Analysis of perioperative autonomic nervous system activity to visualize stress in pediatric patients undergoing alveolar bone graft surgery.

Perioperative stress in pediatric patients is often difficult to assess via interviews; thus, an objective measure to assess perioperative stress is needed. To visualize perioperative stress, we observed autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, circulatory dynamics, and psychological status in pediatric patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting under general anesthesia. This prospective observational study included 40 patients aged 8-12 years who were scheduled for alveolar bone grafting in our hospital. ANS activity was analyzed using heart rate variability the day before surgery, during general anesthesia, 2 h postoperatively, 24 h postoperatively, and the day before discharge. ANS assessment included LF/HF (sympathetic nervous system activity) and HF (parasympathetic nervous system activity). Additionally, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), face scale (FS) score were recorded. Data from 31 patients, excluding dropouts, were analyzed. The ratio of change to the preoperative value was compared. After surgery, the LF/HF, HR, SBP, and FS score significantly increased (P < 0.01) and HF significantly decreased (2 h postoperatively: P < 0.05, 24 h postoperatively, before discharge: P < 0.01). SBP recovered to preoperative values 24 h postoperatively, and HR and FS scores recovered to preoperative values before discharge. However, even before discharge, LF/HF remained significantly higher than preoperative values, and HF remained significantly lower than preoperative values (P < 0.01). Conclusion We observed perioperative stress from multiple perspectives. Circulatory dynamics and psychological status recovered by the day before discharge; however, ANS activity did not. Therefore, evaluating ANS activity may be useful in visualizing potential perioperative stress in pediatric patients.

Serum VEGF-A levels on admission in COVID-19 patients correlate with SP-D and neutrophils, reflecting disease severity: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in significant global morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in COVID-19 patients and its association with disease severity and pulmonary injury. METHODS: We prospectively collected data from 71 hospitalized COVID-19 patients between June 2020 and January 2021. Patients were classified as either mild or severe based on their oxygen requirements during hospitalization. Serum VEGF-A levels were measured using an ELISA kit. RESULTS: In comparison to mild cases, significantly elevated serum VEGF-A levels were observed in severe COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, VEGF-A levels exhibited a positive correlation with white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count. Notably, serum surfactant protein-D (SP-D), an indicator of alveolar epithelial cell damage, was significantly higher in patients with elevated VEGF-A levels. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that elevated serum VEGF-A levels could serve as a prognostic biomarker for COVID-19 as it is indicative of alveolar epithelial cell injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we observed a correlation between VEGF-A and neutrophil activation, which plays a role in the immune response during endothelial cell injury, indicating a potential involvement of angiogenesis in disease progression. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of VEGF-A elevation in COVID-19.

Reconsideration of Surgical Indication for Prolactin-producing Pituitary Tumor Focusing on Visual Impairment.

Prolactin-producing pituitary tumor (PRLoma) is the most prevalent functional pituitary tumor. If the tumor becomes large, vision can be impaired. In contrast to other pituitary tumors, cabergoline (CAB) is extremely effective for PRLoma and has become the first-line treatment. In this study, we examined our experience with the pharmacological and surgical management of PRLomas with visual impairment (VI) to determine whether VI could be a surgical indication. Further, we discussed the function of surgery in situations where the gold standard of PRLoma treatment was CAB administration. Of the 159 patients with PRLomas (age, 13-77 [mean = 36.3] years; men, 29; women, 130) at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital from 2009 to 2021, 18 (age, 15-67 [mean = 35.8] years; men, 12; woman, 6) had VI (subjectively, 12; objectively, 6). They started CAB treatment immediately (maximum dose: 0.5 to 6 mg/week; average: 2.17 mg/week). VI improved in 16 patients (88.9%) but did not improve in 2 (11.1%) requiring surgeries. One of the two patients had a parenchymal tumor resistant to CAB, and the other had a cystic tumor due to intratumoral bleeding. Consequently, CAB is the first-line treatment for PRLomas with VI because of its significantly high rate of improvement. However, close and rigorous surveillance is necessary for cases resistant to CAB, and the correct decision is required regarding surgical interventions at proper timing and appropriate surgical approaches considering the purpose of surgery.

