Polydopamine-coated chondroitin sulfate methacryloyl multifunctional microspheres for wound treatment.

The disappearance of the protective barrier after skin injury leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to various stimuli. Oxidative stress is one of the most important causes of delayed wound healing, leading to negative outcomes, such as excessive inflammatory response and impaired angiogenesis. In this study, we used microfluidic technology to integrate Prussian blue nanozymes and vascular endothelial growth factor and constructed multifunctional microspheres that improved local oxidative stress. In order to enhance the adhesion of the microspheres on the wound surface and prolong the release of the drug, we coated them with dopamine, ensuring uniform encapsulation on their surface. The microspheres adhered well to the wound surface and promoted wound healing by scavenging ROS, reducing the inflammatory response, and promoting angiogenesis. This strategy of integrating nanozymes and growth factors can have a synergistic effect, which is significant for wound healing.

Nanosphere-reinforced polysaccharide self-healing hydrogels for infected wound healing.

Bacterial infection remarkably impedes wound healing, with antibiotics traditionally serving as the primary therapeutic intervention. However, the escalating misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of bacterial resistance present substantial treatment challenges for infected wounds. Consequently, the development of antibiotic-free antimicrobial dressings holds pertinent research and clinical relevance. To this end, this study aimed to introduce an all-natural hydrogel dressing, amalgamating polyphenols and polysaccharides, exhibiting pronounced antibacterial and antioxidant properties without relying on antibiotics. First, we constructed curcumin-tannic acid­zinc ion nanospheres (CTZN) through self-assembly. Our experimental results showed that the nanospheres had excellent biocompatibility, antioxidant, and antimicrobial abilities. Subsequently, we prepared carboxymethylated chitosan/oxidized sodium alginate hydrogels via Schiff base reactions. Incorporation of CTZN into the hydrogel system not only improves the inherent qualities of the hydrogel but also confers multifunctional properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory abilities. In this study, we enhanced the physicochemical properties and biological activity of hydrogels by introducing natural material nanospheres, offering a novel approach that could pave the way for the development of purely natural biomaterial dressings.

Construction of intelligent drug delivery system based on polysaccharide-derived polymer micelles: A review.

Micelles are nanostructures developed via the spontaneous assembly of amphiphilic polymers in aqueous systems, which possess the advantages of high drug stability or active-ingredient solubilization, targeted transport, controlled release, high bioactivity, and stability. Polysaccharides have excellent water solubility, biocompatibility, and degradability, and can be modified to achieve a hydrophobic core to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, improve drug biocompatibility, and achieve regulated delivery of the loaded drug. Micelles drug delivery systems based on polysaccharides and their derivatives show great potential in the biomedical field. This review discusses the principles of self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers and the formation of micelles; the preparation of amphiphilic polysaccharides is described in detail, and an overview of common polysaccharides and their modifications is provided. We focus on the review of strategies for encapsulating drugs in polysaccharide-derived polymer micelles (PDPMs) and building intelligent drug delivery systems. This review provides new research directions that will help promote future research and development of PDPMs in the field of drug carriers.

3D printed scaffolds based on hyaluronic acid bioinks for tissue engineering: a review.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely distributed in human connective tissue, and its unique biological and physicochemical properties and ability to facilitate biological structure repair make it a promising candidate for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in the field of tissue regeneration and biomedical engineering. Moreover, HA is an ideal raw material for bioinks in tissue engineering because of its histocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, biodegradability, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-angiogenic properties, and modifiability. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field focusing on in vitro reconstructions of mammalian tissues, such as cartilage tissue engineering, neural tissue engineering, skin tissue engineering, and other areas that require further clinical applications. In this review, we first describe the modification methods, cross-linking methods, and bioprinting strategies for HA and its derivatives as bioinks and then critically discuss the strengths, shortcomings, and feasibility of each method. Subsequently, we reviewed the practical clinical applications and outcomes of HA bioink in 3D bioprinting. Finally, we describe the challenges and opportunities in the development of HA bioink to provide further research references and insights.

Applications of human and bovine serum albumins in biomedical engineering: A review.

Serum albumin, commonly recognized as a predominant major plasma protein, is ubiquitously distributed among vertebrates, demonstrating versatility and widespread accessibility. Numerous studies have discussed the composition and attributes of human and bovine serum albumin; nonetheless, few systematic and comprehensive summaries on human and bovine serum albumin exist. This paper reviews the applications of human and bovine serum albumin in biomedical engineering. First, we introduce the differences in the structure of human and bovine serum albumin. Next, we describe the extraction methods for human and bovine serum albumin (fractionation process separation, magnetic adsorption, reverse micellar (RM) extraction, and genetic engineering) and the advantages and disadvantages of recently developed extraction methods. The characteristics of different processing forms of human and bovine serum albumin are also discussed, concomitantly elucidating their intrinsic properties, functions, and applications in biomedicine. Notably, their pivotal functions as carriers for drugs and tissue-engineered scaffolds, as well as their contributions to cell reproduction and bioimaging, are critically examined. Finally, to provide guidance for researchers in their future work, this review summarizes the current state of human and bovine serum albumin research and outlines potential future research topics.

Simultaneous quantification of pirarubicin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine in human plasma of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by LC-MS/MS method.

Pirarubicin (THP), doxorubicin (DOX), cyclophosphamide (CTX), and vincristine (VCR) are widely used in the treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Herein, a precise and sensitive method was developed for the determination of THP, DOX, CTX and VCR in human plasma by high-performance liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Liquid-liquid extraction was applied to extract THP, DOX, CTX, VCR, and the internal standard (IS, Pioglitazone) in plasma. Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 (3.0 mm × 100 mm) was utilized and chromatographic separation was obtained in eight minutes. Mobile phases were composed of methanol and buffer (10 mM ammonium formate containing 0.1% formic acid). The method was linear within the concentration range of 1-500 ng/mL for THP, 2-1000 ng/mL for DOX, 2.5-1250 ng/mL for CTX, and 3-1500 ng/mL for VCR. The intra- and inter-day precisions of QC samples were found to be below 9.31 and 13.66%, and accuracy ranged from -0.2 to 9.07%, respectively. THP, DOX, CTX, VCR and the internal standard were stable in several conditions. Finally, this method was successfully utilized to simultaneously determine THP, DOX, CTX and VCR in human plasma of 15 patients with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma after intravenous administration. Finally, the method was successfully employed in the clinical determination of THP, DOX, CTX, and VCR in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma after administration of RCHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) regimens.