A randomized trial testing digital medicine support models for mild-to-moderate alcohol use disorder.

This paper reports the results of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation randomized trial that systematically varied levels of human oversight required to support the implementation of a digital medicine intervention for persons with mild-to-moderate alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants were randomly assigned to three groups representing possible digital health support models within a health system: self-monitored use (SM; n = 185), peer-supported use (PS; n = 186), or a clinically integrated model CI; (n = 187). Across all three groups, the percentage of self-reported heavy drinking days dropped from 38.4% at baseline (95% CI [35.8%, 41%]) to 22.5% (19.5%, 25.5%) at 12 months. The clinically integrated group showed significant improvements in mental health and quality of life compared to the self-monitoring group (p = 0.011). However, higher attrition rates in the clinically integrated group warrant consideration in interpreting this result. Results suggest that making a self-guided digital intervention available to patients may be a viable option for health systems looking to promote alcohol risk reduction. This study was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov on 7/03/2019 (NCT04011644).

IL-6 signaling accelerates iron overload by upregulating DMT1 in endothelial cells to promote aortic dissection.

Aortic dissection (AD), caused by tearing of the intima and avulsion of the aortic media, is a severe threat to patient life and organ function. Iron is closely related to dissection formation and organ injury, but the mechanism of iron ion transport disorder in endothelial cells (ECs) remains unclear. We identified the characteristic EC of dissection with iron overload by single-cell RNA sequencing data. After intersecting iron homeostasis and differentially expressed genes, it was found that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) are key genes for iron ion disorder. Subsequently, IL-6R was identified as an essential reason for the JAK-STAT activation, a classical iron regulation pathway, through further intersection and validation. In in vivo and in vitro, both high IL-6 receptor expression and elevated IL-6 levels promote JAK1-STAT3 phosphorylation, leading to increased HIF-1α protein levels. Elevated HIF-1α binds explicitly to the 5'-UTR sequence of the DMT1 gene and transcriptionally promotes DMT1 expression, thereby increasing Fe2+ accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Blocking IL-6R and free iron with deferoxamine and tocilizumab significantly prolonged survival and reduced aortic and organ damage in dissection mice. A comparison of perioperative data between AD patients and others revealed that high free iron, IL-6, and ERS levels are characteristics of AD patients and are correlated with prognosis. In conclusion, activated IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling axis up-regulates DMT1 expression by increasing HIF-1α, thereby increasing intracellular Fe2+ accumulation and tissue injury, which suggests a potential therapeutic target for AD.

Increased matrix stiffness in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors invading the cavernous sinus is activated by TAFs: focus on the mechanical signatures.

PURPOSE: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) with invasion of the cavernous sinus (CS) are particularly challenging to treat. Tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are recognized for their pivotal role in reprogramming extracellular matrix (ECM). Herein, we aimed to explore the potential involvement of TAFs in ECM reprogramming and elucidate the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS: We applied dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to measure tumor vessel permeability and applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the matrix stiffness of PitNETs located in both CS and sella turcica (ST). Western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR were utilized to analyze the ECM components. Proteomic biochemical analysis was utilized to uncover potential mechanisms governing ECM dynamics. RESULTS: We found that PitNETs in the CS were stiffer than those in the ST. Increased ECM stiffness within the CS facilitated the acquisition of stem-like properties, enhanced proliferation, and induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of GH3 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of lysyl oxidase (LOX), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 in pituitary adenoma cells increased in the stiffer matrix. Proteomic analysis suggested TAFs were activated in the CS area and contributed enhanced matrix stiffness by secreting Col-1 and Col-3. Furthermore, mTOR pathway was activated under higher matrix stiffness and the migration and invasion of GH3 cells be repressed by mTOR inhibitor. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that activated TAFs contributed to stiffer matrix and increased ECM stiffness stimulating mTOR pathway in pituitary tumor cells. Our study indicated that mTOR inhibitor was a promising treatment strategy from the standpoint of PitNET biomechanical properties.

The effect of torus tubarius size on upper airway aerodynamics in children: a computational fluid dynamics study.

