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BACKGROUND: Current tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic tests primarily rely on sputum samples, yet many TB patients cannot produce sputum. This study explored whether saliva could be used instead of sputum to diagnose pulmonary TB (PTB). METHOD: The study included 32 patients with confirmed PTB and 30 patients with other respiratory diseases (ORD). Saliva from all study participants was subjected to quantitative (qPCR) assays targeting the IS1081 gene for detection of M. tuberculosis complex DNA. RESULTS: The sensitivity of saliva IS1081 qPCR was 65.6 % (95 % CI 48.4-80.2 %) with positive results for 21/32 PTB cases, while the specificity was 96.7 % (95 % CI 85.9-99.6 %) with negative results for 29/30 participants with ORD. Sensitivity improved to 72.4 % (95 % CI 54.6-86.0 %) when sputum-Xpert was used as the reference standard, while remaining similar at 65.5 % (95 % CI 47.4-80.7 %) when culture was used as the reference standard. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for saliva IS1081 qPCR was 82.5 % (95 % CI 71.7-93.3 %). CONCLUSION: Saliva testing offers a promising alternative to sputum for TB diagnosis among confirmed PTB cases. Larger multicenter studies, encompassing diverse clinical TB characteristics, are needed to provide improved estimates of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
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DNA Bacteriano , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Saliva , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Humanos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Escarro/microbiologia , Idoso , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
As there was no maximum permissible limit prescription for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Ethiopia, this study has been conducted to generate data on AFB1 levels in Ethiopian groundnut accessions/landraces. Besides, an attempt was made to find out if there is any relationship between AFB1 and other parameters such as altitude of cultivation, individual seed weight, kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus, total carbohydrates, protein and total free amino acids. Out of the 28 accessions studied, merely six accessions registered ≤2 ppb AFB1 and thus, they comply with maximum permissible limit set by European Union. Altitude of cultivation had no relationship with AFB1 levels. Interestingly, total carbohydrates in the seeds as well as kernel colonization by A. flavus showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) positive relationships with AFB1 levels. It is suggested to use kernel colonization measurement as an alternative to the expensive ELISA based AFB1 measurement. Besides, suitable pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin management strategies should be developed to alleviate the AFB1 levels in Ethiopian groundnut.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277779.].
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BACKGROUND: Despite continuous prevention and control strategies in place, malaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Moreover, prevalence of malaria differs in different geographical settings and epidemiological data were inadequate to assure disease status in the study area. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in selected rural kebeles in South Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between February to June 2019 in eight malaria-endemic kebeles situated in four zones in South Ethiopia. Mult-stage sampling techniques were employed to select the study zones, districts, kebeles and households. Blood sample were collected from 1674 participants in 345 households by finger prick and smears were examined by microscopy. Sociodemographic data as well as risk factors for Plasmodium infection were collected using questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of malaria in the study localities was 4.5% (76/1674). The prevalence was varied among the study localities with high prevalence in Bashilo (14.6%; 33/226) followed by Mehal Korga (12.1%; 26/214). Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant parasite accounted for 65.8% (50/76), while Plasmodium vivax accounted 18.4% (14/76). Co-infection of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 15.8% (12/76). Among the three age groups prevalence was 7.8% (27/346) in age less than 5 years and 7.5% (40/531) in 5-14 years. The age groups > 14years were less likely infected with Plasmodium parasite (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.82) than under five children. Non-febrile individuals 1638 (97.8%) were more likely to had Plasmodium infection (AOR = 28.4, 95% CI 011.4-70.6) than febrile 36 (2.2%). Individuals living proximity to mosquito breeding sites have higher Plasmodium infection (AOR = 6.17, 95% CI 2.66-14.3) than those at distant of breeding sites. CONCLUSIONS: Malaria remains a public health problem in the study localities. Thus, malaria prevention and control strategies targeting children, non-febrile cases and individuals living proximity to breeding sites are crucial to reduce malaria related morbidity and mortality.