Evaluation of Eruption of Permanent Teeth in Beagle Dog Extraction Sites Filled with Carbonate Apatite.

Autologous bone grafting is the primary method for treating alveolar clefts. However, bone grafting materials are desired as alternatives to autogenous bone to reduce surgical invasiveness. Here, we present an animal study evaluating the effect of carbonate apatite (CA) on the spontaneous eruption of permanent teeth. The bone grafting materials included CA, natural bovine bone (BB), and hydroxyapatite (HA). In 15 8-week-old male beagle dogs, the left mandibular deciduous premolars (DP) two and three were extracted and subsequently filled with CA, BB, and HA. The animals were euthanized after a predetermined number of days, and samples were collected for microcomputed tomography and histological evaluation. Spontaneous eruption of the succeeding permanent teeth (P3 and P4) was observed in the CA group at 14 weeks. Delayed eruption of the succeeding permanent teeth was observed in the BB and HA groups. CA could serve as a viable alternative to autogenous bone for treating alveolar clefts.

Effect of GH Deficiency Caused by Nonfunctioning Pituitary Masses on Serum C-reactive Protein Levels.

Context: GH supplementation for GH deficiency (GHD) has been reported to decrease high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), an inflammatory marker; however, the association between GHD and hs-CRP remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to clarify the impact of impaired GH secretion due to pituitary masses on hs-CRP levels. Methods: We retrospectively examined the association between GH secretion, assessed using GH-releasing peptide-2, and serum hs-CRP levels before and a year after the pituitary surgery in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor or Rathke cleft cyst. Results: Among 171 patients, 55 (32%) presented with severe GHD (peak GH response to GH-releasing peptide-2 < 9 ng/mL). Serum hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with severe GHD than in those without (P < .001) and significantly correlated with the peak GH (r = -0.50, P < .001). Multiple regression analyses showed that the peak GH significantly and negatively predicted hs-CRP levels (ß = -0.345; 95% CI, -0.533 to -0.158) and the lowest quartile of the peak GH (<5.04 ng/mL) were significantly associated with increase in hs-CRP levels (exp [ß] = 1.840; 95% CI, 1.209 to 2.801), after controlling for other anterior hormones and metabolic parameters. Postoperative change in the peak GH (N = 60) significantly predicted change in hs-CRP levels (ß = -0.391; 95% CI, -0.675 to -0.108), independent of alterations in other anterior hormones and metabolic parameters. Conclusion: The inverse association between GH secretion and hs-CRP levels highlights the protective role of GH in the increase in hs-CRP.

Effects of Aliskiren Monotherapy versus Amlodipine Monotherapy in Hypertensive Patients with Obesity or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors have been reported to exert protective effects against organ damage and failure; however, the impact of the direct renin inhibitor as monotherapy has not been assessed. Here, we investigated the effects of 24-week monotherapy with aliskiren compared to amlodipine in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity. METHODS: In this randomized intervention study, 62 adult hypertensive patients with visceral obesity (defined as a body mass index [BMI] greater than 25 kg/m2 and a visceral adipose tissue area [VFA] greater than 100 cm2) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (age 57 ± 13, 65% men, BMI 28.8 ± 4.8 kg/m2, VFA 134.8 ± 47.0 cm2, blood pressure 141 ± 16/86 ± 13 mm Hg) were randomized to receive 24-week treatment with aliskiren (max. 300 mg) or amlodipine (max. 10 mg). The primary outcome was the change in VFA at 24 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS: Change in VFA did not differ significantly from baseline in either group. Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased at 12 weeks (-10 mm Hg, p = 0.001) and 24 weeks (-10 mm Hg, p = 0.001) in the amlodipine group and at 24 weeks (-11 mm Hg, p = 0.001) in the aliskiren group. Diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased at 24 weeks (-6 mm Hg, p = 0.009) only in the amlodipine group. Although the estimated glomerular filtration rates did not significantly change in either group, the logarithm of urinary albumin excretion significantly decreased at 24 weeks only in the aliskiren group (-0.60, p < 0.001). The 24-week changes in the urinary albumin excretion significantly correlated with the changes in the plasma renin activity in the aliskiren group (r = 0.51, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Aliskiren monotherapy did not show any superiority to amlodipine monotherapy on VFA, estimated glomerular filtration rates, or urinary albumin excretion in obese or type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients.

