RESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium pneumoniae (MRMP) pneumonia in children and construct a logistic regression model for mutations in the Mycoplasma pneumoniae drug-resistant gene. METHODS: Clinical data of 281 children were analyzed. Sequencing confirmed a mutation at the A2063G locus of the 23 S rRNA gene in 227 children (A2063G group); 54 children showed no mutations (non-MRMP [NMRMP] group). We compared clinical features, laboratory tests, imaging, and bronchoscopy results and constructed a multifactorial logistic regression model to analyze risk and protective factors. RESULTS: The A2063G group had longer durations of fever and hospitalization before admission, a higher proportion of treatment with sodium methylprednisolone succinate (MPS)/dexamethasone, longer time to discontinue hormones, and higher probability of combined infections. Monocyte percentage was significantly higher in the A2063G group. Imaging suggested a higher incidence of infections in the right lung compared to both lungs. Univariate analysis revealed fever duration before admission, hormone dose and duration, monocyte percentage, and mixed infections as risk factors for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with the A2063G mutation. The logistic regression model showed that mixed infections were an independent risk factor for the A2063G locus mutation, whereas hormone dose was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: A prevalence of macrolide resistance of 80.8% among children was observed in the region. Logistic regression analysis revealed that co-infection with other respiratory pathogens is an independent risk factor for the development of resistance genes, while the use of hormone dosage acts as a protective factor.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Macrolídeos , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma , RNA Ribossômico 23S , Humanos , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Masculino , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Modelos Logísticos , Lactente , Mutação , Fatores de Risco , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
We evaluated diurnal trends of size-resolved indoor and outdoor fluorescent biological airborne particles (FBAPs) and their contributions to particulate matter (PM) within 0.5-20 µm. After a ten-week continuous sampling via two identical wideband integrated bioaerosol sensors, we found that both indoor and outdoor diurnal trends of PM were driven by its bioaerosol component. Outdoors, the median [interquartile range] FBAP mass concentration peaked at 8.2 [5.8-9.9] µg/m3 around sunrise and showed a downtrend from 6:00 to 18:00 during the daytime and an uptrend during the night. The nighttime FBAP level was 1.8 [1.4-2.2] times higher than that during the daytime, and FBAPs accounted for 45 % and 56 % of PM during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Indoors, the rise in concentrations of FBAPs smaller than 1 µm coincided with the starting operation of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system at 6:00, and the concentration peaked at 8:00 and dropped to the daily average by noontime. This indicated that the starting operation of the HVAC system dislodged the overnight settled and accumulated fine bioaerosols into the indoor environment. For particles larger than 1 µm, the variation of mass concentration was driven by occupancy. Based on regression modeling, the contributions of indoor PM, non-FBAP, and FBAP sources to indoor mass concentrations were estimated to be 93 %, 67 %, and 97 % during the occupied period.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Aerossóis/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/análiseRESUMO
This study evaluated the interrelations between indoor and outdoor bioaerosols in a bedroom under a living condition. Two wideband integrated bioaerosol sensors were utilized to measure indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) and fluorescent biological airborne particles (FBAPs), which were within a size range of 0.5-20 µm. Throughout this one-month case study, the median proportion of FBAPs in PM by number was 19% (5%; the interquartile range, hereafter) and 17% (3%) for indoors and outdoors, respectively, and those by mass were 78% (12%) and 55% (9%). According to the size-resolved data, FBAPs dominated above 2 and 3.5 µm indoors and outdoors, respectively. Comparing indoor upon outdoor ratios among occupancy and window conditions, the indoor FBAPs larger than 3.16 µm were dominated by indoor sources, while non-FBAPs were mainly from outdoors. The occupant dominated the indoor source of both FBAPs and non-FBAPs. Under awake and asleep, count- and mass-based mean emission rates were 45.9 and 18.7 × 106 #/h and 5.02 and 2.83 mg/h, respectively. Based on indoor activities and local outdoor air quality in Singapore, this study recommended opening the window when awake and closing it during sleep to lower indoor bioaerosol exposure.
