Observation of the nonanalytic behavior of optical phonons in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride.

Phonon splitting of the longitudinal and transverse optical modes (LO-TO splitting), a ubiquitous phenomenon in three-dimensional polar materials, will break down in two-dimensional (2D) polar systems. Theoretical predictions propose that the LO phonon in 2D polar monolayers becomes degenerate with the TO phonon, displaying a distinctive "V-shaped" nonanalytic behavior near the center of the Brillouin zone. However, the full experimental verification of these nonanalytic behaviors has been lacking. Here, using monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a prototypical example, we report the comprehensive and direct experimental verification of the nonanalytic behavior of LO phonons by inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy. Interestingly, the slope of the LO phonon in our measurements is lower than the theoretically predicted value for a freestanding monolayer due to the screening of the Cu foil substrate. This enables the phonon polaritons in monolayer h-BN/Cu foil to exhibit ultra-slow group velocity (~5 × 10-6 c, c is the speed of light) and ultra-high confinement (~ 4000 times smaller wavelength than that of light). These exotic behaviors of the optical phonons in h-BN presents promising prospects for future optoelectronic applications.

Hybrid neuromorphic hardware with sparing 2D synapse and CMOS neuron for character recognition.

Neuromorphic computing enables efficient processing of data-intensive tasks, but requires numerous artificial synapses and neurons for certain functions, which leads to bulky systems and energy challenges. Achieving functionality with fewer synapses and neurons will facilitate integration density and computility. Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit potential for artificial synapses, including diverse biomimetic plasticity and efficient computing. Considering the complexity of neuron circuits and the maturity of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), hybrid integration is attractive. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid neuromorphic hardware with 2D MoS2 synaptic arrays and CMOS neural circuitry integrated on board. With the joint benefit of hybrid integration, frequency coding and feature extraction, a total cost of twelve MoS2 synapses, three CMOS neurons, combined with digital/analogue converter enables alphabetic and numeric recognition. MoS2 synapses exhibit progressively tunable weight plasticity, CMOS neurons integrate and fire frequency-encoded spikes to display the target characters. The synapse- and neuron-saving hybrid hardware exhibits a competitive accuracy of 98.8% and single recognition energy consumption of 11.4 µW. This work provides a viable solution for building neuromorphic hardware with high compactness and computility.

Direct Observation of Topological Phonons in Graphene.

Phonons, as the most fundamental emergent bosons in condensed matter systems, play an essential role in the thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties of crystalline materials. Recently, the concept of topology has been introduced to phonon systems, and the nontrivial topological states also exist in phonons due to the constraint by the crystal symmetry of the space group. Although the classification of various topological phonons has been enriched theoretically, experimental studies were limited to several three-dimensional (3D) single crystals with inelastic x-ray or neutron scatterings. The experimental evidence of topological phonons in two-dimensional (2D) materials is absent. Here, using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy following our theoretical predictions, we directly map out the phonon spectra of the atomically thin graphene in the entire 2D Brillouin zone, and observe two nodal-ring phonons and four Dirac phonons. The closed loops of nodal-ring phonons and the conical structure of Dirac phonons in 2D momentum space are clearly revealed by our measurements, in nice agreement with our theoretical calculations. The ability of 3D mapping (2D momentum space and energy space) of phonon spectra opens up a new avenue to the systematic identification of the topological phononic states. Our work lays a solid foundation for potential applications of topological phonons in superconductivity, dynamic instability, and phonon diode.

Mechanism of Quercetin as a Multidrug-resistant Reversing Compound in Oxaliplatin-resistant Gastric-cancer Cell Lines.

Context: Treatment failure due to multidrug resistance (MDR) is a crucial hurdle during chemotherapy. MDR is generally correlated with an upregulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins. Also, aberrant activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) pathway can counteract chemotherapeutic induction. Identification of safe and functioning MDR-reversing compounds is necessary in gastric-cancer therapy. Objective: The study intended to examine the role of Quercetin (Qur) in the mediation of osmotic glycoprotein (P-gp) expression and activity as an ABC transporter in the PI3K/Akt/ P-gp cascade in the oxaliplatin (OxR)-resistant, gastric-cancer cell line KATOIII/OxR. Design: The research team performed a laboratory study. Setting: The study took place at Nantong Haimen People's Hospital. Outcome Measures: The research team: (1) determined the impact of OxR on cell viability after treatment with Qur using trypan blue and "3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide" (MTT) assays; (2) employed a rhodamine 123 (Rh123) assay to detect the activity of P-gp; (3) used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to measure mRNA expression of P-gp; and (4) detected apoptosis using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) cell-death assay. Results: Qur: (1) increased the cytotoxicity of OxR; (2) downregulated the expression level and activity of P-gp and reversed MDR through the enhancement of the cytotoxicity of intracellular OxR in KATOIII/OxR cells; and (3) enhanced the apoptosis rate in KATOIII/OxR cells. Conclusions: Qur induced a dramatic reduction in the survival rate of KATOIII/OxR cells and may reverse OxR resistance through a decrease in P-gp expression and activity. These data imply that exposure of KATOIII/OxR cells in the dose-dependent manner to Qur can circumvent MDR by improving the intracellular accumulation of OxR. Qur might provide a new treatment strategy and improve patients' survival after chemotherapy for gastric cancer.

Observation of Nodal-Line Plasmons in ZrSiS.

Nodal-line semimetals (NLSMs), a large family of new topological phases of matter with continuous linear band crossing points in the momentum space, attract considerable attention. Here, we report the direct observation of plasmons originating from topological nodal-line states in a prototypical NLSM ZrSiS by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. There exist three temperature-independent plasmons with energies ranging from the near- to the mid-infrared frequencies. With first-principles calculations of a slab model, these plasmons can be ascribed to the correlations of electrons in the bulk nodal lines and their projected surface states, dubbed nodal-line plasmons. An anomalous surface plasmon has higher excitation energy than the bulk plasmon due to the larger contribution from the nodal-line projected surface states. This work reveals the novel plasmons related to the unique nodal-line states in a NLSM.

Flat AgTe Honeycomb Monolayer on Ag(111).

The intriguing properties of graphene have inspired the pursuit of two-dimensional materials with honeycomb structure. Here we achieved the synthesis of a monolayer transition-metal monochalcogenide AgTe on Ag(111) by tellurization of the substrate. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, combined with low-energy electron diffraction, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, demonstrates the planar honeycomb structure of AgTe. The first-principles calculations further predict that, protected by the in-plane mirror reflection symmetry, there are two Dirac node-line fermions existing in the free-standing AgTe when spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is ignored. In fact, the SOC leads to the gap opening, resulting in the emergence of the topologically nontrivial quantum spin Hall edge state. Importantly, our experiments evidence the chemical stability of the monolayer AgTe in ambient conditions, making it possible to study AgTe by more ex situ measurements and even to utilize AgTe in future electronic devices.