A Case of a Pregnant Woman With Primary Aldosteronism and Superimposed Preeclampsia Treated With Esaxerenone.

During pregnancy, there is no established treatment for idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA), the most common form of primary aldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Here, we report the case of a pregnant patient with IHA who was successfully treated with esaxerenone, a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist. A 39-year-old woman was diagnosed with IHA and commenced on nifedipine 20 mg daily because she desired to be pregnant. After 1 year, she became pregnant. Her blood pressure was well controlled until 34 weeks of gestation when her home blood pressure became elevated up to 140/90 mmHg. Although the dose of nifedipine was increased to 80 mg daily, her blood pressure increased to 151/97 mmHg, and urinary test showed proteinuria of 2+ in 35 weeks of gestation. She was diagnosed with superimposed preeclampsia (SPE) and additionally treated with esaxerenone. Her blood pressure decreased to 120-140/98-100 mmHg and the proteinuria improved to ±. A successful cesarean section at 37 weeks resulted in the delivery of a healthy baby boy. Her blood pressure was well controlled although esaxerenone was discontinued 2 weeks after the delivery. This is the first case of a pregnant woman who was safely treated with esaxerenone despite being a female at advanced maternal age who had been diagnosed with IHA and developed SPE. Further studies are needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of nonsteroidal selective MR antagonist in similar pregnant patients with IHA to establish better treatment strategy for these patients.

Estimation of the Risk of Postoperative Hypertension Following Minor to Moderate Surgery Using an Echocardiogram and Biomarkers.

This study aimed to determine independent factors for developing postoperative hypertension using 4 biomarkers in patients receiving oral and maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity myocardial troponin T (hs-TnT), and high-sensitivity myocardial troponin I (hs-TnI) were measured and preoperative echocardiograms were examined. Episodes of systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 170 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg within 1 week after surgery were considered postoperative hypertension. We analyzed 213 (130 men; 83 women) patients, who were divided into a postoperative hypertension group (HT group, n = 32) and a normal group (N group, n = 181). The HT group showed a higher LVMI (113.5 versus 100.1), higher E/e' of the lateral wall (9.1 versus 7.7), and higher BNP (39.2 versus 22.9 pg/mL), NT-proBNP (400.1 versus 143.9 pg/mL), and hs-TnT (15.6 versus 10.3 ng/L) concentrations compared to the N group. NT-proBNP and hs-TnT concentrations positively associated with E/e', but BNP and hs-TnI did not. NT-proBNP (AUC = 0.64, cutoff value: 117.0 pg/mL) and hs-TnT (AUC = 0.61, cutoff value: 11.0 ng/L) concentrations were effective for discriminating E/e' ≥ 12. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that risk factors responsible for developing postoperative hypertension were NT-proBNP and hs-TnT using biomarkers and E/e' as independent variables, and NT-proBNP and SBP at admission using biomarkers and SBP at admission as independent variables. These findings suggest that NT-proBNP and hs-TnT concentrations, and SBP at admission, are useful to predict postoperative hypertension after minor to moderate surgery, and that left ventricular filling pressure is a primary factor associated with postoperative hypertension.

Comparison of the usefulness of the cardio-ankle vascular index and augmentation index as an index of arteriosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension.