Assuntos
Aerossóis/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Material Particulado/análise , SingapuraRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Status of premarital sex, unintended pregnancy and associated factors among Chinese graduate students remain unclear. And unmarried graduate students' needs of family planning services seem to be ignored. In the present study, we ascertained the prevalence rate of premarital sex and unintended pregnancy, as well as estimated the possible factors associated with unintended pregnancy among unmarried Chinese graduate students, and evaluated their reproductive health needs. METHODS: We obtained the representative sample of graduate students using a multistage, stratified, cluster design, and collected data using a questionnaire. RESULTS: We obtained 11936 responders. Premarital sexual intercourse was acknowledged by 24.2% of responders; unintended pregnancy was acknowledged by 4.8% of responders (19.8% of students active in premarital sex); and abortion was acknowledged by 4.6% of responders (96.7% of pregnant students). In multivariate analysis, the identified risk factors for unintended pregnancy among both genders that were active in premarital sex were: (1) having no steady lover [for males: odds ratio (OR), 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.41-2.70; for females: OR, 2.65; 95%CI, 1.56-4.84]; (2) younger age at the first sexual intercourse (for males: OR, 1.62, 95% CI, 1.22-2.15; for females: OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.64-4.02); (3) lack of condom use at the first sex (for males: OR, 1.13, 95% CI, 1.09-1.37; for females: OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.81-4.39); (4) unaware of the conditions of conception (for males: OR, 1.69, 95% CI, 1.31-2.19; for females: OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.16-2.65); and (5) unaware that abortion endangers women's future pregnancy (for males: OR, 2.98, 95% CI, 2.15-4.14; for females: OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.23-4.46). Medical graduates were not less likely to have unintended pregnancy than nonmedical graduates for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: The avoidable risk of being unintended pregnancy among graduate students in China indicates that an urgent need to take action on how to delay the age of first sex, promote condom use at first sex, and acquire accurate contraceptive information, as well as improve skills to use reliable contraception among graduate students.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Avaliação das Necessidades , Gravidez não Planejada , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa Solteira/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Adulto , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Pessoa Solteira/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
In order to ascertain prevalence rate of premarital sexual intercourse, unintended pregnancy and abortion, and evaluate associated factors of unintended pregnancy among undergraduates from all over China, the representative sample of unmarried undergraduates was obtained by using a multi-stage, stratified, probability cluster design, and data were collected by using a survey questionnaire. 62 326 available responders were gained. 11.6% of them acknowledged having experiences of premarital sexual intercourse (standardized prevalence rate of sexual intercourse was 13.8%). 31.5% of students active in premarital sex acknowledged undergoing unintended pregnancy. 76.2% of pregnant students selected abortion to end it. Of students active in premarital sex, 46.2% used contraception at the first sexual intercourse, 28.2% replied "always" using contraception in sexual intercourse. The rate of using condoms, oral contraceptives (OCs), and withdrawal among students who had used contraception was 52.0%, 31.0%, and 27.2% respectively. "No preparation for sex" (40.3%), "pleasure decrement" (32.1%), "won't-be-pregnancy in occasional sexual intercourse" (30.2%) were their common excuses for using no contraception. The identified risk factors for unintended pregnancy among students active in premarital sex by multivariate analysis were as follows: having no steady lover [having no steady lover vs having a steady lover: odds ratio (OR), 1.875; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.629-2.158], unaware of the course of conception (unaware vs aware: OR, 2.023; 95% CI, 1.811-2.260), considering abortion not endanger women's physical and mental health (no endangerment vs endangerment: OR, 2.659; 95% CI, 2.265-3.121), nonuse of contraception (never use vs always use: OR, 1.682; 95% CI, 1.295-2.185). Medical students were not less likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than nonmedical students (OR, 1.111; 95% CI, 0.906-1.287). The substantial proportion of unintended pregnancy among undergraduates indicates a need for convenient and targeted contraceptive education and services.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Estudantes , Universidades , Povo Asiático , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection on mature sperm apoptosis in mice, and to explore the mechanism of MCMV-induced apoptosis regulated by mitochondria. METHODS: MCMV was inoculated into the testes of 15 BALB/c mice to establish acute MCMV infection models and 15 mice were used as controls. 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 days after the infection 3 mice from each group were killed. Flow cytometry was used to observe the apoptosis of sperms. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was performed to examine the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi psi m) of sperm. The mitochondria ultrastructure of sperm was observed under electron microscope. RESULTS: The sperm apoptotic ratebeganto increase from day 2 after inoculation (D2 PI), peaked to the level of (39.3 +/- 1.0)% compared with that of the control group on D4 PI, and then fell-off (F = 362.822, P < 0.05). The delta psi m of sperm began to increase on D1 PI at the level of (74.0 +/- 1.4), began to decrease on D2 PI [( 63.0 +/- 2.2)], dropped to the minimum on D4 PI [(40.2 +/- 2.3)], then ascended slowly again (F = 32.257, P < 0.05). The mitochondria ultrastructure of sperm showed damage after MCMV infection that was especially severe from D2 PI to D6 PI. CONCLUSION: MCMV acute infection in reproductive organ induces apoptosis of mature sperm in the cauda epididymidis. Sperm mitochondria participate in and regulate initiatively the apoptosis of sperm.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Infecções por Herpesviridae/fisiopatologia , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Muromegalovirus/fisiologia , Espermatozoides/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Microscopia Confocal , Espermatozoides/citologiaRESUMO