PURPOSE: Some children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) continue to experience symptoms after adenotonsillectomy. One possible cause is the excessive size of the torus tubarius. METHODS: In this study, the relationship between torus tubarius size and surgical outcome in 24 children with SDB who underwent adenotonsillectomy was retrospectively analyzed based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging measurements and medical records. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to quantitatively compare the effects of different torus tubarius sizes on upper airway (UA) aerodynamics in children. RESULTS: The percentage of UA area occupied by the torus tubarius (TTA%) was significantly different between the excellent and poor groups (10.4 ± 3.58% vs. 17.71 ± 4.7%, p < 0.001). The results of CFD simulation showed that the mean airflow velocity, wall shear stress (WSS) and pressure drop (ΔP) in the nasopharynx significantly increased when the TTA% was > 15%. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed the effect of round pillow size on the aerodynamics of the UA in children. When the TTA% exceeds 15%, it causes change in aerodynamics, which may affect the outcome of children with SDB.

Novel ß-amyloid PET Imaging Study of [18F]92 in Patients with Cognitive Decline.

[18F]-4-((E)-(((E)-4-(2-(2-(2-Fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)benzylidene)-hydrazono)methyl)-N-methylaniline ([18F]92) is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer previously reported to exhibit high binding affinity to aggregated ß-amyloid (Aß). This study aims to report a fully automated radiosynthesis procedure for [18F]92, explore its radioactive distribution in the brains of healthy subjects, and investigate its potential application value in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The fully automated radiosynthesis of [18F]92 was performed on the AllinOne module. Thirty one participants were recruited for this study. Dynamic [18F]92 PET imaging was conducted over 0-90 min period to assess time-activity curves (TAC) and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) curves in cognitively normal (CN) subjects. All participants were visually classified as either positive (+) or negative (-). Semiquantitative analyses of [18F]92 were performed by calculating SUVRs in different regions of interest. Furthermore, the study analyzed the relationships between global SUVR and plasma AD biomarkers, including Aß42, Aß40, P-tau181, and T-tau. The automated radiosynthesis of [18F]92 was completed within 50 min, yielding a radiochemical purity of greater than 95% and a radiochemical yield of 36 ± 3% (nondecay-corrected). Among the participants, 15 were estimated as Aß (-) and 16 as Aß (+). TACs indicated that [18F]92 rapidly crossed the blood-brain barrier within 10 min, followed by a rapid decrease, which then slowed down in the last 50-90 min. SUVR curves revealed that SUVR values stabilized around 60-70 min after injection and reached an equilibrium between 70 and 90 min, primarily in the cerebral cortex. SUVRs of Aß (+) participants were significantly higher than those of Aß (-) individuals within the cerebral cortex. In addition, Aß42 and the Aß42/Aß40 ratio exhibited negative correlations with global SUVR, while plasma P-tau181 and the P-tau181/T-tau ratio displayed positive correlations with global SUVR. [18F]92 exhibits excellent pharmacokinetic properties in the human brain and can be synthesized automatically on a large scale. [18F]92 is a promising and reliable radiotracer for estimating Aß pathology accumulation, providing valuable assistance in AD diagnosis and guiding clinical trials of therapeutic drugs.

Increase 68Ga-FAPI Uptake in Urogenital Tuberculosis.

ABSTRACT: Urogenital tuberculosis is one of common sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. A 60-year-old man with an elevated prostate-specific antigen level underwent multiparametric MRI, which revealed abnormal signals in the prostate. However, the 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT results were unrevealing. Subsequent 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging revealed intense radioactivity uptake in the prostate and mild radioactivity uptake in the left kidney, which was eventually proven due to tuberculosis.

Dietary inflammation influences the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in prediabetes and diabetes patients: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001-2018).

Prediabetes is an early phase before diabetes. Diabetes and dietary inflammation are two crucial factors that are strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Dietary interventions slowed the progression of diabetes and CVD. However, the associations between CVDs and dietary inflammation in different stages of pathoglycaemia have not been investigated. To explore the effect of a proinflammatory diet on CVD incidence at different stages of diabetes, NHANES (2001-2018) data were collected and analysed. A total of 3137 CVD patients with a comparable non-CVD group (n = 3137) were enrolled after propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. These patients were subsequently categorized into three subgroups: those with diabetes (n = 3043), those with prediabetes (n = 1099) and those with normoglycemia (n = 2132). The DII (Dietary inflammatory index) is a risk factor for CVD, both in overall individuals and in each subgroup of population-based information. In diabetic individuals, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) of CVD incidence for the DII were 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) and 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) according to the crude and adjusted models, respectively. For individuals with prediabetes, the ORs (95% CIs) of CVD risk for DII were 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) and 1.11 (1.01, 1.22) according to the crude and adjusted models, respectively. After adjusting for population-based information and hypertension status, the DII appeared to have the highest OR for individuals with prediabetes, and no significant association was found between the DII score and CVD risk in the normoglycemia group. Moreover, the OR of CVD for DII in the uncontrolled diabetes group was 1.06 (0.98, 1.16)*. These results suggest that the DII is more closely associated with the risk of CVDs in prediabetic and diabetic populations, and we should pay more attention to diet control before a person develops diabetes to prevent CVD progression.

