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X-ray crystallography is a robust and powerful structural biology technique that provides high-resolution atomic structures of biomacromolecules. Scientists use this technique to unravel mechanistic and structural details of biological macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, protein complexes, protein-nucleic acid complexes, or large biological compartments). Since its inception, single-crystal cryocrystallography has never been performed in Türkiye due to the lack of a single-crystal X-ray diffractometer. The X-ray diffraction facility recently established at the University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye will enable Turkish and international researchers to easily perform high-resolution structural analysis of biomacromolecules from single crystals. Here, we describe the technical and practical outlook of a state-of-the-art home-source X-ray, using lysozyme as a model protein. The methods and practice described in this article can be applied to any biological sample for structural studies. Therefore, this article will be a valuable practical guide from sample preparation to data analysis.
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While COVID-19 implications for prejudice have been investigated among adults in previous research, children's intergroup reactions to the pandemic and specifically how native children's contact behaviours with refugees might have changed after the pandemic has not been examined yet. Drawing on a unique longitudinal school dataset (N = 861, 5th graders, Mage reported at T1 = 10.38, SD = 0.68) collected before the onset of the pandemic (T1, pre-lockdown), after the onset of the pandemic (T2, post-lockdown), and 6 months after the post-lockdown (T3, follow-up) in Turkey, we examined how children's contact behaviour (positive and negative contact), contact motivation (self-efficacy and volition), as well as behavioural tendencies (approach and avoidance) have shifted during this period (2.5 years). We observed a consistent pattern of improvement in contact behaviours demonstrated by increases in positive contact variables and decreases in negative contact variables particularly from T1 to T2. The change in some positive contact variables was stable for 6 months, while negative contact and avoidance rapidly regressed to the baseline during the normalization period (T3). The boosting effect of the pandemic was particularly pronounced among children who displayed greater prejudice towards refugees before the pandemic. Findings contribute to the growing research literature delineating the potential benefits of COVID-19 at the collective level.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Amigos , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Relações Interpessoais , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , PreconceitoRESUMO
Background and Objectives: The whole-body vibration (WBV) technique is an exercise training method. It has been reported to improve muscle strength, exercise capacity, and the quality of life. However, there is no study on the use of the WBV technique in bronchiectasis. The aim of the present study is to compare the effect of aerobic exercise with whole-body vibration on exercise capacity, respiratory function, dyspnea, and quality of life (QoL) in bronchiectasis patients. Materials and Methods: Clinically stable bronchiectasis patients aged 18−74 years participated in this study. A pulmonary function test, 6 minute walk test (6MWT), five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Scale, an, St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were used in the evaluation. In total, 41 patients (WBV group: 20, aerobic group: 21) completed the study. The patients were treated for eight weeks. Results: When the two groups were compared after the treatment, there was a significant difference between the mMRC scores in favor of the WBV group (p < 0.05). When the results of the WBV group were examined before and after treatment, a significant difference was found between the 5SST and 6MWT (p < 0.05). When the aerobic group was compared before and after the treatment, it was observed that there was a significant difference in FVC, FVC%, 5SST, 6MWT, and SGRQ total score, and activity and impact scores, which are the sub-parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Eight weeks of WBV exercise can lead to significant improvements in patients with bronchiectasis, exercise capacity, and dyspnea. Larger studies are needed to define the optimal intensity and duration of WBV, as well as to investigate its possible long-term effects.