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Características da Família , Malária Falciparum , Malária Vivax , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Prevalência , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Feminino , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lactente , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Malária Falciparum/epidemiologia , Malária Falciparum/parasitologia , Plasmodium vivax/fisiologia , Plasmodium falciparum/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Malária/epidemiologia , Malária/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Investigating the species distribution and their role in malaria transmission is important as it varies from place to place and is highly needed to design interventions appropriate to the site. The current study aimed to investigate the Anopheles mosquito species distribution and their infection rate in southwestern Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was conducted in 14 malaria-endemic kebeles (the smallest administrative unit), which were situated in eight different malaria-endemic districts and four zones in southwestern Ethiopia. Ten per cent of households in each village were visited to collect adult mosquitoes using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps. The larval and pupal collection was done from breeding sites within the villages, and reared to adults. Female mosquitoes were morphologically identified. The head and thorax of adult Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) using ELISA. At the same time, legs, wings, and abdomen were used to identify sibling species using PCR targeting the rDNA intergenic spacers region for species typing of the Anopheles funestus group and the internal transcribed spacer 2 region genes for Anopheles gambiae complex. RESULTS: A total of 1445 Anopheles mosquitoes comprising eight species were collected. Of 813 An. gambiae complex tested by PCR, 785 (97%) were Anopheles arabiensis, and the remaining 28 (3%) were not amplified. There were 133 An. funestus group captured and tested to identify the species, of which 117 (88%) were positive for Anopheles parensis, and 15 (11%) were not amplified. A single specimen (1%) showed a band with a different base pair length from the known An. funestus group species. Sequencing revealed this was Anopheles sergentii. Among 1399 Anopheles tested for CSPs by ELISA, 5 (0.4%) An. arabiensis were positive for Plasmodium falciparum and a single (0.07%) was positive for Plasmodium vivax. CONCLUSIONS: Anopheles arabiensis continues to play the principal role in malaria transmission despite implementing indoor-based interventions for decades. Sequencing results suggest that An. sergentii was amplified by the An. funestus group primer, producing PCR amplicon size of different length. Therefore, relying solely on amplifying a specific gene of interest in grouping species could be misleading, as different species may share the same gene.
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Anopheles , Malária , Estados Unidos , Animais , Feminino , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Etiópia , Mosquitos Vetores , DNA IntergênicoRESUMO
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common, yet massively underreported skin morbidity in Ethiopia. Most patients never seek treatment, as this is offered only in specialized treatment centers. Early diagnosis and treatment through decentralization is crucial to decrease transmission and to reach the NTD roadmap goals. However, little information is available on outcomes and challenges of community-based treatment initiatives. Methods: A community-based prospective cohort study was conducted in Ochollo. Patients with clinically or microscopy confirmed CL were included. Cryotherapy was (to be) given weekly with at least four sessions for uncomplicated lesions, and miltefosine was given for 4 weeks for complicated lesions. Miltefosine adherence was assessed by counting pill strips. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes (dermatological life quality index and patient-global assessment) were assessed at month 6 (M6). Results: A total of 107 patients were included, with a median age of 6 years. Two patients refused, and 15 could not be treated as they were too young (<4 years) for miltefosine. Giving cryotherapy to patients weekly was not feasible due to long wound healing times and required use of topical antibiotics. Only 52.4% of miltefosine patients finished >90% of their tablets by M1. Among 46 patients treated with cryotherapy, 24 (52.2%) were cured at M6, and 9 (19.6%) had substantial improvement. The cure rate was 16/39 (41.0%) for miltefosine with 28.2% (11/39) substantial improvement. Before treatment, more than half (57.8%) of patients reported that CL did not negatively impact their life, which significantly increased to 95.2% at M6. At this time, 61.7% of patients said their lesion was clear, which was 1% before treatment. Conclusion: Our study is the first to identify the challenges and opportunities of miltefosine and cryotherapy for community treatment of CL. Although overall cure rates were lower than expected, patient-reported outcomes were generally positive and quite some patients had good improvement.