Cpne1 deficiency preserves sperm motility under Ca2+ channel blockade.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play crucial roles in sperm motility and fertilization. The copine (CPNE) family comprises several Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Of these, CPNE1 is extensively expressed in mammalian tissues; however, its precise role in testicular development and spermatogenesis is yet to be fully characterized. In this study, we used proteomics to analyze testicular biopsies and found that levels of CPNE1 were significantly reduced in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (defective spermatogenesis) compared to those in patients with obstructive azoospermia (physiological spermatogenesis). In mice, CPNE1 is expressed at various stages of germ cell development and is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Ultimately, CPNE1 is expressed in the flagella of mature sperms. To further examine the role of CPNE1, we developed a Cpne1 knockout mouse model. Analysis showed that the loss of Cpne1 did not impair testicular development, spermatogenesis, or sperm morphology and motility in physiological conditions. When treated with gadolinium (III) chloride or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, known inhibitors of store-operated Ca2+ entry, Ca2+ signals and sperm motility were significantly compromised in wild-type mice; however, both mechanisms were conserved in KO mice. These results suggested that CPNE1 is dispensable for testicular development, spermatogenesis or sperm motility in physiological conditions. In addition, CPNE1 may represent a target of Ca2+ channel inhibitors and may therefore be implicated in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling and sperm motility.

Space-use strategy drives fine-scale spatial variation of chlorinated paraffins in indo-pacific humpback dolphins.

Contaminant accumulation in organisms can be influenced by both biological traits and environmental conditions. However, delineating the main factors affecting contaminant burdens in organisms remains challenging. Here, we conducted an initial investigation into the impact of diet and habitat on the accumulation of short- (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (2003-2020, n = 128) from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), a highly polluted estuary in China. The detected levels of SCCPs (5897 ± 3480 ng g-1 lw) and MCCPs (13,960 ± 8285 ng g-1 lw) in blubber samples of humpback dolphin are the highest among recorded values marine mammals. Both SCCPs and MCCPs exhibited biomagnification factor values exceeding 1, suggesting their biomagnification potential within the dolphins and their diet. Quantitative diet analysis using the dolphin fatty acid signatures revealed that humpback dolphins inhabiting the western PRE consumed a larger proportion of carnivorous fish than those from the eastern PRE. However, spatial analysis showed that humpback dolphins in the western PRE contained lower SCCP/MCCP concentrations than those from the eastern PRE. Based on these findings we suggest that, compared to diet differences, spatial variations of SCCPs/MCCPs in humpback dolphins may be predominantly influenced by their space-use strategies, as the eastern PRE is closer to the pollutant discharge source and transfer routes.

Flame synthesis of nanoparticles based on high flux electrostatic atomization burner.

This study presents an innovative electrostatic spray flame synthesis (ESFS) reactor that combines the advantages of electrostatic spray and flame synthesis for precise spray control and efficient single-step continuous synthesis. To overcome the limitations of conventional ESFS systems, which often suffer from low atomized precursor flux, we successfully demonstrated a high-flux disk electrostatic atomizer coupled low-swirl flame reactor, achieving a precursor flux of up to 30 ml/h about 30 times higher than that of typical ESFS devices. The atomized precursor being rapidly carried away from the burner is undergoing high-temperature pyrolysis and particle formation through lifted premixed turbulent flames. The ESFS system provides extensive control over parameters such as flame temperature, equivalence ratio, residence time, initial droplet sizes, and precursor concentrations. For illustrative purposes, the ESFS system was utilized to synthesize silica nanoparticles, demonstrating the capability of synthesizing nanoparticles with various properties. By manipulating the collection position and height, the particle size has made a substantial leap from the nanoscale to the micrometer level. This remarkable achievement underscores the system's enormous potential for precise particle size regulation and one-step synthesis of complex structured thin films.

