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Background: A high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to various metabolic disorders and obesity, which are major contributors to cardiovascular disease. As an essential regulator for heart homeostasis, cardiac resident macrophages may go awry and contribute to cardiac pathophysiology upon HFD. Thus, to better understand how HFD induced cardiac dysfunction, this study intends to explore the transcriptional and functional changes in cardiac resident macrophages of HFD mice. Methods: C57BL/6J female mice that were 6 weeks old were fed with HFD or normal chow diet (NCD) for 16 weeks. After an evaluation of cardiac functions by echocardiography, mouse hearts were harvested and cardiac resident CCR2- macrophages were sorted, followed by Smart sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis including GO, KEGG, and GSEA analyses were employed to elucidate transcriptional and functional changes. Results: Hyperlipidemia and obesity were observed easily upon HFD. The mouse hearts also displayed more severe fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in HFD mice. Smart sequencing and functional analysis revealed metabolic dysfunctions, especially lipid-related genes and pathways. Besides this, antigen-presentation-related gene such as Ctsf and inflammation, particularly for NF-κB signaling and complement cascades, underwent drastic changes in cardiac resident macrophages. GO cellular compartment analysis was also performed and showed specific organelle enrichment trends of the involved genes. Conclusion: Dysregulated metabolism intertwines with inflammation in cardiac resident macrophages upon HFD feeding in mice, and further research on crosstalk among organelles could shed more light on potential mechanisms.
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Dieta Hiperlipídica , Macrófagos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Miocárdio , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Camundongos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Feminino , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/imunologia , Obesidade/imunologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/imunologia , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismoRESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases are an array of age-related disorders, and accumulating evidence suggests a link between cardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) and the age-related disorders. However, how does CRMs alter with aging remains elusive. In the present study, aged mice (20 months old) have been employed to check for their cardiac structural and functional alterations, and the changes in the proportion of CRM subsets as well, followed by sorting of CRMs, including C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2)+ and CCR2- CRMs, which were subjected to Smart-Seq. Integrated analysis of the Smart-Seq data with three publicly available single-cell RNA-seq datasets revealed that inflammatory genes were drastic upregulated for both CCR2+ and CCR2- CRMs with aging, but genes germane to wound healing were downregulated for CCR2- CRMs, suggesting the differential functions of these two subsets. More importantly, inflammatory genes involved in damage sensing, complement cascades, and phagocytosis were largely upregulated in CCR2- CRMs, implying the imbalance of inflammatory response upon aging. Our work provides a comprehensive framework and transcriptional resource for assessing the impact of aging on CRMs with a potential for further understanding cardiac aging.
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Envelhecimento , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Macrófagos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptores CCR2 , Animais , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/genética , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Camundongos , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Receptores CCR2/genética , Transcriptoma , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Masculino , Análise de Célula Única , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Transdução de Sinais , FagocitoseRESUMO
A large amount of agricultural waste causes global environmental pollution. Biogas production by microbial pretreatment is an important way to utilize agricultural waste resources. In this study, Sporocytophaga CG-1 (A, cellulolytic strain) was co-cultured with Bacillus clausii HP-1 (B, non-cellulolytic strain) to analyze the effect of pretreatment of rice straw on methanogenic capacity of anaerobic digestion (AD). The results showed that weight loss rate of filter paper of co-culture combination is 53.38%, which is 29.37% higher than that of A. The synergistic effect of B on A can promote its degradation of cellulose. The cumulative methane production rate of the co-culture combination was the highest (93.04 mL/g VS substrate), which was significantly higher than that of A, B and the control group (82.38, 67.28 and 67.70 mL/g VS substrate). Auxiliary bacteria can improve cellulose degradation rate by promoting secondary product metabolism. These results provide data support for the application of co-culture strategies in the field of anaerobic digestion practices.
