An iron-containing POM-based hybrid compound as a heterogeneous catalyst for one-step hydroxylation of benzene to phenol.

It is a major challenge to perform one-pot hydroxylation of benzene to phenol under mild conditions, which replaces the environmentally harmful cumene method. Thus, finding highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts that can be recycled is extremely significant. Herein, a (POM)-based hybrid compound {[FeII(pyim)2(C2H5O)][FeII(pyim)2(H2O)][PMoV2MoVI9VIV3O42]}·H2O (pyim = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole) (Fe2-PMo11V3) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using typical Keggin POMs, iron ions and pyim ligands. Single-crystal diffraction shows that the Fe-pyim unit in Fe2-PMo11V3 forms a stable double-supported skeleton by Fe-O bonding to the polyacid anion. Remarkably, due to the introduction of vanadium, Fe2-PMo11V3 forms a divanadium-capped conformation. Benzene oxidation experiments indicated that Fe2-PMo11V3 can catalyze the benzene hydroxylation reaction to phenol in a mixed solution of acetonitrile and acetic acid containing H2O2 at 60 °C, affording a phenol yield of about 16.2% and a selectivity of about 94%.

Self-Assembly of Lanthanide-Aluminum Cluster-Organic Frameworks with Magnetocaloric Effect and Luminescence.

The self-assembly of the lanthanide metal-organic frameworks presents a formidable challenge but profound significance. Compared with the metal-organic frameworks based on 4f-3d ions, the chemistry of 4f-3p metal-organic frameworks has not been fully explored so far. In this study, two lanthanide-aluminum-based clusters [Ln6Al(IN)10(µ3-OH)5(µ3-O)3(H2O)8]·xH2O (x = 2, Ln = Gd, abbreviated as Gd6Al; x = 2.5, Ln = Eu, abbreviated as Eu6Al; HIN = isonicotinic acid) have been meticulously designed and obtained by hydrothermal reaction at low pH. The crystallographic study revealed that both Gd6Al and Eu6Al clusters exhibit an unprecedented sandwiched metal-organic framework holding a highly ordered honeycomb network. To our knowledge, it is the first case of Ln-Al-based cluster-organic frameworks. Furthermore, magnetic investigation of Gd6Al manifests a decent magnetic entropy change of -ΔSmmax = 28.8 J kg-1 K-1 at 2 K for ΔH = 7.0 T. Significantly, the introduction of AlIII ions into the lanthanide metal-organic frameworks displays excellent solid-state luminescent capability with a lifetime of 371.6 µs and quantum yield of 6.64%. The construction and investigation of these two Ln-Al clusters represent great progress in the 4f-3p metal-organic framework.

Photoredox-Catalyzed Synthesis of 3-Sulfonylated Pyrrolin-2-ones via a Regioselective Tandem Sulfonylation Cyclization of 1,5-Dienes.

A mild, visible-light-induced, regioselective cascade sulfonylation-cyclization of 1,5-dienes with sulfonyl chlorides through the intermolecular radical addition/cyclization of alkenes C(sp2)-H was developed. This procedure proceeds well and affords a mild and efficient route to a range of monosulfonylated pyrrolin-2-ones at room temperatures.

MoO42--templated Ln20Ni21 heterometallic clusters with large low-field magnetic entropy.

The anionic template method is an effective strategy for synthesizing high-nuclearity transition-lanthanide (3d-4f) heterometallic clusters. Herein, two lanthanide clusters with formulas [Gd20Ni21(µ3-OH)21(CO3)6(IDA)21(C2H4NO2)6(C2O4)3(MoO4)1.5(µ2-OH)1.5(H2O)9]Cl10.5·79H2O (1) and [Tb20Ni21(µ3-OH)21(CO3)6(IDA)21(C2H4NO2)6(C2O4)3(MoO4)(µ2-OH)2(H2O)10]Cl11·32H2O (2) were synthesized by introducing MoO42- anions as templates. Structural analysis indicates that compounds 1 and 2 are isomorphic, featuring a fascinating triangular-shaped metal framework. Magnetic property investigations illuminate the fact that compound 1 exhibits a large -ΔSm of 37.83 J kg-1 K-1 at 3 K for ΔH = 7 T. In particular, it is worth mentioning that compound 1 has an excellent low-field magnetic entropy (-ΔSm = 23.85 J kg-1 K-1 at 2 K, 2 T).