Arteriosclerosis leads to various serious diseases that substantially reduce the quality of life. When treating hypertension, it is important to evaluate the degree of arteriosclerosis. In recent years, the cardio-ankle vascular index and augmentation index have been frequently used as indicators of arterial wall sclerosis. However, the superiority of either the cardio-ankle vascular index or the augmentation index as an index of arteriosclerosis remains unclear. Therefore, the present study compared the usefulness of these two indices as an index of arteriosclerosis. Associations between the cardio-ankle vascular index or augmentation index and risk factors for arteriosclerosis and other indices of arteriosclerosis in 535 consecutive patients with essential hypertension were evaluated. The cardio-ankle vascular index was significantly correlated with age, hemoglobin A1c, brain natriuretic peptide, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In contrast, the augmentation index showed significant correlations only with age, brain natriuretic peptide, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In addition, these correlations with the augmentation index were generally weaker than those with the cardio-ankle vascular index. The cardio-ankle vascular index, but not the augmentation index, was significantly correlated with flow-mediated dilation, an index of vascular endothelial function, and carotid intima-media thickness, an index of carotid atherosclerosis. Similar results were observed in subgroups stratified by sex and age. These data indicate that the cardio-ankle vascular index is more closely associated with risk factors for arteriosclerosis and other indices of arteriosclerosis than the augmentation index, suggesting that the cardio-ankle vascular index may be superior to the augmentation index as an index of arteriosclerosis.

Clinical features and difficulty in diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the hypothalamic-pituitary region.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a multi-organ disorder that rarely involves the hypothalamic-pituitary region (HPR). HPR-LCH presents with severe progressive pituitary dysfunction and its prognosis is poor. The definitive diagnosis of LCH is considerably difficult and complicated owing to the occurrence of several diseases with similar manifestations in the HPR and its location in the deepest portion of the anterior skull base, in close proximity to important normal structures, severely limiting the size of the biopsy specimen. Chemotherapy is the established treatment modality for LCH; hence, timely and accurate diagnosis of LCH is essential for early therapeutic intervention. We retrospectively reviewed clinical features and biopsy procedures in four patients with HPR-LCH (all female, 28-44 years old) from 2009 to 2020. Maximum diameter of supra-sellar lesions was 23-35 mm and 2 cases had skip lesions. All patients demonstrated central diabetes insipidus, hyper-prolactinemia, and severe anterior pituitary dysfunction. Two of the patients had progressive disease. Furthermore, four patients presented body weight gain, two visual disturbance, and two impaired consciousness. The duration from onset to diagnosis of LCH was 3 to 10 (average 7.25) years. In total, eight operations were performed until final diagnosis. The percentage of correct diagnosis by biopsy was 50% (4/8). Clinical features of HPR-LCH are very similar to those of other HPR diseases, and their symptoms are progressive and irreversible. Clinicians should consider repeated biopsy with a more aggressive approach if the lesion is refractory to steroid therapy, in order to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Sympathetic Nerve Activity During Tooth Extraction in Women Is Related to Dental Anxiety Immediately After Surgery.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the relationship between changes in autonomic nervous system activity during impacted mandibular third molar extraction and a patient's postoperative psychological status, with the overarching aim of informing the development of interventions to reduce dental phobia and anxiety. We hypothesized that changes in autonomic nervous system activity during tooth extraction are related to postoperative psychology. METHODS: In our prospective cohort study, heart rate variability, heart rate (HR), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were recorded during impacted mandibular third molar extraction. Heart rate variability values were dichotomized as either low frequency (LF 0.04-0.15 Hz) or high frequency (HF >0.15 Hz). The relative ratios (intraoperative vs baseline) of LF/HF, HF, HR, and SBP were divided into high and low groups based on their median values; the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) results were compared between the groups with high and low relative ratios. RESULTS: Data of 34 female patients (age, 28.23 ± 1.05 years) were analyzed. Postoperative STAI-S values were significantly lower than preoperative values. Patients in the high LF/HF group had a significantly lower change in STAI-S values than those in the low LF/HF group (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the change in STAI-S values between the groups with high and low HF, HR, or SBP. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low sympathetic nervous system activity had lower anxiety; the LF/HF index was the most sensitive indicator for changes in stress. Additional studies are required to develop optimal interventions for reducing sympathetic nerve activity in patients with dental phobia.