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INTRODUCTION: The persistence of tuberculosis (TB) infection in some patients after treatment has highlighted the importance of drug susceptibility testing (DST). This study aimed to determine the drug susceptibility patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates from pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in Central and Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A health institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2021 and April 2022. Sputum samples were collected from newly diagnosed smear microscopy and/or Xpert MTB/RIF-positive PTB patients. The samples were processed and cultivated in Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) pyruvate and glycerol medium. M. tuberculosis isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based region of difference 9 (RD9) deletion typing. Phenotypic DST patterns of the isolates were characterized using the BACTEC MGIT™ 960 instrument with SIRE kit. Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF) resistant M. tuberculosis isolates were identified using the GenoType® MTBDRplus assay. RESULTS: Sputum samples were collected from 350 PTB patients, 315 (90%) of which were culture-positive, and phenotypic and genotypic DST were determined for 266 and 261 isolates, respectively. Due to invalid results and missing data, 6% (16/266) of the isolates were excluded, while 94% (250/266) were included in the paired analysis. According to the findings, 14.4% (36/250) of the isolates tested positive for resistance to at least one anti-TB drug. Gene mutations were observed only in the rpoB and katG gene loci, indicating RIF and high-level INH resistance. The GenoType® MTBDRplus assay has a sensitivity of 42% and a specificity of 100% in detecting INH-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates, with a kappa value of 0.56 (95%CI: 0.36-0.76) compared to the BACTEC MGIT™ DST. The overall discordance between the two methods was 5.6% (14/250) for INH alone and 0% for RIF resistance and MDR-TB (resistance to both INH and RIF) detection. CONCLUSION: This study reveals a higher prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic discordant INH-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates in the study area. The use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding of these discrepancies within INH-resistant M. tuberculosis strains.
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Tuberculose Latente , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Estudos Transversais , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , GenótipoRESUMO
Although larval diet quality may affect adult mosquito fitness, its impact on parasite development is scarce. Plant pollen from Zea mays, Typha latifolia, and Prosopis juliflora was ultraviolet-sterilized and examined for effects on larval development, pupation rate, adult mosquito longevity, survival and infectivity. The control larvae were fed Tetramin fish food as a comparator food. Four treatment and two control groups were used for each pollen diet, and each experimental tray had 25 larvae. Female An. arabiensis were starved overnight and exposed to infectious blood using a membrane-feeding system. The Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used for analysis. The Z. mays pollen diet increased malaria mosquito survival and pupation rate (91.3%) and adult emergence (85%). Zea mays and Tetramin fish food had comparable adulthood development times. Adults who emerged from larvae fed Z. mays pollen had the longest average wing length (3.72 mm) and were more permissive to P. vivax (45%) and P. falciparum (27.5%). They also survived longer after feeding on infectious blood and had the highest number of P. vivax oocysts. Zea mays pollen improved larval development, adult mosquito longevity, survival and infectivity to Plasmodium. Our findings suggest that malaria transmission in Z. mays growing villages should be monitored.
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Culicidae , Malária Falciparum , Malária Vivax , Malária , Parasitos , Plasmodium , Animais , Zea mays , Etiópia , Longevidade , Dieta , Pólen , LarvaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The emergence and rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a potentially lethal disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing public health issues around the world. In resource-constrained nations, rapid Abbott SARS-CoV-2 antigen test kits are critical for addressing diagnostic gaps in health institutions and community screening. However, there is no evidence or proof of diagnostic performance in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of PanbioTM Abbott SARS-CoV-2antigen rapid test kit to the gold standard, RT-PCR, in COVID-19 patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. METHOD: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and April 2022, on 120 suspected patients recruited from outpatient, emergency, and intensive care units in one of the tertiary hospitals in Ethiopia. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from suspected cases and were tested using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 kit, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and compared to the reference standard RT-PCR. RESULT: The sensitivity and specificity of the RDT were 74.2% and 100%, respectively. A total of 62 samples (51.6%) were RT-PCR positive. Of these, 46 were Ag-RDT positive. Sensitivity among symptomatic patients was 79.4% (95% CI 68.3-90). The Abbot RDT and RT-PCR had a Kappa value of agreement of 0.735 (p < 0.001). These values were acceptable when compared to the WHO's suggested thresholds. CONCLUSION: The finding from this study support the use of the Abbot RDT as a diagnostic tool in COVID-19 suspects, mainly in those with higher viral loads.