Two bimetal-doped (Fe/Co, Mn) polyoxometalate-based hybrid compounds for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction.

Two polyoxometalate (POM)-based hybrid compounds have been successfully designed and constructed by the hydrothermal method with molecular formulas [K(H2O)2FeII0.33Co0.67(H2O)2(DAPSC)]2{[FeII0.33Co0.67(H2O)(DAPSC)]2[FeII0.33Co0.67(H2O)4]2[Na2FeIII4P4W32O120]}·21.5H2O (1), and [Na(H2O)2FeII0.33Mn0.67(H2O)2(DAPSC)]2{[FeII0.33Mn0.67(H2O)(DAPSC)]2[FeII0.33Mn0.67(H2O)4]2[Na2FeIII4P4W32O120(H2O)2]}·24H2O (2) (DAPSC = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis-(semicarbazone)), respectively. Structural analysis revealed that 1 and 2 consisted of metal-organic complexes containing DAPSC ligands with dumbbell-type inorganic clusters, iron-cobalt (iron-manganese) and some other ions. By utilizing a combination of strongly reducing {P2W12} units and bimetal-doped centres the CO2 photoreduction catalytic capacity of 1 and 2 was improved. Notably, the photocatalytic performance of 1 was much better than that of 2. In CO2 photoreduction, 1 exhibited CO selectivity as high as 90.8%. Furthermore, for 1, the CO generation rate reached 6885.1 µmol g-1 h-1 at 8 h with 3 mg, and its better photocatalytic performance was presumably due to the introduction of cobalt and iron elements to give 1 a more appropriate energy band structure. Further recycling experiments indicated that 1 was a highly efficient CO2 photoreduction catalyst, which could still possess catalytic activity after several cycles.

Two Windmill-Shaped Ln18 Nanoclusters Exhibiting High Magnetocaloric Effect and Luminescence.

The self-assembly of the high-nuclearity Ln-exclusive nanoclusters is challenging but of significance due to its aesthetically pleasing architectures and far-reaching latent applications in magnetic cooling technologies. Herein, two novel high-nuclearity lanthanide nanoclusters were successfully synthesized under solvothermal conditions, formulated as {[Gd18(IN)20(HCOO)8(µ6-O)(µ3-OH)24(H2O)4]·4H2O}n and {[Eu18(IN)16(HCOO)8(CH3COO)4(µ6-O)(µ3-OH)24(H2O)4]·5H2O}n (abbreviated as Gd18 and Eu18, HIN = isonicotinic acid). Both of them possess novel and exquisite windmill-shaped cationic cores in the family of high-nuclearity Ln-exclusive nanoclusters. Remarkably, the adjacent second building units are interconnected into a three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework by IN- ligands. As expected, the abundant existence of GdIII ions endows Gd18 with a favorable magnetic entropy change at 2.0 K for ΔH = 7.0 T (-ΔSmmax = 40.0 J kg-1 K-1), and Eu18 displays the typical luminescence of EuIII ions.

Two SiO44--Templated Ln23Ni20 Clusters with Magnetic Cooling and Stability.

Assembling and studying high-nuclearity 3d-4f metal clusters represent a pregnant and challenging research hotspot. Based on anionic template and ligand-controlled hydrolytic methods, two heterometallic metal clusters, formulated as [Gd23Ni20(DTA)20(CO3)4(CH3COO)6(SiO4)4(CH3CH2OH)2(µ3-OH)33(µ2-OH)4(H2O)16]·Cl2·30H2O and [Eu23Ni20(DTA)20(CO3)4(CH3COO)6(SiO4)4(CH3CH2OH)2(µ3-OH)33(µ2-OH)4(H2O)16]·Cl2·46H2O (abbreviated as Gd23Ni20, Eu23Ni20, H2DTA = thiodiglycolic acid), are successfully obtained, which both feature similar double-shell-shaped structures with a Ni20 building unit encapsulating a Ln23 aggregation. The structural analysis illustrates that the SiO44- anion, serving as the anionic template in this work, is reported for the second time in 3d-4f metal clusters. In terms of the magnetic properties, large amounts of Gd3+ and Ni2+ ions contribute to the MCE of compound Gd23Ni20, along with 38.15 J kg-1 K-1 at ΔH = 7.0 T for 2.0 K. It is worth mentioning that compound Gd23Ni20 exhibits an excellent magnetic entropy change at low fields (-ΔSm = 19.10 J kg-1 K-1 at 2.0 K for ΔH = 2.0 T). In addition, Gd23Ni20 exhibits preferable solvent and thermal stability.