The in vitro effects of Candida albicans and its filtrates on the motility and ultrastructure of human spermatozoa from healthy donors were studied. A significant reduction in sperm progressive motility and signs of membrane alteration, directly related to contact time were observed. Distinct adhesion of spermatozoa to C. albicans and agglutination were observed. Light and transmission electron microscopy examinations showed that spermatozoa attached to C. albicans mainly via the head. Multiple ultrastructural lesions were present, which were the possible morphological reasons for spermatozoan immobilization observed in the present study. It is concluded that C. albicans as well as its filtrates had an inhibitory effect on human sperm motility and impaired the ultrastructure of human spermatozoa, which could be associated with male infertility.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/fisiologia , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Espermatozoides/ultraestrutura , Filtração , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de TransmissãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of water decoction of the root of Crataegus cuneata on infertility induced by multi-glucoside of Tripterygium wilfordii (GTW) in rats. METHOD: Male adult rats were randomly divided into five groups, which were treated via gastric gavage of distilled water (1 mL x kg(-1)) , solution of GTW (10 mg x kg(-1)) and three doses of water decoction of root of C. cuneata (1.8, 5.4, 18 g x kg(-1)) + GTW (10 mg x kg(-1)), respectively. 8 weeks later, GTW was stopped and the decoction and water continued for another 4 weeks. And then, all the male rats were copulated with adult female rats. The rates of pregnancy, average numbers of embryos and luteum of female rats, relative weights of reproductive organs, sperm counts, sperm motility and viability were compared among all the groups. The histology and ultrastructure of testis and epididymis were observed, while the concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testostorone (T) in serum and T in testicular homogenate were detected by radioimmunoassay. RESULT: Compared with those in GTW model group, the embryo numbers, the relative weight of testis and epididymis and sperm counts and motility in C. cuneata groups were increased obviously (P < 0.05). After treatment, the morphological damages of seminiferous tubules and sperms were recovered, while concentrations of T in testicular homogenate were also significantly increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: C. cuneata could relieve the reproductive lesions induced by GTW, and hence improve the uberty of the male infertile model rats.
Assuntos
Crataegus , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/metabolismo , Animais , Crataegus/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Glucosídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Glucosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Infertilidade Masculina/induzido quimicamente , Infertilidade Masculina/metabolismo , Masculino , Raízes de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testosterona/sangue , Tripterygium/químicaRESUMO
In order to explore the effects of testicular infection of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) on mature sperm viability at different periods following MCMV inoculation in mice, 91 BALB/c mice without MCMV infection were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 56) and a control group (n = 35). The mice in the experimental group were treated by inoculating MCMV intratesticularly, while those in the controlled group were directly inoculated with DMEM without MCMV. The mice in both groups were sacrificed separately on the day 1, 1. 5, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 14 post-inoculation (D1) 1. 5, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 14 PI). The MCMV M83 mRNA gene was detected in the testis by in situ hybridization (ISH) with MCMV late-mRNA probe labeled with digoxin. Sperm viability of mature sperm in the epididymis cauda was measured. The results demonstrated the positive signal of ISH of MCMV was found mainly in the cytoplasm of the testicular interstitial cells and spermatogenic cells in the experimental group. Compared with that in the controlled group, the sperm viability in the experimental group was decreased significantly on D1 PI and D1.5 PI (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference in the sperm viability was found after D2 PI between two groups (P > 0.05). This suggested that sperm viability in mice might be descended significantly shortly after MCMV infection and might return to normal with time, indicating that MCMV acute infection might temporarily degrade sperm quality and influence procreation transiently.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/fisiopatologia , Orquite/virologia , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Distribuição Aleatória , Espermatozoides/citologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of testis murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection on mature sperm acrosome reaction and spermatic function of membrane in mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice without MCMV infection were randomly devided into two groups: an experimental group (48 mice) and a control group (30 mice). The mice in the control group were treated by inoculation DMEM without MCMV into testis, while those in the experimental one were directly inoculated with MCMV into testis. Mice in two groups were sacrificed separately at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 14 d post inoculation (D1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 14 PI), and the MCMV M83 mRNA gene was detected inside the testes by in situ hybridization (ISH) with one episode MCMV late-mRNA probe labeled with digoxin, meanwhile acrosome reaction and the function of membrane of mature sperms in the epididymis tails was measured. RESULTS: The positive signal of ISH of MCMV was mainly founded in the two kinds of testicular cells (spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells) in the experimental group. Compared with that of the control group, the sperm acrosome reaction in the experimental group was decreased significantly by the rate from (71 +/- 6)%, (70 +/- 7)% to (58 +/- 9)%, (56 +/- 9)% (P < 0.05) separately on D2 PI and D4 PI. And the sperm membrane hypo-osmotic swelling was decreased significantly by the rate from (60 +/- 7)%, (50 +/- 4)% to (48 +/- 9)%, (38 +/- 8)% (P < 0.05) separately also on D2 PI and D4 PI. CONCLUSION: The model of CMV infection in murine testis was established. The sperm acrosome reaction and function of membrane in mice might be descented significantly by MCMV infection in the early period, which shows that MCMV infection might influent the sperm's function.