ATP6V0A1-dependent cholesterol absorption in colorectal cancer cells triggers immunosuppressive signaling to inactivate memory CD8+ T cells.

Obesity shapes anti-tumor immunity through lipid metabolism; however, the mechanisms underlying how colorectal cancer (CRC) cells utilize lipids to suppress anti-tumor immunity remain unclear. Here, we show that tumor cell-intrinsic ATP6V0A1 drives exogenous cholesterol-induced immunosuppression in CRC. ATP6V0A1 facilitates cholesterol absorption in CRC cells through RAB guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (RABGEF1)-dependent endosome maturation, leading to cholesterol accumulation within the endoplasmic reticulum and elevated production of 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC). ATP6V0A1-induced 24-OHC upregulates TGF-ß1 by activating the liver X receptor (LXR) signaling. Subsequently, the release of TGF-ß1 into the tumor microenvironment by CRC cells activates the SMAD3 pathway in memory CD8+ T cells, ultimately suppressing their anti-tumor activities. Moreover, we identify daclatasvir, a clinically used anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug, as an ATP6V0A1 inhibitor that can effectively enhance the memory CD8+ T cell activity and suppress tumor growth in CRC. These findings shed light on the potential for ATP6V0A1-targeted immunotherapy in CRC.

Understanding the Implementation of Informal Meditation Practice in a Smartphone-Based Intervention: A Qualitative Analysis.

Objectives: Informal practice (i.e., brief meditation practices incorporated spontaneously into daily activities) may be important for increasing the efficacy and accessibility of meditation-based interventions (MedBIs). However, the facilitators and barriers to engaging in informal practice are largely unknown. The current study aimed to investigate factors associated with the implementation of informal practice. Method: Participants were drawn from a randomized trial testing the effects of 5- versus 15-min daily meditation practice in a 4-week smartphone-delivered meditation training. Qualitative interviews on informal practice were conducted with 17 participants (mean age: 37.12 years; 82.35% female; 52.94% non-Latinx White) following the intervention. Given that prior knowledge on this topic is limited, inductive content analysis was utilized to characterize participants' experiences in relation to implementing informal practice. Results: Four overarching categories emerged from the data, namely (a) reported benefits of informal practice, (b) integration of informal practice, (c) perceived barriers to informal practice, and (d) recommended facilitators of informal practice. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of addressing barriers and facilitators (e.g., providing personalized app features, reminders, social support, and repeating intervention content) to encourage individuals' informal practice. Findings provide suggestions for methods to increase engagement in informal practice, which may, in turn, increase the accessibility and effectiveness of MedBIs. Preregistration: The larger trial from which the qualitative interview participants were drawn was preregistered through clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05229406) and the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/fszvj/?view_only=039b14ccbf8848bd99808c983070b635). The qualitative analyses reported here were not preregistered.

Associations of CSF BACE1 with amyloid pathology, neurodegeneration, and cognition in Alzheimer's disease.

Β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is a crucial protease in the production of amyloid-ß (Aß) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the side effects observed in clinical trials of BACE1 inhibitors, including reduction in brain volume and cognitive worsening, suggest that the exact role of BACE1 in AD pathology is not fully understood. To further investigate this, we examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of BACE1 and its cleaved product sAPPß that reflects BACE1 activity in the China Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorder Initiative cohort. We found significant correlations between CSF BACE1 or sAPPß levels and CSF Aß40, Aß42, and Aß42/Aß40 ratio, but not with amyloid deposition detected by 18F-Florbetapir PET. Additionally, CSF BACE1 and sAPPß levels were positively associated with cortical thickness in multiple brain regions, and higher levels of sAPPß were linked to increased cortical glucose metabolism in frontal and supramarginal areas. Interestingly, individuals with higher baseline levels of CSF BACE1 exhibited slower rates of brain volume reduction and cognitive worsening over time. This suggests that increased levels and activity of BACE1 may not be the determining factor for amyloid deposition, but instead, may be associated with increased neuronal activity and potentially providing protection against neurodegeneration in AD.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomics Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) exhibits a notable degree of heterogeneity as compared to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The proteins and pathways contributing to the pathophysiology of EOAD still need to be completed and elucidated. Objective: Using correlation network analysis and machine learning to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics data to identify potential biomarkers and pathways associated with EOAD. Methods: We employed mass spectrometry to conduct CSF proteomic analysis using the data-independent acquisition method in a Chinese cohort of 139 CSF samples, including 40 individuals with normal cognition (CN), 61 patients with EOAD, and 38 patients with LOAD. Correlation network analysis of differentially expressed proteins was performed to identify EOAD-associated pathways. Machine learning assisted in identifying crucial proteins differentiating EOAD. We validated the results in an Western cohort and examined the proteins expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in additional 9 EOAD, 9 LOAD, and 9 CN samples from our cohort. Results: We quantified 2,168 CSF proteins. Following adjustment for age and sex, EOAD exhibited a significantly greater number of differentially expressed proteins than LOAD compared to CN. Additionally, our data indicates that EOAD may exhibit more pronounced synaptic dysfunction than LOAD. Three potential biomarkers for EOAD were identified: SH3BGRL3, LRP8, and LY6 H, of which SH3BGRL3 also accurately classified EOAD in the Western cohort. LY6 H reduction was confirmed via ELISA, which was consistent with our proteomic results. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive profile of the CSF proteome in EOAD and identifies three potential EOAD biomarker proteins.