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) is a growing public health concern in Ethiopia. However, there is limited information available on gene mutations conferring drug resistance and genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates from TBLN patients. METHODS: Drug resistance and genetic diversity analysis were done on 91 M. tuberculosis isolates from culture positive TBLN patients collected between 2016 and 2017. Detection of mutations conferring resistance was carried out using GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0. Thereafter, isolates were typed using spoligotyping. RESULTS: Out of the 91 strains, mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) were observed in two (2.2%) and six (6.6%) isolates, respectively. The two RIF resistant isolates displayed a mutation at codon 531 in the rpoB gene with amino acid change of S531L. Among the six INH resistant strains, four isolates had shown mutation at the KatG gene at codon 315 with amino acid change of S315T, one isolate had a mutation at the inhA gene at codon 15 with amino acid change of C15T and one isolate had a mutation at the inhA gene with unknown amino acid change. All drug resistant isolates were from treatment naive TBLN patients. The dominantly identified Spoligo International Types (SITs) were SIT25, SIT149, and SIT53, respectively; these accounted for 43% of the total number of strains. The isolates were grouped into four main lineages; Lineage 1 (2, 2.2%), Lineage 3 (38, 41.7%), Lineage 4 (49, 53.8%) and Lineage 7 (2, 2.2%). Four out of six (66.7%) isolates with drug resistance conferring mutations belonged to clustered strains (strains with shared SIT). CONCLUSION: The detection of drug resistant conferring mutation in treatment naïve TBLN patients together with detection of drug resistant isolates among clustered strains might suggest resistant strains' transmission in the community. This needs to be carefully considered to prevent the spread of drug resistant clones in the country.
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BACKGROUND: Pre-school aged children (PSAC) are highly affected by soil-transmitted helminths (STH), particularly in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are inadequate. Context-specific evidence on determinants of STH infections in PSAC has not been well established in the study area. This study, therefore, aimed to fill these gaps in Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based unmatched case-control study, nested in a cross-sectional survey, was conducted in January 2019. Cases and controls were identified based on any STH infection status using the Kato-Katz technique in stool sample examination. Data on social, demographic, economic, behavioral, and WASH related variables were collected from primary caregivers of children using pre-tested questionnaire. Determinants of STH infections were identified using multivariable logistic regression model using SPSS version 25. RESULTS: A total of 1206 PSAC (402 cases and 804 controls) participated in this study. Our study showed that the odds of STH infection were lowest among PSAC living in urban areas (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39-0.79), among those from households with safe water source (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47-0.0.93), and in those PSAC from households with shorter distance from water source (<30 minutes) (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.67). On the other hand, the odds of STH infection were highest among PSAC from households that had no functional hand washing facility (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04-1.77), in those PSAC from households that had unclean latrine (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.19-2.78), and among those PSAC under caregivers who had lower score (≤5) on knowledge related to STH transmission (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.13-3.01). CONCLUSIONS: Given efforts required eliminating STH by 2030; the existing preventive chemotherapy intervention should be substantially strengthened with WASH and behavioral interventions. Thus, an urgent call for action is required to integrate context-specific interventions, particularly in rural areas.
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Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintos/fisiologia , Solo/parasitologia , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms are among the most prevalent Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Ethiopia. Although pre-school aged children pay a high morbidity toll associated with STH infections, evidence on prevalence, intensity and intervention status is lacking in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, aimed to address these gaps to inform decision made on STH. METHODS: We did a community-based cross-sectional study in five districts of Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia; in January 2019. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire, and the Kato-Katz technique was used to diagnose parasites eggs in stool. Then, collected data were edited and entered into EpiData 4.4.2, and exported to SPSS software (IBM, version 25) for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2462 PSAC participated in this study. Overall, the prevalence of STH was 23.5% (578/2462) (95% confidence interval (CI) = 21.8%-25.2%). As caris lumbricoides was the most prevalent (18.6%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (9.2%), and hookworms (3.1%). Of the total, 7.4% PSAC were infected with two STH species. Most of the positive cases with STH showed low infection intensities, while 15.1% ascariasis cases showed moderate infection intensities. The study found that 68.7% of PSAC were treated with albendazole. Also, household's level data showed that 39.4% used water from hand-dug well; 52.5% need to travel ≥30 minutes to collect water; 77.5% did not treat water, and 48.9% had no hand washing facility. In addition, almost 93% care givers achieved less than the mean knowledge and practice score (≤5) on STH prevention. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that significant proportions of pre-school aged children are suffering from STH infections despite preventive chemotherapy exist at the study area. Also, gaps in the interventions against STH were highlighted. Thus, a call for action is demanding to eliminate STH among PSAC in Ethiopia by 2030.