Assuntos
Reação Acrossômica , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/fisiopatologia , Orquite/fisiopatologia , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Orquite/virologia , Motilidade dos EspermatozoidesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of testis murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection on mature sperm viability in mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice without MCMV infection, screened by ELISA, were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 64) and a control group (n = 40). The former were directly inoculated with MCMV into the testis, while the latter treated by inoculation of DMEM without MCMV. The mice in both of the groups were sacrificed respectively at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 14, 21, 38 d postinoculation (D1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 14, 21, 38 PI), the testis was examined histopathologically, and meanwhile the viability of mature sperms in the epididymis cauda was measured. RESULTS: MCMV basophil inclusion bodies were found in the Leydig cells in the experimental group, and spermatogenic cells were vacuolated and arranged disorderly. Compared with the control group, the sperm viability in the experimental group was decreased significantly by 71.42% to 56.04% (P < 0.05) on D1 PI. CONCLUSION: The sperm viability in mice might be descended significantly by MCMV infection in the early period, but restored to normal with time. This shows that MCMV infection might influence procreation transiently.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/fisiopatologia , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Doenças Testiculares/virologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Distribuição Aleatória , Doenças Testiculares/patologia , Doenças Testiculares/fisiopatologia , Testículo/patologiaRESUMO
The purpose is to study the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-Jinyebaidu (JYBD) to guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) intrauterine infection. The virus-free female and male guinea pigs were screened with nest-polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR). After inbred, pregnant guinea pigs were selected and divided into 3 groups randomly: 5 guniea pigs of the blank control group were not given either GPCMV or JYBD. 31 guniea pigs of the positive control group were inoculated 1 mL (10(7) TCID50) suspension of GPCMV intraperitoneal. 10 guniea pigs of the experimental group were inoculated GPCMV firstly and then perfused stomach with JYBD for 14 days (Dosage in accordance with the modulus of the weight ratio of human to guniea pig). The effects of JYBD on the intrauterine infection of GPCMV were observed. The results showed that JYBD could decrease the maternal infection rate from 100% (31/31) to 50% (5/10) (P < 0.001), the intrauterine infection rate from 100% (72/72) to 75% (21/28) (P < 0.001), and the rate of abnormal outcome of pregnancy from 64.4% (29/45) to 25.0% (7/28) (P < 0.001), the infective symptoms being relieved. It can be concluded that traditional Chinese medicine- JYBD can prevent and treat (GPCMV intrauterine infection, and can be expected a prophylactic drug for HCMV intrauterine infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Doenças Fetais/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Citomegalovirus , Feminino , Doenças Fetais/prevenção & controle , Doenças Fetais/virologia , Cobaias , Masculino , Gravidez , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infection with the outcome of pregnancy by the kidney of guinea pig (GP). METHODS: Twenty first-trimester gestation GPs were randomly selected, intraperitoneally inoculated with GPCMV. Then female GPs and the pups were killed within 24 h after delivery. By in situ hybridization (ISH) with three phases GPCMV late-mRNA probes labeled by digoxin, the virus load and its distribution were screened inside the pup's kidney. RESULTS: Twenty GPs totally conceived 63 pups. Among them, 42 had normal outcome and lived longer than 24 h; 21 had abnormal outcome such as abortion, fetal death, et al. By in situ hybridization, the infection rate of normal pups was 7.1% (3/42) and the average optical density (A) was 0.105 +/- 0.052. The infection rate of abnormal pups was 28. 6% (6/21) and the A was 0.158 +/- 0.047. The difference of the A was significant (t = 2.57, P < 0.05). The positive signal of ISH was mainly distributed in the epithelium of renal tubule and collecting duct. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the late-mRNA mainly expressed in the epithelium of renal tubule and collecting duct and the expression level was related with the abnormal pregnancy outcome.