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Metano , Oryza , Metano/metabolismo , Metano/biossíntese , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/metabolismo , Anaerobiose , Técnicas de Cocultura , Bacillus/metabolismo , Celulose/metabolismo , BiocombustíveisRESUMO
Appropriate fibrosis is required to prevent subsequent adverse remodeling and heart failure post myocardial infarction (MI), and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play a critical role during the process. Carbonic anhydrase 3 (CAR3) is an important mediator in multiple biological processes besides its CO2 hydration activity; however, the role and underlying mechanism of CAR3 on cardiac repair post MI injury remains unknown. Here, we found that CAR3 expression was up-regulated in cardiac tissue in infarct area at the reparative phase of MI, with a peak at 7 days post MI. The upregulation was detected mainly on fibroblast instead of cardiomyocyte, and primary cardiac fibroblasts treated with TGF-ß1 recaptured our observation. While CAR3 deficiency leads to weakened collagen density, enlarged infarct size and aggravated cardiac dysfunction post-MI. In fibroblast, we observed that CAR3 deficiency restrains collagen synthesis, cell migration and gel contraction of cardiac fibroblasts, whereas overexpression of CAR3 in CFs improves wound healing and cardiac fibroblast activation. Mechanistically, CAR3 stabilizes Smad7 protein via modulating its acetylation, which dampens phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, thus inhibiting fibroblast transformation. In contrast, inhibition of Smad7 acetylation with C646 blunts CAR3 deficiency induced suppression of fibroblast activation and impaired cardiac healing. Our data demonstrate a protective role of CAR3 in cardiac wound repair post MI via promoting fibroblasts activation through Smad7-TGF-ß/Smad2/3 signaling pathway.
Assuntos
Anidrases Carbônicas , Infarto do Miocárdio , Humanos , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Proteína Smad7/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/genética , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: To explore the role and mechanism of Notch signaling and ERK1/2 pathway in the inhibitory effect of sacubitril/valsartan on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). MAIN METHODS: Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) were cultured in vitro. The proliferating VSMCs were divided into three groups as control group, Ang II group and Ang II + sacubitril/valsartan group. Cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 and scratch test respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, MMP-9, Notch1 and Jagged-1 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot respectively. The p-ERK1/2 expression was detected by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS: Compared with the control group, proliferation and migration of VSMCs and the expression of PCNA, MMP-9, Notch1, Jagged-1 and p-ERK1/2 was increased in Ang II group. Sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduced the proliferation and migration. Additionally, pretreatment with sacubitril/valsartan reduced the PCNA, MMP-9, Notch1, Jagged-1 and p-ERK1/2 expression.
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Aminobutiratos , Compostos de Bifenilo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz , Humanos , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/farmacologia , Proteína Jagged-1/genética , Proteína Jagged-1/metabolismo , Proteína Jagged-1/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Valsartana/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Movimento CelularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High-fat diet (HFD) is closely associated with the increased prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Excessive gut microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid (DCA) caused by HFD plays significant roles in eliciting intestinal inflammation, however, the mechanism underlining the induction of inflammatory response by DCA has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of DCA in the triggering of inflammation via affecting CD4+ T cell differentiation. RESULTS: Murine CD4+T cells were cultured under Th1, Th2 or Th17-polarizing conditions treated with or without different dosage of DCA, and flowcytometry was conducted to detect the effect of DCA on CD4+ T cell differentiation. Alteration of gene expression in CD4+ T cells upon DCA treatment was determined by RNA-sequencing and qRT-PCR. Bioinformatic analysis, cholesterol metabolic profiling, ChIP assay and immuno-fluorescent staining were further applied to explore the DCA-regulated pathway that involved in CD4+T cell differentiation. The results showed that DCA could dose-dependently promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cell into Th17 linage with pathogenic signature. Mechanistically, DCA stimulated the expression of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes CYP51 and led to the increased generation of endogenous RORγt agonists, including zymosterol and desmosterol, therefore facilitating Th17 differentiation. Up-regulation of CYP51 by DCA was largely mediated via targeting transcription factor SREBP2 and at least partially through bile acid receptor TGR5. In addition, DCA-supplemented diet significantly increased intestinal Th17 cell infiltration and exacerbated TNBS-induced colitis. Administration of cholestyramine to eliminate fecal bile acid obviously alleviated colonic inflammation accompanied by decreased Th17 cells in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our data establish a link between DCA-induced cholesterol biosynthesis in immune cells and gut inflammation. Modulation of bile acid level or targeting cholesterol metabolic pathway may be potential therapeutic measurements for HFD-related colitis.