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Ascaríase/transmissão , Helmintíase/transmissão , Solo/parasitologia , Tricuríase/transmissão , Adolescente , Idoso , Ancylostomatoidea/patogenicidade , Animais , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaríase/prevenção & controle , Ascaris lumbricoides/patogenicidade , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Desinfecção das Mãos , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintíase/patologia , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Helmintos/patogenicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Tricuríase/prevenção & controle , Trichuris/patogenicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health concern in Ethiopia. However, knowledge about the complex zoonotic transmission cycle is limited, hampering implementation of control strategies. We explored the feeding behavior and activity of the vector (Phlebotomus pedifer) and studied the role of livestock in CL transmission in southwestern Ethiopia. METHODS: Blood meal origins of engorged sand flies were determined by sequencing host DNA. A host choice experiment was performed to assess the feeding preference of P. pedifer when humans and hyraxes are equally accessible. Ear and nose biopsies from livestock were screened for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Sand flies were captured indoor and outdoor with human landing catches and CDC light traps to determine at which time and where P. pedifer is mostly active. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 180 P. pedifer sand flies were found to bite hosts of 12 genera. Humans were the predominant blood meal source indoors (65.9%, p < 0.001), while no significant differences were determined outdoors and in caves. In caves, hyraxes were represented in blood meals equally as humans (45.5% and 42.4%, respectively), but the host choice experiment revealed that sand flies have a significant preference for feeding on hyraxes (p = 0.009). Only a single goat nose biopsy from 412 animal samples was found with Leishmania RNA. We found that P. pedifer is predominantly endophagic (p = 0.003), but occurs both indoors and outdoors. A substantial number of sand flies was active in the early evening, which increased over time reaching its maximum around midnight. CONCLUSION: In contrast to earlier suggestions of exclusive zoonotic Leishmania transmission, we propose that there is also human-to-human transmission of CL in southwestern Ethiopia. Livestock does not play a role in CL transmission and combined indoor and outdoor vector control measures at night are required for efficient vector control.
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Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Gado/parasitologia , Phlebotomus/fisiologia , Phlebotomus/parasitologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Etiópia , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans and occurs in a wide range of animals. This study was conducted in Central Ethiopia to determine the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in lambs in order to evaluate their public health significance. Three hundred eighty nine fecal samples were collected and screened using a nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene. All positive PCR products were sequenced to determine the genotypes. E. bieneusi was found in 39 (10.03%) of the lambs. Differences in the infection rates among sex and age groups were not significant (P > 0.05). Five ITS genotypes belonging to three known genotypes BEB6, COS-I, and COS-II, and two novel genotypes (ET-L1 and ET-L2) were identified in lambs. All five genotypes identified in the present study clustered within cattle-specific Group 2 in the ITS phylogenetic tree. This first molecular detection and characterization of E. bieneusi in lambs in Ethiopia has identified the need for further studies in humans and other domestic animals in order to determine the public health significance of E. bieneusi in Ethiopia.