NIR light-controlled mitochondria-targeted delivery of carbon monoxide combined with histone deacetylase inhibition for synergistic anticancer therapy.

A multifunctional nanoplatform APIPB-MnCO@TPP@N,P-GQDs (APIPB = N-(2-aminophen-yl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f] [1, 10] phenanthrolin-2-yl) benzamide, TPP = triphenylphosphine, Mn = manganese, CO = carbon monoxide, and GQDs = graphene quantum dots), nanoplatform (1), was synthesized, which consists of a fluorescent N, P-doped GQDs carrier with its surface covalently functionalized by an CO donor APIPB-MnCO with histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitory property and a TPP derivative directing group. Nanoplatform (1) selectively localized in the mitochondria of HeLa cells to inhibit HDAC activity, and released CO upon 808 nm near-infrared light irradiation, destroying the mitochondria and thus inducing cancer cells apoptosis. The targeted subcellular mitochondrial CO delivery combined with inhibitory HDAC activity maximized the cytotoxicity of the nanoplatform which may provide new insights for CO-mediated multimodal therapies for cancer treatment.

Visible light-controlled carbon monoxide delivery combined with the inhibitory activity of histone deacetylases from a manganese complex for an enhanced antitumor therapy.

Multifunctional drugs with synergistic effects have been widely developed to enhance the treatment efficiency of various diseases, such as malignant tumors. Herein, a novel bifunctional manganese(I)-based prodrug [MnBr(CO)3(APIPB)] (APIPB = N-(2-aminophen-yl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f] [1, 10] phenanthrolin-2-yl)benzamide) with inhibitory histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and light-controlled carbon monoxide (CO) delivery was successfully designed and synthesized. [MnBr(CO)3(APIPB)] readily released CO under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm) through which the amount of released CO could be controlled by manipulating light power density and illumination time. In the absence of light irradiation, the cytotoxic effect of [MnBr(CO)3(APIPB)] on cancer cells was greater than that of the commercially available HDAC inhibitor MS-275. Consequently, with a combination of CO delivery and HDAC inhibitory activity, [MnBr(CO)3(APIPB)] showed a remarkably enhanced antitumor effect on HeLa cells (IC50 = 3.2 µM) under visible light irradiation. Therefore, this approach shows potential for the development of medicinal metal complexes for combined antitumor therapies.

Effects of 9 oral care solutions on the prevention of oral mucositis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common, disabling, and severe early effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy that limits the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. The prevention and treatment of OM in patients with malignant tumors is an urgent problem in the field of anticancer therapy. METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched to collect published randomized control trials (RCTs) about the effects of different oral care solutions on the prevention of OM from inception to January 2019. We used the Cochrane Handbook to assess the methodological quality of the RCTs. Two of the authors independently extracted the articles and predefined data. Network meta-analysis was then performed using Stata 15.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 28 RCTs involving 1861 patients were included. The results of network meta-analysis showed that chlorhexidine, benzydamine, honey, and curcumin were more effective than placebo (P < .05) and that honey and curcumin were more effective than povidone-iodine (P < .05). Probability ranking according to the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve showed the following treatments: curcumin, honey, benzydamine, chlorhexidine, allopurinol, sucralfate, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, povidone-iodine, and aloe. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results indicate that curcumin and honey may serve as the preferred options for patients to prevent OM. The findings may offer an important theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment. However, this conclusion still requires an RCT with a larger sample size for further verification.

A Ruthenium Nitrosyl-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoplatform with Near-Infrared Light-Controlled Nitric Oxide Delivery and Photothermal Effect for Enhanced Antitumor and Antibacterial Therapy.