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For the sustainable reutilization of poultry feces (PF) to reduce environmental pollution, we present a novel approach for converting PF into a highly effective catalyst, consisting of trace copper (Cu) and sulfur (S) linked with ordered graphitized carbon (CS/CPF) for wastewater purification. Raman and EPR results verified that the disorderly organic matters in PF are transformed into orderly graphene structures that complexed with Cu to form large numbers of electron-poor/rich microregions on CS/CPF surface. The electrons from electron-rich organic pollutants can be directly captured by dissolved oxygen (DO) to produce abundant reactive oxygen species due to the enhanced electron polarization via the construction of Cu-S-C bond bridge on CS/CPF surface, which greatly enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants. CS/CPF achieves 100% removal for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in just 10 min after adding trace peroxymonosulfate (PMS), keeping efficient catalytic activity after continuous reactions for 240 h. This strategy offers a practical and sustainable solution for the efficient resource recovery of poultry feces.
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Poluentes Ambientais , Purificação da Água , Animais , Carbono , Elétrons , Aves Domésticas , Peróxidos/química , Purificação da Água/métodosRESUMO
Sepsis-induced myocardiopathy, characterized by innate immune cells infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines release, may lead to perfusion failure or even life-threatening cardiogenic shock. Macrophages-mediated inflammation has been shown to contribute to sepsis-induced myocardiopathy. In the current study, we introduced two photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs), Beggiatoa sp. PAC (bPAC) and Beggiatoa sp. IS2 PAC (biPAC) into macrophages by transfection to detect the effects of light-induced regulation of macrophage pro-inflammatory response and LPS-induced sepsis-induced myocardiopathy. By this method, we uncovered that blue light-induced bPAC or biPAC activation considerably inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α, both at mRNA and protein levels. Further, we assembled a GelMA-Macrophages-LED system, which consists of GelMA-a type of light crosslink hydrogel, gene modulated macrophages and wireless LED device, to allow light to regulate cardiac inflammation in situ with murine models of LPS-induced sepsis. Our results showed significant inhibition of leukocytes infiltration, especially macrophages and neutrophils, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines release, and alleviation of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Thus, our study may represent an emerging means to treat sepsis-induced myocardiopathy and other cardiovascular diseases by photo-activated regulating macrophage function.
Assuntos
Beggiatoa , Cardiomiopatias , Sepse , Camundongos , Animais , Adenilil Ciclases/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Beggiatoa/genética , Beggiatoa/metabolismo , Sepse/complicações , Sepse/metabolismo , Macrófagos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatias/etiologiaRESUMO
Background and aims: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) is mainly expressed by immune cells and plays an immunomodulatory role in cardiovascular disease. However, the prognostic value of Tim-3 in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression profile of Tim-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with ADHF and its impact on their prognosis. Methods: In this prospective study, 84 patients who were hospitalized with ADHF and 83 patients without heart failure were enrolled. Main clinical data were collected during patient visits. The Tim-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood samples was assayed by flow cytometry. Long-term prognosis of the patients with ADHF was evaluated by major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) over a 12-month follow-up period. Results: We found that the Tim-3 expression on CD4+ T cells [2.08% (1.15-2.67%) vs. 0.88% (0.56-1.39%), p < 0.001] and CD8+ T cells [3.81% (2.24-6.03%) vs. 1.36% (0.76-3.00%), p < 0.001] in ADHF group were significantly increased vs. the non-ADHF group. Logistic analysis revealed that high levels of Tim-3 expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were independent risk factors of ADHF (OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.34-5.65, p = 0.006; OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.26-5.31, p = 0.010, respectively). ROC curve analysis showed that the high level of Tim-3 on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells as a biomarker has predictive performance for ADHF (AUC: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.68-0.83; AUC: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.71-0.85, respectively). During a median follow-up of 12 months, the Cox regression analysis revealed that higher Tim-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were strongly associated with increased risks of MACCE within 12 months after ADHF (HR: 2.613; 95% CI: 1.11-6.13, p = 0.027; HR: 2.762, 95% CI: 1.15-6.63, p = 0.023; respectively). Conclusion: Our research indicated that the expression level of Tim-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, elevated in patients with ADHF, was an independent predictor of MACCE within 12 months after ADHF. It suggests a potential immunoregulatory role of Tim-3 signaling system in the mechanism of ADHF.
