirm the expression of entire protein in the serum of the verification cohort, which encompassed 48 individuals who had been diagnosed with Depression and 48 healthy controls who were collected prospectively. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the diagnostic efficacy of the aforementioned predictors. Results: Five potential biomarker peaks indicating depression were identified in serum samples (peak 1, m/z: 1868.21; peak 2, m/z: 1062.35; peak 3, m/z: 1452.12; peak 4, m/z: 1208.72; peak 5, m/z: 1619.58). All of these peaks had higher expression in the pre-therapy group and were confirmed to be Tubulin beta chain (TUBB), Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), Complement component 3 (C3), and Complement C4A precursor (C4A) by ELISA validation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum levels of TUBB, ITIH4, C3, and C4A were significant independent risk factors for the development of depression. Conclusion: Depression is a prevalent psychiatric condition. Timely detection is challenging, resulting in poor prognoses for patients. Our study on plasma proteomics for depression demonstrated that TUBB, ITIH4, C3, and C4A differentiate between depression patients and healthy controls. The proteins that were identified could potentially function as biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression. Pinpointing these biomarkers could enable early identification of depression, which would advance precise treatment.

Causal effects of gut microbiota on multiple sclerosis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota alterations in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been reported in observational studies, but whether these associations are causal is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We performed a Mendelian randomization study (MR) to assess the causal effects of gut microbiota on MS. METHODS: Independent genetic variants associated with 211 gut microbiota phenotypes were selected as instrumental variables from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) previously published by the MiBioGen study. GWAS data for MS were obtained from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC) for primary analysis and the FinnGen consortium for replication and collaborative analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy. RESULTS: After inverse-variance-weighted and sensitivity analysis filtering, seven gut microbiota with potential causal effects on MS were identified from the IMSGC. Only five metabolites remained significant associations with MS when combined with the FinnGen consortium, including genus Anaerofilum id.2053 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.141, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.021-1.276, p = .021), Ruminococcus2 id.11374 (OR = 1.190, 95% CI: 1.007-1.406, p = .042), Ruminococcaceae UCG003 id.11361 (OR = 0.822, 95% CI: 0.688-0.982, p = .031), Ruminiclostridium5 id.11355 (OR = 0.724, 95% CI: 0.585-0.895, p = .003), Anaerotruncus id.2054 (OR = 0.772, 95% CI: 0.634-0.940, p = .010). CONCLUSION: Our MR analysis reveals a potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and MS, offering promising avenues for advancing mechanistic understanding and clinical investigation of microbiota-mediated MS.

SETD7 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Migration via Methylation-mediated TAF7 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

SET domain containing 7(SETD7), a member of histone methyltransferases, is abnormally expressed in multiple tumor types. However, the biological function and underlying molecular mechanism of SETD7 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain unclear. Here, we explored the biological effects of SETD7-TAF7-CCNA2 axis on proliferation and metastasis in ccRCC. We identified both SETD7 and TAF7 were up-regulated and significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of ccRCC cells. Concurrently, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression of SETD7 and TAF7, and the two were colocalized in the nucleus. Mechanistically, SETD7 methylates TAF7 at K5 and K300 sites, resulting in the deubiquitination and stabilization of TAF7. Furthermore, re-expression of TAF7 could partially restore SETD7 knockdown inhibited ccRCC cells proliferation and migration. In addition, TAF7 transcriptionally activated to drive the expression of cyclin A2 (CCNA2). And more importantly, the methylation of TAF7 at K5 and K300 sites exhibited higher transcriptional activity of CCNA2, which promotes formation and progression of ccRCC. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism that SETD7 mediated TAF7 methylation in regulating transcriptional activation of CCNA2 in ccRCC progression and provide a basis for developing effective therapeutic strategies by targeting members of SETD7-TAF7-CCNA2 axis.

Adjuvant Delivery Method and Nanoparticle Charge Influence Peptide Amphiphile Micelle Vaccine Bioactivity.