Transient Leukopenia After Radioactive Iodine Treatment in Patients With Graves' Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: Radioactive 131I (RAI) for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer is known to induce bone marrow suppression, which occurs approximately 1 month after treatment. However, it is unknown whether RAI therapy for Graves' disease causes bone marrow suppression. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of RAI therapy on bone marrow function in patients with Graves' disease. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included patients with Graves' disease who received RAI therapy only once between 2003 and 2019 at Tokyo Women's Medical University. Blood cell counts at baseline were compared with counts at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 144, and 240 weeks after RAI therapy. Moreover, changes in white blood cell (WBC) count and leukopenia at 1 week after RAI treatment were compared by baseline patient characteristics. RESULTS: We enrolled 48 patients. Leukopenia was observed in 6 patients at 1 week after RAI treatment, and the overall WBC count significantly decreased (P < 0.001) 1 week after the therapy; however, the values were not significantly lower after 2 weeks. Neither red blood cell nor platelet count were significantly altered. Moreover, independent of other factors, the neutrophil count at the baseline was significantly negatively associated with changes in WBC count or the occurrence of leukopenia 1 week after the RAI treatment. CONCLUSION: These data showed that RAI treatment induced transient reduction in the WBC count 1 week after treatment, although WBC levels were subsequently restored.

General Anesthesia During Lip Repair and Palatoplasty After Glenn Surgery.

We performed general anesthesia for a lip repair and palatoplasty in a patient with left ventricular hypoplasia following a Glenn procedure. Preoperative examination revealed hemorrhagic diathesis, hypoxemia, and secondary polycythemia. After completion of the palatoplasty, hypoxemia and intraoral bleeding were observed, and reintubation was required. The bleeding risk was likely increased in this patient due to several factors including the surgical procedure and concurrent antithrombotic therapy. In conclusion, the risks associated with hypoxemia and increased bleeding must be considered for the safe provision of general anesthesia during palatoplasty procedures in patients with cyanotic heart disease.

Comparison of the shortened and standard saline infusion tests for primary aldosteronism diagnostics.

The saline infusion test (SIT) is widely used to confirm PA, but some patients may not tolerate the standard loading volume of 2 L saline over 4 h. The shortened SIT, loading only 1 L saline over 2 h, is suggested to be useful and would be more acceptable if the diagnostic utility of the shortened SIT is comparable to that of the standard SIT. We compared the diagnostic values of the plasma aldosterone concentration after 2 h of 1 L saline loading (2 h PAC) and that after 4 h of 2 L saline loading (4 h PAC) for the prediction of unilateral aldosterone hypersecretion and postoperative outcome. This retrospective, single-center study involved 555 PA-suspected patients who underwent SIT, 153 patients with adrenal vein sampling (AVS) results, and 37 patients with a 1-year postoperative evaluation. To detect the Japanese cutoff of 4 h PAC > 60 pg/mL, a 2-h PAC Youden Index at 66 pg/mL showed 91% sensitivity and 75% specificity. For unilateral aldosterone hypersecretion, the sensitivity and specificity of 2 h PAC were not inferior to those of 4 h PAC by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The sensitivity and specificity of 2 h PAC for postoperative reduction of anti-hypertensive drugs were also not inferior to those of 4 h PAC. Although using the 2 h PAC > 66 pg/mL cutoff may increase false positives for PA diagnosis, the shortened SIT, possibly using a cutoff value higher than 66 pg/mL, may be as useful as the standard SIT for selecting PA patients for AVS and to predict postoperative outcomes with reduced burden on patients.

Cosyntropin stimulation in adrenal vein sampling improves the judgment of successful adrenal vein catheterization and outcome prediction for primary aldosteronism.