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BACKGROUND: Residual efficacy of indoor residual spray may vary with different spray quality and wall surfaces types. This study evaluated the impact of spray quality and wall surface types on residual efficacy of propoxur against wild Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: Thirty houses of different mud wall surfaces (10 smooth, 10 rough, 10 painted) were selected and randomly allocated into routine and standard spray. The routine spray was conducted by district health office as usual, while the standard spray was done by strictly following guidelines. Three control houses were selected from unsprayed nearby semi-urban. Wild An. gambiae s.l. were used for wall bioassay tests. Two-way mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyse the data. The mean variation between wall and spray types was compared by post hoc analysis of IBM SPSS version 20. RESULTS: On standard spray, knockdown rate was 95.3% on painted, 82% on smooth and 72.5% on rough surface at week 17 of post-spray, whereas on routine spray it was 82.7% on painted, 48.7% on smooth and 60% on rough surface. On standard spray, mortality rate of An. gambiae s.l. was 99.3% on painted surface, 90% on smooth and 80% on rough surface. On routine spray, it was 89.3% on painted, 61.3% on smooth and 65% on rough surface at week 17 of post-spray. The painted wall surface showed the highest knockdown rate (86.4-100%) on standard and (73.8-91.5%) routine spray; mortality rate was more than 80% on both spray types during the 17 weeks of follow-up regardless of spray types. The lower mortality rate and residual effect was observed on routine smooth and rough wall surfaces. The residual efficacy of propoxur was > 80% at week 17 on standard spray regardless of the wall types and it was < 80% on routine spray except painted wall surface. CONCLUSION: The painted wall surface and standard spray showed better residual efficacy. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the wall surface available in the community to estimate the residual lifespan of the insecticide, and strictly to follow the spray guideline to improve the effectiveness of indoor residual spray.
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Aerossóis/administração & dosagem , Anopheles/efeitos dos fármacos , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Habitação , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Malária/prevenção & controle , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Animais , Anopheles/fisiologia , Bioensaio , Etiópia , Feminino , Humanos , Propoxur/administração & dosagem , Propriedades de Superfície , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis are gastro-intestinal parasites that infect human and animals worldwide. Both parasites share a broad host range and are believed to be zoonosis. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Cryptosporidium and assemblages of G. duodenalis in lambs and to elucidate their role in zoonotic transmission. RESULTS: A total of 389 fecal samples were collected from lambs and screened by microscopy and nested PCR targeting the small-subunit ribosomal RNA for Cryptosporidium; and the small-subunit ribosomal RNA, triose phosphate isomerase, ß-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes for G. duodenalis. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis was 2.1% (8/389) and 2.6% (10/389), respectively. The infection rate at the three study sites ranged from 1.3 to 3.1% for Cryptosporidium and 1.6 to 3.9% for G. duodenalis; but variation was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The finding also showed that there is no sex and age group associated difference in the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis infections in lambs. Sequence analysis revealed that lambs were mono-infection with C. ubiquitum and G. duodenalis assemblage E. The analysis also indicated the presence of genetic variation within isolates of assemblage E; with 4 of them are novel genotypes at the small-subunit ribosomal RNA, ß-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes. CONCLUSION: The findings of the current study showed that lambs are capable of harboring C. ubiquitum and G. duodenalis assemblage E. This finding suggests that lambs might be sources for potentially zoonotic Cryptosporidium species. This was first molecular study in lambs and contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in central Ethiopia.
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Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/genética , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Animais , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Masculino , Filogenia , Prevalência , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Giardia duodenalis is a widespread protozoan parasite that infects human and other mammals. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within the species. This study was conducted to identify assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in dairy calves; and to assess the potential role of cattle isolates in zoonotic transmission in central Ethiopia. A total of 449 fecal samples were collected and screened using microscopy and PCR targeting the small-subunit (ssu) rRNA, triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), ß-giardin (bg) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. The overall prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in dairy calves was found to be 9.6% (43/449). The prevalence of infection based on sex, age and breed difference was statistically not significant (p>0.05). Genotyping results revealed the presence of assemblage E and assemblage A (AI). The genotypic frequency reported was 95.3% (41/43) for assemblage E and 4.7% (2/43) for assemblage A. There was one mixed infection with assemblages AI and E. Sequence analyses showed the existence of 10 genotypes within assemblage E. One genotype that showed novel nucleotide substitution was identified at the ssu rRNA locus. The other 9 genotypes, 3 at each locus, were identified at the tpi, the bg and the gdh loci with two of the gdh genotypes were novel. Findings of the current study indicate the occurrence of the livestock-specific assemblage E and the potentially zoonotic assemblage A, with the former being more prevalent. Although the zoonotic assemblage was less prevalent, there is a possibility of zoonotic human infection as AI is reported from both animals and humans.