Developing a spatiotemporal-controlled nitric oxide (NO) delivery nanoplatform is highly desirable for its biological applications as a tumor inhibitor and antibacterial agent. In this study, a novel multifunctional magnetic nanoplatform {Fe3O4@PDA@Ru-NO@FA} (1) was developed for the near-infrared (NIR) light-controlled release of NO in which a ruthenium nitrosyl (Ru-NO) donor and a folic acid (FA)-directing group were covalently functionalized onto Fe3O4@PDA. Nanoplatform 1 preferentially accumulated in folate receptor-overexpressing cancer cell lines and magnetic field-guided tumor tissue, instantly released NO, and simultaneously produced a prominent photothermal effect upon 808 nm NIR light irradiation, leading to remarkable in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy. When nanoplatform 1 was treated only once, the potential MRI contrast agent was sufficient to significantly inhibit or eliminate the tumor tissues in living mice, thus offering opportunities for future NO-involved multimodal cancer therapy. In addition, a NO delivery nanoplatform {Fe3O4@PDA@Ru-NO} was imbedded in the matrix of a chitosan (CS)-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) material to develop a hybrid thermosensitive CS-PVA/NO hydrogel. The CS-PVA/NO hydrogels demonstrated mild (<150 mW cm-2) NIR light-controlled NO delivery and thus produced an efficient antibacterial effect for both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, these hydrogels have potential as antibacterial dressings for wound bacterial infection treatment.

[Establishment of skin and joint micro-dialysis sampling method of triptolide in vivo by HPLC-MS/MS].

To detect the concentration of triptolide in skin and joint after percutaneous administration,an HPLC-MS/MS method and skin and joint micro-dialysis( MD) method of triptolide were established in this study. The separation was achieved on triple quadrupole( AB QTRAP4500) and phenomenex-C18( 4. 6 mm×150 mm,5 µm,luna) column with acetonitrile-water with 0. 1% formic acid( 65 ∶35) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0. 7 m L·min-1. An electrospray ionization( ESI) source was applied and operated in the positive multiple reaction monitoring( MRM) mode. The fragment ion for triptolide was m/z 361. 1→145. 0. The effects of different perfusion [Ringer's,PBS( p H 7. 4),30% ethanol saline]drug concentrations and flow rates on the recovery rate,as well as the relationship between the recovery rate and the loss rate were determined by incremental( dialysis) and reduction( retrodialysis) methods.The reduction method was applied in the in vivo study to investigate and determine the stability of the probe recovery rate in 10 h. The results of HPLC-MS/MS detection method conformed to the requirements of biological samples. The perfusion fluid was 30% ethanol saline. The recovery rate of skin and joint probes in vitro of triptolide increased within the flow rate of 0. 5-2. 5 µL·min-1. In order to increase the timeliness of data and the accuracy,the flow rate was determined to be 1 µL·min-1,and the sample interval was determined to be 0. 5 h. The recovery rate of triptolide in skin and joint probes in vitro and the loss rate were stable and equal despite of change of triptolide concentration within 10-200 µg·L-1. This indicated that the effect of drug concentration on the MD probe recovery rate was small,and the recovery rate could be replaced by the loss rate. The loss rate in vivo using MD method was measured at 10 h,indicating that the transfer rate of triptolide was stable within 10 h. The established method of triptolide in MD and HPLC-MS/MS can be applied to investigate the kinetic in skin and joint after percutaneous administration of triptolide.

Homocysteine induces vascular inflammatory response via SMAD7 hypermethylation in human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells.

Homocysteine (Hcy) can induce atherosclerosis through the inflammatory response and DNA methylation disorder. Our recent study has reported a novel epigenetic modified gene related to atherosclerosis -SMAD7. To further understand the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the current study was designed to investigate an inflammatory role of Hcy in human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) through interfering with SMAD7 methylation. Using MALDI-TOF MS, we found that Hcy increased DNA methylation levels of SMAD7 promoter in a dose and time-dependent manner in HUVSMCs. Meanwhile, both SMAD7 mRNA and protein levels were decreased along with the increase of Hcy concentrations and treating time. Decreased SMAD7 levels led to up regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1ß) expression in HUVSMCs. Furthermore, we found that activation of NF-κB pathway was the mechanism by which reduced Smad7 levels enhanced vascular inflammation. Thus, Hcy is able to activate NF-κB-mediated vascular inflammatory response via inducing hypermethylation of SMAD7 promoter in HUVSMCs. The in vitro findings supplement our recent clinical study that SMAD7 methylation as a novel marker in atherosclerosis and further elucidate the role of Hcy in atherogenesis.

[Effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal absorption in vitro of Chuanxiong and penetration mechanism of skin blood flow].

The aim of this paper was to explore the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal absorption in vitro of Chuanxiong, and to investigate the possible penetration mechanism of their essential oil from the perspective of skin blood perfusion changes. Transdermal tests were performed in vitro with excised mice skin by improved Franz diffusion cells. The cumulative penetration amounts of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong were determined by HPLC to investigate the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal permeation properties of Chuanxiong. Simultaneously, the skin blood flows were determined by laser flow doppler. The results showed that the cumulative penetration amount of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong was (8.13±0.76) µg•cm⁻² in 24 h, and was (48.91±4.87), (57.80±2.86), (63.34±4.56), (54.17±4.40), (62.52±7.79) µg•cm⁻² respectively in Azone group, Frankincense essential oil group, Myrrh essential oil, frankincense and myrrh singly extracted essential oil mixture group, and frankincense and myrrh mixed extraction essential oil group. The enhancement ratios of each essential oil groups were 7.68, 8.26, 7.26, 8.28, which were slightly greater than 6.55 in Azone group. In addition, as compared with the conditions before treatment, there were significant differences and obvious increasing trend in blood flow of rats in Frankincense essential oil group, Myrrh essential oil group, frankincense and myrrh singly extracted essential oil mixture group, and frankincense and myrrh mixed extraction essential oil group when were dosed at 10, 20, 30, 10 min respectively, indicating that the skin blood flows were increased under the effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil to a certain extent. Thus, Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil had certain effect on promoting permeability of Chuanxiong both before and after drug combination, and may promote the elimination of drugs from epidermis to dermal capillaries through increase of skin blood flow, thus enhancing the transdermal permeation amounts of drugs.

Ecdysone-induced receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP52F regulates Drosophila midgut histolysis by enhancement of autophagy and apoptosis.

The rapid removal of larval midgut is a critical developmental process directed by molting hormone ecdysone during Drosophila metamorphosis. To date, it remains unclear how the stepwise events can link the onset of ecdysone signaling to the destruction of larval midgut. This study investigated whether ecdysone-induced expression of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP52F regulates this process. The mutation of the Ptp52F gene caused significant delay in larval midgut degradation. Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (TER94), a regulator of ubiquitin proteasome system, was identified as a substrate and downstream effector of PTP52F in the ecdysone signaling. The inducible expression of PTP52F at the puparium formation stage resulted in dephosphorylation of TER94 on its Y800 residue, ensuring the rapid degradation of ubiquitylated proteins. One of the proteins targeted by dephosphorylated TER94 was found to be Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1), which was rapidly proteolyzed in cells with significant expression of PTP52F. Importantly, the reduced level of DIAP1 in response to inducible PTP52F was essential not only for the onset of apoptosis but also for the initiation of autophagy. This study demonstrates a novel function of PTP52F in regulating ecdysone-directed metamorphosis via enhancement of autophagic and apoptotic cell death in doomed Drosophila midguts.

Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein among adult Taiwanese.

Subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is one of the inflammatory markers related to CVD. It is unclear whether inflammation is a mechanistic intermediary between SCH and CVD. We aimed to investigate the association between SCH and hsCRP in a Taiwanese population. A baseline cohort of 2,494 participants over the age of 19 was recruited in Taiwan from 2006 to 2008. SCH was defined as a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 5.61-19.9 mIU/L with normal thyroxine concentrations (a total T4 level of 4.9-12.0 µg/dL). Euthyroidism was defined as a serum TSH level of 0.34-5.60 mIU/L. HsCPR was grouped using quartiles. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between hsCRP and SCH. After adjusting for gender and betel nut chewing, stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that hsCRP groups were significantly associated with SCH. Compared to the lowest hsCRP quartile, the adjusted odds ratio of having SCH for hsCRP quartile II, III, and IV were 1.38 (0.48-3.98), 1.48 (0.56-3.96), and 2.59 (1.01-6.67), respectively. The significant increase in odds ratios for SCH in progressive hsCRP quartiles reveals a dose-response effect (p < 0.05). Moreover, stepwise multiple linear regression analyses showed that hsCRP was significantly positively associated with serum TSH level after adjusting for potential confounders. Adult Taiwanese with SCH were associated with elevated hsCRP quartiles.