The importance of cosyntropin stimulation during adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is not fully established, partly due to insufficient AVS data relating the presence and absence of cosyntropin stimulation with postoperative outcome. Therefore, we investigated differences in AVS indices before and after cosyntropin stimulation, and determined whether unstimulated or stimulated AVS indices better correlated with treatment outcome. A retrospective study was conducted in two parts: one with 185 patients who underwent AVS and the other with 81 patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for unilateral aldosterone oversecretion. The selectivity index (SI), lateralized ratio (LR), and contralateral ratio (CR) before and after cosyntropin stimulations were determined, along with blood pressure outcome 1 year after surgery. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed according to the Japanese Endocrine Society 2009 guidelines. The percentage of AVS patients with successful catheterization, defined as unstimulated SI > 2 before and stimulated SI > 5, increased after cosyntropin stimulation from 52% to 93% and from 74% to 98% for the right and left adrenal veins, respectively. LR decreased after cosyntropin stimulation (P < 0.001). In the postoperative patients, complete and partial clinical success was achieved in 49 and 27%, respectively. Low CR (<1) and high LR (≥2.6) after cosyntropin stimulation better correlated with postoperative blood pressure outcome than those before stimulation (CR < 1 and LR ≥ 2). These data suggest that cosyntropin stimulation facilitated the judgment of catheter insertion and postcosyntropin AVS indices may be more useful for predicting treatment outcome after unilateral adrenalectomy. Further study should examine the usefulness of cosyntropin stimulation in AVS performed in other settings.

Effect of High ß-glucan Barley on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.

The aim of our study was to investigate whether high ß-glucan-containing barley (7.2 g per 100 g) improves postprandial plasma glucose levels and suppresses postprandial insulin levels during a meal tolerance test in type 2 diabetic patients. A meal tolerance test (500 kcal) was conducted using two types of test meals: a test meal with white rice (WR) alone (WR diet) and a test meal with WR mixed with 50% barley (BR diet) as staple food. The side dish was the same in the both meals. The changes in plasma glucose and serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) levels for 180 minutes after ingestion of the test meals were compared. Ten patients with type 2 diabetes (age 52.5 ± 15.1 years, and 7 males and 3 females) were included in this study. The mean HbA1c level and body mass index were 8.8 ± 1.4%, and 29.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2, respectively. Plasma glucose levels after ingestion of the WR diet or BR diet peaked at 60 minutes, which showed no significant differences between the two types of test meals. However, the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of plasma glucose levels after ingestion of BR diet was significantly lower than that of WR diet. The serum CPR levels at 180 min and their IAUC over 180 minutes after ingestion of BR diet were significantly lower than those of WR diet. Conclusion: Increase in postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels was suppressed by mixing high-ß-glucan barley with WR in type 2 diabetic patients.

Risk factors associated with the within-farm transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus and the incidence of persistently infected cattle on dairy farms from Ibaraki prefecture of Japan.

For understanding the factors affecting bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) transmission, this study investigated the distribution of BVDV and the epidemiological features of persistently infected (PI) cattle in Ibaraki Prefecture of Japan, and identified farm-level risk factors associated with BVDV infection, with a focus on within-farm transmission and PI animal detection. Among all 377 dairy farms, forty-four PI cattle were identified on 22 farms. Thirty-eight and six PI cattle were born on their current farms or purchased, respectively. Twenty-six PI cattle were born from pregnancies on their current farms, seven from pregnancies in summer pastures, and eight from pregnancies on other farms. The within-farm seroprevalence on farms with PI animals was significantly higher than that on farms without PI cattle. Of 333 farms holding homebred cattle without movement records, antibody-positivity in homebred cattle was observed on 194 farms; these cattle were likely infected by within-farm transmission. Herd size, summer pasturing, and BVDV infection status of the nearest dairy farm were risk factors associated with within-farm transmission. Likewise, herd size, summer pasturing, and the proportion of purchased cattle were related to PI animal occurrence. This study shows the risk of within-farm transmission and occurrence of PI animals after the introduction of BVDV via purchasing and summer pasturing, and illustrates the significant role of PI cattle in circulating BVDV. More effective measures for screening BVDV infection and PI animals, including intensive tests targeting moved cattle and newborn calves, and bulk milk surveillance, are required to control the spread of BVDV in Japan.

Adrenal cortex hypoxia modulates aldosterone production in heart failure.