Vaccines are an indispensable public health measure that have enabled the eradication, near elimination, and prevention of a variety of pathogens. As research continues and our understanding of immunization strategies develops, subunit vaccines have emerged as exciting alternatives to existing whole vaccine approaches. Unfortunately, subunit vaccines often possess weak antigenicity, requiring delivery devices and adjuvant supplementation to improve their utility. Peptide amphiphile micelles have recently been shown to function as both delivery devices and self-adjuvanting systems that can be readily associated with molecular adjuvants to further improve vaccine-mediated host immunity. While promising, many "design rules" associated with the plethora of underlying adjustable parameters in the generation of a peptide amphiphile micelle vaccine have yet to be uncovered. This work explores the impact micellar adjuvant complexation method and incorporated antigen type have on their ability to activate dendritic cells and induce antigen specific responses. Interestingly, electrostatic complexation of CpG to micelles resulted in improved in vitro dendritic cell activation over hydrophobic association and antigen|adjuvant co-localization influenced cell-mediated, but not antibody-mediated immune responses. These exciting results complement those previously published to build the framework of a micelle vaccine toolbox that can be leveraged for future disease-specific formulations.

Knockdown of EIF2AK2-OAS1 axis reduces ATP production inducing AMPK phosphorylation to inhibit the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells.

Energy metabolism has always been a hot topic in cancer progression and targeted therapy, and exploring the role of genes in energy metabolic pathways in cancer cells has become key to address this issue. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) plays regulatory roles in cancer and disorders of energy metabolism. Indeed, the role of EIF2AK2 in energy metabolism has been underestimated. The aim of this study is to reveal the expression specificity of EIF2AK2 in gastric cancer (GC) progression and metastasis, and to demonstrate the role of EIF2AK2 in energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, proliferation, death and metastasis pathways in GC cells. Mechanistically, EIF2AK2 overexpression promoted cytoskeleton remodeling and ATP production, mediated cell proliferation and metastasis, upregulated OAS1 expression, decreases p-AMPK expression and inhibited apoptosis in GC cells. Conversely, knockdown of EIF2AK2 resulted in the opposite effect. However, overexpression of OAS1 mediated the upregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted ATP production and NAD+/NADH ratio, but knockdown of OAS1 inhibited the above effects. In addition, knockdown of OAS1 had no effect on EIF2AK2 expression, but inhibited AMPK and upregulated p-AMPK expression. In conclusion, our study identified EIF2AK2 and OAS1 as previously undescribed regulators of energy metabolism in GC cells. We hypothesized that EIF2AK2-OAS1 axis may regulate energy metabolism and inhibit cellular malignant behavior in cancer cells by affecting ATP production to induce AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting EIF2AK2 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer cell progression.

Multi-omics analysis of kidney tissue metabolome and proteome reveals the protective effect of sheep milk against adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in mice.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by impaired renal function and is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Sheep milk contains several bioactive molecules with protective effects against inflammation and oxidative stress. In the current study, we investigated the potential renoprotective effects of sheep milk and the associated mechanisms of action in an adenine-induced CKD murine model. Sheep milk delayed renal chronic inflammation (e.g., significant reduction in levels of inflammatory factors Vcam1, Icam1, Il6, and Tnfa), fibrosis (significant reduction in levels of fibrosis factors Col1a1, Fn1, and Tgfb), oxidative stress (significant increase in levels of antioxidants and decrease in oxidative markers), mineral disorders, and renal injury in adenine-treated mice (e.g. reduced levels of kidney injury markers NGAL and KIM-1). The combined proteomics and metabolomics analyses showed that sheep milk may affect the metabolic processes of several compounds, including proteins, lipids, minerals, and hormones in mice with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease. In addition, it may regulate the expression of fibrosis-related factors and inflammatory factors through the JAK1/STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway, thus exerting its renoprotective effects. Therefore, sheep milk may be beneficial for patients with CKD and should be evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.

A strategy for inhibitors screening of xanthine oxidase based on colorimetric sensor combined with affinity chromatography technology.

The discovery of enzyme inhibitors from natural products is a crucial aspect in the development of therapeutic drugs. However, the complexity of natural products presents a challenge in developing simple and efficient methods for inhibitor screening. Herein, we have developed an integrated analytical model for screening xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors that combines simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency. This model utilizes a colorimetric sensor and affinity chromatography technology with immobilized XOD. The colorimetric sensor procedure can quickly identify whether there are active components in complex samples. Subsequently, the active components in the samples identified by the colorimetric sensor procedure were further captured, separated, and identified through affinity chromatography. The integrated analytical model can significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of inhibitor screening. The proposed method was applied to screen for an activity inhibitor of XOD in five natural medicines. As a result, a potential active ingredient for XOD, polydatin, was successfully identified from Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix. This work is anticipated to offer new insights for the screening of enzyme inhibitors from natural medicines.

AURKB/CDC37 complex promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression via phosphorylating MYC and constituting an AURKB/E2F1-positive feedforward loop.