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Background: ECM proteins are instrumental for angiogenesis, which plays momentous roles during development and repair in various organs, including post cardiac insult. After a screening based on an open access RNA-seq database, we identified Nephronectin (NPNT), an extracellular protein, might be involved in cardiac repair post myocardial infarction (MI). However, the specific impact of nephronectin during cardiac repair in MI remains elusive. Methods and Results: In the present study, we established a system overexpressing NPNT locally in mouse heart by utilizing a recombinant adeno-associated virus. One-to-four weeks post MI induction, we observed improved cardiac function, limited infarct size, alleviated cardiac fibrosis, with promoted angiogenesis in infarct border zone in NPNT overexpressed mice. And NPNT treatment enhanced human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation, putatively through advocating phosphorylation of EGFR/JAK2/STAT3. The migration and capillary-like tube formation events could be readily revoked by EGFR or STAT3 inhibition. Notably, phosphorylation of EGFR, JAK2 and STAT3 were markedly upregulated in AAV2/9-cTnT-NPNT-treated mice with MI. Conclusions: Our study thus identifies the beneficial effects of NPNT on angiogenesis and cardiac repair post MI by enhancing the EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, implying the potential therapeutic application of NPNT on myocardial dysfunction post MI.
Assuntos
Infarto do Miocárdio , Animais , Movimento Celular/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Camundongos , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Neovascularização Patológica/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismoRESUMO
The degradation of lignin is the main rate-limiting step in the bio-pulping of rice straw. A lignin-degrading bacterial consortium LDC, which can efficiently degrade lignin of reed, was screened in the early stage of our laboratory work. In present study, 7-day incubation of LDC can degrade rice straw lignin by 31.18% in mineral salt medium. The communities' structure of different incubation phases varied greatly, in which high abundance (44.78%) of Anaerocolumna was first found. The expression levels of lignin degradation enzyme class II peroxidase (AA2), vanillyl alcohol oxidase (AA4) and 1,4-benzoquinone reductase (AA6) during peak phase (48 h) were significantly up-regulated than initial phase (24 h), increasing by 112%, 165% and 67%, respectively, and 42.86% AA2 was from Thaurea; 100% AA4 was from Clostridium; 62.5% AA6 was from Pseudomonas. These provide microbial resources and data support for the industrialization of rice straw bio-pulping.
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Lignina , Oryza , Bactérias , Consórcios MicrobianosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nicotinic ACh receptors containing the α7 sub-unit (α7-nAChRs) suppress inflammation through a wide range of pathways in immune cells. These receptors are thus potentially involved in a number of inflammatory diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of α7-nAChRs remain to be described. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Anti-inflammatory effects of α7-nAChR agonists were assessed in both murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), stimulated with LPS, using immunoblotting, RT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays. The role of adenylyl cyclase-6 in the degradation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) following endocytosis, was explored via overexpression and knockdown. A mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by porcine pancreatic elastase was used to confirm key findings. RESULTS: Anti-inflammatory effects of α7-nAChRs were largely dependent on adenylyl cyclase-6 activation, as knockdown of adenylyl cyclase-6 considerably reduced the effects of α7-nAChR agonists while adenylyl cyclase-6 overexpression promoted them. We found that α7-nAChRs and adenylyl cyclase-6 are co-localized in lipid rafts of macrophages and directly interact. Activation of adenylyl cyclase-6 led to increased degradation of TLR4. Administration of the α7-nAChR agonist PNU-282987 attenuated pathological and inflammatory end points in a mouse model of COPD. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The α7-nAChRs inhibit inflammation through activating adenylyl cyclase-6 and promoting degradation of TLR4. The use of α7-nAChR agonists may represent a novel therapeutic approach for treating COPD and possibly other inflammatory diseases.
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Adenilil Ciclases , Receptores Nicotínicos , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Camundongos , Agonistas Nicotínicos , Suínos , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7RESUMO
High-fat diet (HFD) leads to systemic low-grade inflammation, which has been involved in the pathogenesis of diverse metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Colon is thought to be the first organ suffering from inflammation under HFD conditions due to the pro-inflammatory macrophages infiltration, however, the mechanisms concerning the induction of pro-inflammatory phenotype of colonic macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we show that HFD increased the percentage of gram-positive bacteria, especially genus Clostridium, and resulted in the significant increment of fecal deoxycholic acid (DCA), a gut microbial metabolite produced by bacteria mainly restricted to genus Clostridium. Notably, reducing gram-positive bacteria with vancomycin diminished fecal DCA and profoundly alleviated pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration in colon, whereas DCA-supplemented feedings to vancomycin-treated mice provoked obvious pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and colonic inflammation. Meanwhile, intra-peritoneal administration of DCA also elicited considerable recruitment of macrophages with pro-inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, DCA dose-dependently promoted M1 macrophage polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokines production at least partially through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) transactivated by M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2-mAchR)/Src pathway. In addition, M2-mAchR mediated increase of TLR2 transcription was mainly achieved via targeting AP-1 transcription factor. Moreover, NF-κB/ERK/JNK signalings downstream of TLR2 are involved in the DCA-induced macrophage polarization. In conclusion, our findings revealed that high level DCA induced by HFD may serve as an initiator to activate macrophages and drive colonic inflammation, thus offer a mechanistic basis that modulation of gut microbiota or intervening specific bile acid receptor signaling could be potential therapeutic approaches for HFD-related inflammatory diseases.