Strategy to Empower Nontargeted Metabolomics by Triple-Dimensional Combinatorial Derivatization with MS-TDF Software.

Chemical derivatization is a widely employed strategy in metabolomics to enhance metabolite coverage by improving chromatographic behavior and increasing the ionization rates in mass spectroscopy (MS). However, derivatization might complicate MS data, posing challenges for data mining due to the lack of a corresponding benchmark database. To address this issue, we developed a triple-dimensional combinatorial derivatization strategy for nontargeted metabolomics. This strategy utilizes three structurally similar derivatization reagents and is supported by MS-TDF software for accelerated data processing. Notably, simultaneous derivatization of specific metabolite functional groups in biological samples produced compounds with stable but distinct chromatographic retention times and mass numbers, facilitating discrimination by MS-TDF, an in-house MS data processing software. In this study, carbonyl analogues in human plasma were derivatized using a combination of three hydrazide-based derivatization reagents: 2-hydrazinopyridine, 2-hydrazino-5-methylpyridine, and 2-hydrazino-5-cyanopyridine (6-hydrazinonicotinonitrile). This approach was applied to identify potential carbonyl biomarkers in lung cancer. Analysis and validation of human plasma samples demonstrated that our strategy improved the recognition accuracy of metabolites and reduced the risk of false positives, providing a useful method for nontargeted metabolomics studies. The MATLAB code for MS-TDF is available on GitHub at https://github.com/CaixiaYuan/MS-TDF.

Phylogenetic placement and comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Idiostoloidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera).

The classification system and the higher level phylogenetic relationships of Pentatomomorpha, the second largest infraorder of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera), have been debated and remain controversial over decades. In particular, the placement and phylogenetic relationship of Idiostoloidea are not well resolved, which hampers a better understanding of the evolutionary history of Pentatomomorpha. In this study, for the first time, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome for two narrowly distributed families of Idiostoloidea (including Idiostolidae and Henicocoridae), respectively. The length of the mitochondrial genome of Monteithocoris hirsutus and Henicocoris sp. is 16,632 and 16,013 bp, respectively. The content of AT is ranging from 75.15% to 80.48%. The mitogenomic structure of Idiostoloidea is highly conservative and there are no gene arrangements. By using the Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian site-heterogeneous mixture model, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships within Pentatomomorpha and estimated their divergence times based on concatenated mitogenomes and nuclear ribosomal genes. Our results support the classification system of six superfamilies within Pentatomomorpha and confirm the monophyletic groups of each superfamily, with the following phylogenetic relationships: (Aradoidea + (Pentatomoidea + (Idiostoloidea + (Coreoidea + (Pyrrhocoroidea + Lygaeoidea))))). Furthermore, estimated divergence times revealed that most pentatomomorphan superfamilies and families diverged during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, which coincides with the explosive radiation of angiosperms.

Testing support models for implementing an evidence-based digital intervention for alcohol use disorder: results of a pragmatic hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial.