As the second most common malignant tumor in the urinary system, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is imperative to explore its early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have shown that AURKB promotes tumor development by phosphorylating downstream substrates. However, the functional effects and regulatory mechanisms of AURKB on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) progression remain largely unknown. In the current study, we identified AURKB as a novel key gene in ccRCC progression based on bioinformatics analysis. Meanwhile, we observed that AURKB was highly expressed in ccRCC tissue and cell lines and knockdown AURKB in ccRCC cells inhibit cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Identified CDC37 as a kinase molecular chaperone for AURKB, which phenocopy AURKB in ccRCC. AURKB/CDC37 complex mediate the stabilization of MYC protein by directly phosphorylating MYC at S67 and S373 to promote ccRCC development. At the same time, we demonstrated that the AURKB/CDC37 complex activates MYC to transcribe CCND1, enhances Rb phosphorylation, and promotes E2F1 release, which in turn activates AURKB transcription and forms a positive feedforward loop in ccRCC. Collectively, our study identified AURKB as a novel marker of ccRCC, revealed a new mechanism by which the AURKB/CDC37 complex promotes ccRCC by directly phosphorylating MYC to enhance its stability, and first proposed AURKB/E2F1-positive feedforward loop, highlighting AURKB may be a promising therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Biosynthetic MnSe nanobomb with low Mn content activates the cGAS-STING pathway and induces immunogenic cell death to enhance antitumour immunity.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a relatively "cold" tumour with low immunogenicity compared to other tumour types. Especially, the immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat metastatic TNBC only shows the modest immune response rates. Here, we used Chlorella vulgaris as a bioreactor to synthesize an efficient nanobomb (Bio-MnSe) aimed at eliciting systemic anti-tumour immune response. Despite possessing extremely low Mn content, Bio-MnSe effectively produced more ROS and activated stronger cGAS-STING signal pathway compared to pure Se nanoparticles and free Mn2+ ions, promoting the infiltration of natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in tumour, effectively turning "cold" tumour into "hot" tumour, and achieving strong antitumour immunotherapy. Additionally, the use of αPD-L1 as an immune checkpoint antagonist further increased the anti-tumour immune response of Bio-MnSe, resulting in enhanced anti-tumour effects. Doxorubicin (Dox), an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer, was combined with Bio-MnSe to form Bio-MnSe@Dox. This Bio-MnSe@Dox not only directly damaged tumour cells and induced tumour ICD but also promoted dendritic cell maturation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration, and NK cell recruitment, synergistically intensifying anti-tumour immune responses and suppressing tumour relapse and lung metastasis. Collectively, our findings propose an effective strategy for transforming 'cold' tumours to 'hot' ones, thereby advancing the development of anti-tumour immune drugs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A biogenic MnSe (Bio-MnSe) nanocomposite was synthesized using Chlorella vulgaris as a bioreactor for enhanced immunotherapy of TNBC. Bio-MnSe demonstrated a stronger ability to activate the cGAS-STING signalling pathway and generate more ROS compared to pure Se nanoparticles and free Mn2+ ions. Apoptotic cells induced by Bio-MnSe released a significant amount of interferon, leading to the activation of T and natural killer (NK) cells, ultimately transforming immunologically 'cold' breast tumours to 'hot' tumours and enhancing the tumour's response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The combination of Bio-MnSe with Dox or αPD-L1 further enhanced the anti-tumour immune response, fostering dendritic cell maturation, infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and recruitment of NK cells, thereby enhancing the anti-tumour immunotherapy of TNBC.

A Perspective on the Controversy over Global Emission Fluxes of Microplastics from Ocean into the Atmosphere.

Since the transfer of microplastic across the sea-air interface was first reported in 2020, numerous studies have been conducted on its emission flux estimation. However, these studies have shown significant discrepancies in the estimated contribution of oceanic sources to global atmospheric microplastics, with evaluations ranging from predominant to negligible, varying by 4 orders of magnitude from 7.7 × 10-4 to 8.6 megatons per year, thereby creating considerable confusion in the research on the microplastic cycle. Here, we provide a perspective by applying the well-established theory of particulate transfer through the sea-air interface. The upper limit of global sea-air emission flux microplastics was calculated, aiming to constrain the controversy in the previously reported fluxes. Specifically, the flux of sub-100 µm microplastic cannot exceed 0.01 megatons per year, and for sub-0.1 µm nanoplastics, it would not exceed 3 × 10-7 megatons per year. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the sea-air limb in the "plastic cycle", and facilitates the management of future microplastic pollution.