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Colite/etiologia , Ácido Desoxicólico/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/metabolismo , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Colite/imunologia , Colite/microbiologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/microbiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ácido Desoxicólico/análise , Ácido Desoxicólico/farmacologia , Fezes/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Ativação de Macrófagos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Receptor Muscarínico M2/metabolismo , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Tirosina/metabolismo , Vancomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
It is significant to understand corn stover (CS) in anaerobic digestion (AD) under high organic loadings. A semi-continuous mesophilic (37 ± 1 °C) CS AD was conducted in this study with increasing loadings. The initial total solids (TS) gradually increased with 1% gradient at every 10 days from 8% to 15% until the system was acidified. Adding different ratios of cattle manure (CM) (20%, 30% and 40% (v/v)) to rescue this system back to a stable operation was adopted. The diversity of bacteria and archaea was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. The results showed that when loading TS content was increased to 15%, AD system was acidized with pH value of 5.13. 30% of CM was the optimal ratio to recover biogas production. High abundance (31.07%) of Bathyarchaeota was first found in AD system. Acidification of high loading CS AD can be highly correlating with bacterial community, specially Clostridium and Caproiciproducens.
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Metano , Zea mays , Anaerobiose , Animais , Biocombustíveis , Reatores Biológicos , Bovinos , Esterco , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
Long-term anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure (SM) and corn stover (CS) was conducted using semi-continuously loaded digesters under mesophilic conditions. A preliminary test was first conducted to test the effects of loading rates, and results indicated the 3 g-VS L-1 d-1 was the optimal loading rate. Based on the preliminary results, a verification replicated test was conducted with 3 g-VS L-1 d-1 loading rate and different SM/CS ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2). Results showed that a SM/CS ratio of 2/1 was optimal, based on maximum observed methane-VSdes generation and carbon conversion efficiency (72.56 ± 3.40 mL g-1 and 40.59%, respectively). Amplicon sequencing analysis suggested that microbial diversity was increased with CS loading. Amino-acid-degrading bacteria were abundant in the treatment groups. Archaea Methanoculleus could enhance biogas and methane productions.
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IL-17 participates in the development of many autoimmune diseases by promoting the expression of some chemokines. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) is an important factor at the infiltration of mononuclear cells in the myocardial tissue of viral myocarditis (VMC). It was found that IL-17 could aggravate myocardial injury by upregulating CCL2. But the underlying mechanism involved in CCL2 secretion induced by IL-17 in cardiac myocytes remains unclear. This study investigated the role of transcription factor AP-1 in IL-17 induced CCL2 expression. The results showed that IL-17 mediated the activation of Act1, TRAF6, p38MAPK and c-Jun/AP-1 not Wnt or PI3K signalling pathway to upregulate CCL2 expression in cardiac myocytes. After blocking Act1/TRAF6/p38MAPK cascade and interfering AP-1 with Curcumin or c-Jun siRNA, CCL2 expression induced by IL-17 was significantly attenuated at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of c-Jun was suppressed when cardiac myocytes were treated with Act1 siRNA, TRAF6 siRNA, SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor) or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) in cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, IL-17 could stimulate the expression of CCL2 in cardiac myocytes via Act1/TRAF6/p38MAPK-dependent AP-1 activation, which may provide a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of VMC.