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Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/veterinária , Filogenia , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Genótipo , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Giardíase/transmissão , Glutamato Desidrogenase/genética , Masculino , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Triose-Fosfato Isomerase/genética , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis is the etiologic agent of giardiasis in humans and other mammals worldwide. The burden of disease is high among children in developing countries where sanitation is inadequate. However, the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this parasite is poorly understood in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in asymptomatic children in Oromia Special Zone, central Ethiopia. RESULTS: A total of 286 fresh fecal specimens were collected from children and screened using microscopy and PCR. The prevalence of Giardia duodenalis was 10.8 % (31/286) and 16.8 % (48/286) as detected by microscopy and nested PCR, respectively. The infection rate by the study area, sex and age group difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Genotyping results showed that 22.9 % (11/48) of the isolates belonged to assemblage A while 77.1 % (37/48) belonged to assemblage B. Although double peaks were observed at the chromatogram level, no mixed assemblage or sub-assemblage infections were demonstrated. Isolates of assemblage A mostly belonged to the sub-assemblage AII and showed similarity with previously described isolates. However, there was great genetic variability within assemblage B that showed heterogeneous nucleotide positions. Fifteen of them were new genotypes: 5 at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), 2 at the ß-giardin (bg), and 8 at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. CONCLUSIONS: Giardia duodenalis mainly assemblage B infection was predominant among the asymptomatic children in the study area. The high polymorphism found in isolates of assemblage B warrants a more defining tool to discriminate assemblage B at the sub-assemblage level. The findings of the present study indicate that there is a need to carry out national screening programs aiming to detect asymptomatic infections to minimize the reservoir of the disease.
Assuntos
Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus/métodos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Etiópia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/parasitologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The burden of cryptosporidiosis due to Cryptosporidium parvum is well documented in HIV-positive patients in Ethiopia. However, the role of animals in zoonotic transmission of the disease is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium species in dairy calves; to assess the role of cattle in zoonotic transmission in central Ethiopia. A total of 449 fecal samples were collected and screened using modified Ziehl-Neelson staining method and PCR targeting the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 9.4% (42/449) and 15.8% (71/449) as detected by microscopy and nested PCR, respectively. The prevalence of infection varied significantly across the study areas with the higher prevalence being observed in Chancho 25.4% (30/118). Crossbred calves had significantly higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium than indigenous zebu. Genotyping results revealed the presence of C. andersoni (76.1%), C. bovis (19.7%) and C. ryanae (4.2%). The occurrence of these Cryptosporidium species appeared to be age-related. C. andersoni constituted 92.1% of the Cryptosporidium infection in calves older than 3 months. Sequence analysis also showed the existence of intra-species variation at SSU rRNA gene. Findings of the current study indicate that cattle may not be an important source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in central Ethiopia. Further molecular studies are needed to support this observation from other part of the country.
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium/genética , Animais , Bovinos , Estudos Transversais , Cryptosporidium/classificação , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Etiópia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrevalênciaRESUMO
A study was made to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis (surra) and its associated risk factors in Borena zone, southern Ethiopia during 2013-2014. A total of 2400 blood samples were collected and examined by the buffy coat and thin blood film laboratory methods, and data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The overall prevalence of camel trypanosomosis in the area was found to be 2.33 %. Prevalence was significantly different among the surveyed districts (P = 0.000), the pastoral associations (F = 6.408, P = 0.000), altitudinal divisions (P = 0.000), age groups (P = 0.034), and between animals possessing packed cell volume (PCV) values greater than 25 % and less than 25 % (P = 0.000); whereas, prevalence of the disease was not statistically significantly different between the sexes (P = 0.311) and among the body condition score groups (P = 0.739). The PCV of trypanosome positive and trypanosome negative camels differ significantly (P = 0.001), and prevalence of trypanosomosis was seen to be negatively correlated with packed cell volume (r = -0.069, P = 0.000) revealing the effect of camel trypanosomosis on anemia state of parasitized animals. In conclusion, camel trypanosomosis is a serious and economically important disease hampering camel production and productivity in southern Ethiopia. Further studies involving more sensitive molecular techniques to reveal the precise magnitude of the disease and to identify the vector species of the parasite are recommended.