RESUMO
The lack of measures that systematically evaluate the characteristics and functioning of Chinese families is hindering the development of appropriate family interventions for schizophrenia in China. We assessed the reliability and validity of revised and adapted Chinese versions (CV) of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES-II-CV) and the Family Environment Scales (FES-CV) and administered these instruments to 120 respondents from families with a schizophrenic member and 126 respondents from control families. The psychometric properties of the FACES-II-CV and of the FES-CV Cohesion, Conflict, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, and Active-Recreational Orientation scales are satisfactory, so they are appropriate for use in China; the remaining six FES-CV scales require further culturally appropriate revision. Compared to control families, families with schizophrenic patients in China have higher conflict, lower cohesion, poor adaptability, and are less likely to be involved in intellectual and recreational activities. These differences remained significant after adjusting for family and respondent characteristics.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Família/etnologia , Família/psicologia , Apego ao Objeto , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Meio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Conflito Psicológico , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reports on erotomania frequently include schizophrenic patients with secondary erotomania, but there are no reports on the prevalence and characteristics of erotomanic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. METHOD: A structured item on erotomanic delusions was added to the Chinese version of the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms and administered to 448 randomly selected schizophrenic patients on admission to four psychiatric hospitals in China. RESULTS: Erotomanic symptoms were identified in 9.4% of the patients (42/448; 95% CI 6.9-12.4%) 4.5% (20/448; CI 2.8-6.8%) had erotomanic ideation and 4.9% (22/448; CI 3.1-7.4%) had fixed erotomanic delusions. Compared with patients without erotomanic symptoms, erotomanic patients were more likely to be male and unmarried, and they had a higher level of education, more severe grandiose delusions, more prominent hostility, and less severe negative symptoms. CONCLUSION: The relatively common occurence of erotomanic symptoms in Chinese schizophrenic patients may be related to the indirect manner of expressing sexual interest in Chinese culture and, thus, be an example of the cultural moulding of psychiatric symptoms.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Delusões/etnologia , Literatura Erótica , Etnicidade/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/etnologia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Delusões/diagnóstico , Delusões/psicologia , Feminino , Alucinações/diagnóstico , Alucinações/etnologia , Alucinações/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Esquizofrenia/classificação , Esquizofrenia/diagnósticoRESUMO
This paper describes the behavior of optical diffraction gratings which have been weighted in various ways analogous to those used in surface acoustic wave devices. It is shown experimentally and theoretically that a wide variety of 2-D responses can be achieved by these means. In this study we have chosen to concentrate on quasirectangular responses, and we describe the factors that limit the performance achievable in practice. Some possible applications of these techniques in the spatial, temporal, and spectral domains are mentioned.