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Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Fator 6 Associado a Receptor de TNF/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/farmacologia , Camundongos , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Lignocellulose is widely found in the nature. The highly efficient degradation of lignocellulose requires synergistic interactions of varieties of microorganisms. The mechanism of synergistic interaction relationship is not entirely clear because it needs multitudinous microorganisms to participate in the process of lignocellulose degradation. With the development of microbial molecular biology and omics technology, some new methods will be provided for the research on the mechanism of microbial synergistic degradation of lignocellulose. Our previous research found that the bacterial composite microbial system shows strong degradation ability of lignocellulose at 50 °C. The consortium is composed of cultured and uncultured bacteria, but the former has no degradation ability. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics show that the expression levels of some genes related to lignocellulosic degradation change significantly. It is possible to explain the microbiological and enzymatic mechanisms of lignocellulosic degradation by microorganisms through omics in the future. The research progress of lignocellulose microbial degradation is reviewed from the aspects of enzyme, pure culture strain, and microbial consortium. The current situation and application prospect of omics technology in analyzing the function mechanism of microbial consortium are also introduced, to provide reference for exploring synergistic interactions of lignocellulose microbial degradation.
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Bactérias , Lignina , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/enzimologia , Bactérias/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , MetagenômicaRESUMO
Biological pretreatment can increase the methane production of anaerobic digestion. In this study, stover was pretreated via microbial consortium prior to anaerobic digestion; through 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metatranscriptomic analysis, and the effects of the pretreatment on the microbial community and critical factors of the increased methane production were studied. Microbial community structure was less affected by the pretreatment, which ensures the stable performance of anaerobic digestion. The methane production increased by 62.85% at the peak phase compared to the untreated stover. The activity of Methanosaeta increased from 2.0% to 10.1%, significantly enhancing the ability of the community to capture acetic acid and reduce CO2 to methane. The main contribution to the increase in methane production was a unique acetyl-CoA synthetase, which showed significant up-regulation (121.8%). This research demonstrated the importance of Methanosaeta and its unique metabolic pathways in anaerobic digestion utilizing a biological pretreatment.
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Metano , Microbiota , Anaerobiose , Reatores Biológicos , Consórcios Microbianos , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
Giant-cell tumor (GCT) of the bone is an invasiveness and high recurrent bone tumor that is considered borderline or potentially malignant. To explore the molecular mechanism leading to bone destruction and identify novel targets for treatment, we conducted silencing of miR-223 and miR-19a in stromal giant cells and identified TWIST and Runx2 as their target genes. We investigated the impact of these microRNAs and their target genes on stromal giant cells that promote the differentiation of monocyte/macrophages into osteoclast cells and recruitment to the bone microenvironment, which in turn enhances the bone destruction capacity of GCT. MiR-223 and miR-19a were found to regulate the expression of TWIST and Runx2, influence the RANKL-RANK pathway and the expression of MCP-1, and finally regulate the pathophysiological process of osteolytic bone destruction. Our results indicate that re-expression of miR-223 and miR-19a induces an inhibitory effect on the bone destruction capacity of GCT, suggesting that re-expression of miR-223 and miR-19a can be a novel strategy for the treatment of GCT.
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Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo , Tumor de Células Gigantes do Osso/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Diferenciação Celular , Subunidade alfa 1 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/genética , Subunidade alfa 1 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Tumor de Células Gigantes do Osso/patologia , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/patologia , Ligante RANK/genética , Ligante RANK/metabolismo , Receptor Ativador de Fator Nuclear kappa-B/genética , Receptor Ativador de Fator Nuclear kappa-B/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteína 1 Relacionada a Twist/genética , Proteína 1 Relacionada a Twist/metabolismoRESUMO
We recently have proved that excessive fecal DCA caused by high-fat diet may serve as an endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and thus contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, the effect of DCA on inflammasome activation is mainly mediated through bile acid receptor sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2); however, the intermediate process remains unclear. Here, we sought to explore the detailed molecular mechanism involved and examine the effect of S1PR2 blockage in a colitis mouse model. In this study, we found that DCA could dose dependently upregulate S1PR2 expression. Meanwhile, DCA-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation is at least partially achieved through stimulating extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling pathway downstream of S1PR2 followed by promoting of lysosomal cathepsin B release. DCA enema significantly aggravated DSS-induced colitis in mice and S1PR2 inhibitor as well as inflammasome inhibition by cathepsin B antagonist substantially reducing the mature IL-1ß production and alleviated colonic inflammation superimposed by DCA. Therefore, our findings suggest that S1PR2/ERK1/2/cathepsin B signaling plays a critical role in triggering inflammasome activation by DCA and S1PR2 may represent a new potential therapeutic target for the management of intestinal inflammation in individuals on a high-fat diet.