This paper reports results of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation randomized trial that systematically varied levels of human oversight required to support implementation of a digital medicine intervention for persons with mild to moderate alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants were randomly assigned to three groups representing possible digital health support models within a health system: self-monitored use (n = 185), peer-supported use (n = 186), or a clinically integrated model (n = 187). Across all three groups, percentage of risky drinking days dropped from 38.4% at baseline (95%CI [35.8%, 41%]) to 22.5% (19.5%, 25.5%) at 12 months. The clinically integrated group showed significant improvements in mental health quality of life compared to the self-monitoring group (p = 0.011). However, higher rates of attrition in the clinically integrated group warrants consideration in interpreting this result. Results suggest that making a self-guided digital intervention available to patients may be a viable option for health systems looking to promote alcohol risk reduction.

Allergenicity Modulation of Casein with the Modifications of Linearization, Cross-Linking, and Glycation via the Regulation of Th1/Th2 Homeostasis.

Casein (CN) is the primary allergenic protein in cow's milk, contributing to the worldwide escalating prevalence of food allergies. However, there remains limited knowledge regarding the effect of structural modifications on CN allergenicity. Herein, we prepared three modified CNs (mCN), including sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol-induced linear CN (LCN), transglutaminase-cross-linked CN (TCN), and glucose-glycated CN (GCN). The electrophoresis results indicated widespread protein aggregation among mCN, causing variations in their molecular weights. The unique internal and external structural characteristics of mCN were substantiated by disparities in surface microstructure, alterations in the secondary structure, variations in free amino acid contents, and modifications in functional molecular groups. Despite the lower digestibility of TCN and GCN compared to LCN, they significantly suppressed IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells without significantly promoting their proliferation. Moreover, GCN showed the weakest capacity to induce LAD2 cell degranulation. Despite the therapeutic effect of TCN, GCN-treated mice displayed the most prominent attenuation of allergic reactions and a remarkably restored Th1/Th2 imbalance, while LCN administration resulted in severe allergic phenotypes and endotypes in both cellular and murine models. This study highlighted the detrimental effect of linear modifications and underscored the significance of glycation in relation to CN allergenicity.

Identification of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is originating from oral mucosal epithelial cells. Autophagy plays a crucial role in cancer treatment by promoting cellular self-degradation and eliminating damaged components, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we aim to identify a novel autophagy-related biomarker to improve OSCC therapy. METHODS: We firstly utilized Cox and Lasso analyses to identify that ATF6 is associated with OSCC prognosis, and validated the results by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We further identified the downstream pathways and related genes by enrichment analysis and WGCNA analysis. Subsequently, we used short interfering RNA to investigate the effects of ATF6 knockdown on proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and autophagy in SCC-9 and SCC-15 cells through cell viability assay, transwell assay, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry analysis, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, etc. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses showed that ATF6 overexpression was associated with prognosis and detrimental to survival. In vitro studies verified that ATF6 knockdown reduced OSCC cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, ATF6 knockdown could promote cellular autophagy and apoptosis. CONCLUSION: We propose that ATF6 holds potential as a prognostic biomarker linked to autophagy in OSCC. This study provides valuable clues for further exploration of targeted therapy against OSCC.

Modulation of lipid profile by secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA: Verification with a transgenic mouse model.

We previously demonstrated a positive relation of secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) with circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with coronary artery disease, and sPLA2-IIA increased cholesterol efflux in THP-1 cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ)/liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) signaling pathway. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of sPLA2-IIA over-expression on lipid profile in a transgenic mouse model. Fifteen apoE-/- and C57BL/7 female mice received bone marrow transplantation from transgenic SPLA2-IIA mice, and treated with specific PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. High fat diet was given after one week of bone marrow transplantation, and animals were sacrificed after twelve weeks. Immunohistochemical staining showed over-expression of sPLA2-IIA protein in the lung and spleen. The circulating level of HDL-C, but not that of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, or total triglyceride, was increased by sPLA2-IIA over-expression, and was subsequently reversed by GW9662 treatment. Over-expression of sPLA2-IIA resulted in augmented expression of cholesterol transporter ABCA1 at mRNA level in the aortas, and at protein level in macrophages, co-localized with macrophage specific antigen CD68. GW9662 exerted potent inhibitory effects on sPLA2-IIA-induced ABCA1 expression. Conclusively, we demonstrated the effects of sPLA2-IIA on circulating HDL-C level and the expression of ABCA1, possibly through regulation of PPAR-γ signaling in transgenic mouse model, that is in concert with the conditions in patients with coronary artery disease.