Plasma aldosterone concentration increases in proportion to the severity of heart failure, even during treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. This study investigated alternative regulatory mechanisms of aldosterone production that are significant in heart failure. Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high-salt diet, a rat model of heart failure with cardio-renal syndrome, had high plasma aldosterone levels and elevated ß3-adrenergic receptor expression in hypoxic zona glomerulosa cells. In H295R cells (a human adrenocortical cell line), hypoxia-induced ß3-adrenergic receptor expression. Hypoxia-mediated ß3-adrenergic receptor expression augmented aldosterone production by facilitating hydrolysis of lipid droplets though ERK-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase, also known as cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Hypoxia also accelerated the synthesis of cholesterol esters by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, thereby increasing the cholesterol ester content in lipid droplets. Thus, hypoxia enhanced aldosterone production by zona glomerulosa cells via promotion of the accumulation and hydrolysis of cholesterol ester in lipid droplets. In conclusion, hypoxic zona glomerulosa cells with heart failure show enhanced aldosterone production via increased catecholamine responsiveness and activation of cholesterol trafficking, irrespective of the renin-angiotensin system.

Difference in the Effects of Lidocaine With Epinephrine and Prilocaine With Felypressin on the Autonomic Nervous System During Extraction of the Impacted Mandibular Third Molar: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Complications during local anesthesia include increased blood pressure and vasovagal reflex, which are caused by changes in the autonomic nervous system. The commonly used local anesthetic preparations are lidocaine to which the vasoconstrictor epinephrine is added (lidocaine-epinephrine) and prilocaine to which the vasoconstrictor felypressin is added (prilocaine-felypressin); however, their effects during dental treatment are unclear. We examined the effects of these 2 different local anesthetic preparations on the autonomic nervous system and circulation during extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 40 female patients scheduled for extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar were randomized to the lidocaine-epinephrine group or prilocaine-felypressin group. Heart rate variability, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were recorded during the experiment. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and the P value was set at .05. RESULTS: The low frequency-high frequency ratio was significantly increased in the prilocaine-felypressin group during extraction compared with that in the lidocaine-epinephrine group (P < .05). In the lidocaine-epinephrine group, a significant decrease in the high-frequency component was observed during bone removal and extraction compared with that at rest (P < .05). In both groups, a significant increase in systolic blood pressure was observed during local anesthesia, incision and reflection of the flap, bone removal, separation of the tooth crown, extraction, and suturing compared with that at rest (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to investigate the differences in the influence of 2 different local anesthetic preparations on the autonomic nervous system during extraction of the mandibular third molar. Changes in circulatory dynamics during tooth extraction with the 2 different local anesthetic preparations were the result of a decrease in parasympathetic nervous activity with lidocaine-epinephrine and an increase in sympathetic nervous activity with prilocaine-felypressin.

The State Anxiety Inventory Is Useful for Predicting the Autonomic Nervous System State of Patients Before the Extraction of an Impacted Mandibular Third Molar.

PURPOSE: Dental anxiety about extraction of impacted mandibular third molars changes the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Thus, to provide safe dental treatment, it is important that a surgeon be aware of a patient's pretreatment anxiety and autonomic nervous system state. Therefore, we analyzed how a scheduled treatment to extract mandibular third molars affects the pretreatment electroencephalogram (EEG), autonomic nervous system, and psychological state of patients. We compared their findings with those of volunteers not scheduled to undergo dental treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 30 patients who were scheduled to undergo impacted mandibular third molar extraction (ie, pretreatment group) and 30 volunteers who were not (ie, control group). Heart rate variability and an EEG were recorded during the experiment. The State Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety scale (STAI-S) scores were recorded before the procedure. For the statistical analysis, P < .05 was deemed statistically significant. RESULTS: High-frequency (HF) variability was significantly decreased and the STAI-S score was significantly increased in the pretreatment group compared with the control group (P < .01 for both). The low frequency (LF)/HF ratio and alpha-wave activity showed a significant negative correlation on both sides in the control group (P < .01); however, no correlation existed in the pretreatment group. The LF/HF ratio and STAI-S score showed a significant positive correlation in the pretreatment group (P < .05); however, no correlation existed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting a patient's autonomic nervous system state before dental treatment based on the EEG was difficult. The STAI-S psychological test was a useful method.