Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief-COPE Inventory and Exploration of Factors Associated with Perceived Stress among Peruvian Nurses.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE Inventory and to determine its concurrent validity by examining its association with perceived stress among Peruvian nurses. METHODS: A psychometric study was conducted with 434 Peruvian nurses to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE Inventory through confirmatory factor analysis. Three stepwise variable selection regression models were implemented. RESULTS: The three-factor model of the Brief-COPE Inventory demonstrated adequate fit indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.052, standardized root mean square residual = 0.068, and both the comparative fit index and the Tucker-Lewis index = 0.95). Additionally, the factors were significantly correlated (p < 0.001), and the reliability was adequate (ω = 0.90). Nurses reported a medium level of perceived stress, with associated factors including having received stress management training, fear of COVID-19, and problem-focused coping strategies (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that the Brief-COPE Inventory is a valid tool for measuring coping strategies among Peruvian nurses due to its good model fit, excellent reliability, and concurrent validity with perceived stress. However, further research is needed to assess its validity in the specific areas of performance perceived by nursing professionals.

Emotional Impact of COVID-19 and Emotional Eating and the Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder in Peruvian Healthcare Students.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the association between the emotional impact of COVID-19 and emotional eating and the risk of alcohol use disorder among Peruvian health science students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in which an online questionnaire was administered to 456 health science interns from four cities in Peru. We used the COVID-19 Emotional Impact Profile questionnaire, Mindful Eating Questionnaire, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Spearman's correlations were calculated and two multiple linear regression models were developed. RESULTS: 68.4% of the participants were emotional eaters and 8.6% reported low-risk levels of alcohol use disorder. Based on the results of the first model, the overall emotional impact of COVID-19, being overweight or obese, depression and anxiety levels, and living with only one parent were factors associated with emotional eating. The results of the second model showed that the level of depression, living with just one parent, living alone, sex, and number of months as an intern were factors associated with the risk of alcohol use disorder. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce emotional eating and the risk of alcohol use disorder among interns, universities should implement interventions aimed at reducing the emotional impact of COVID-19 and provide nutritional counseling.

Variables tecnológicas predictoras del estrés académico en estudiantes de Enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19 / Technological variables predictors of academic stress in nursing students in times of COVID-19 / Variáveis tecnológicas preditoras do estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem em tempos de COVID-19

Objetivo: analizar cuáles son las variables tecnológicas, derivadas del uso de dispositivo electrónico, predicen el estrés académico, y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio transversal de tipo analítico, realizado en 796 estudiantes de seis universidades de Perú. Se empleó la escala SISCO y para el análisis se estimaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística, con selección de variables por pasos. Resultados: entre los participantes, 87,6% presentaron un nivel alto de estrés académico; el tiempo de uso del dispositivo electrónico, el brillo de la pantalla, la edad y el sexo, estuvieron asociados con el estrés académico y sus tres dimensiones; la posición de uso del dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y con las dimensiones estresores y reacciones. Finalmente, la distancia entre el rostro y el dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y la dimensión reacciones. Conclusión: las variables tecnológicas y las características sociodemográficas predicen el estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería. Se sugiere optimizar el tiempo de uso de las computadoras, regular el brillo de la pantalla, evitar sentarse en posiciones inadecuadas y vigilar la distancia, con la finalidad de reducir el estrés académico durante la enseñanza a distancia.

Objective: to analyze which technological variables, derived from the use of electronic devices, predict academic stress and its dimensions in Nursing students. Method: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 796 students from six universities in Peru. The SISCO scale was used and four logistic regression models were estimated for the analysis, with selection of variables in stages. Results: among the participants, 87.6% had a high level of academic stress; time using the electronic device, screen brightness, age and sex were associated with academic stress and its three dimensions; the position of using the electronic device was associated with the total scale and the stressors and reactions dimensions. Finally, the distance between the face and the electronic device was associated with the total scale and size of reactions. Conclusion: technological variables and sociodemographic characteristics predict academic stress in nursing students. It is suggested to optimize the time of use of computers, regulate the brightness of the screen, avoid sitting in inappropriate positions and pay attention to the distance, in order to reduce academic stress during distance learning.

Objetivo: analisar quais variáveis tecnológicas, derivadas do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, predizem o estresse acadêmico e suas dimensões em estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal do tipo analítico, realizado em 796 estudantes de seis universidades do Peru. Foi utilizada a escala SISCO e foram estimados quatro modelos de regressão logística para a análise, com seleção das variáveis por etapas. Resultados: entre os participantes, 87,6% apresentaram alto nível de estresse acadêmico; o tempo de uso do aparelho eletrônico, o brilho da tela, a idade e o sexo foram associados ao estresse acadêmico e suas três dimensões; a posição de uso do aparelho eletrônico foi associada à escala total e às dimensões estressores e reações. Por fim, a distância entre o rosto e o dispositivo eletrônico foi associada à escala total e à dimensão das reações. Conclusão: variáveis tecnológicas e características sociodemográficas predizem estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem. Sugere-se otimizar o tempo de uso dos computadores, regular o brilho da tela, evitar sentar-se em posições inadequadas e atentar-se à distância da tela, a fim de diminuir o estresse acadêmico durante o ensino a distância.

Perceptions, maltreatment and religion as predictors of the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the relationship between perceptions, abuse and religion with the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. It took place between 2020 and 2021 and a total of 319 clinical nurses in Peru were interviewed using the DASS-21. Associations were assessed using Spearman's Rho and multiple regression. RESULTS: 18.5% had some degree of stress; 50.2%, anxiety and 29.1%, depression. Experience of abuse, self-perception of mental health and religion were predictors of stress, anxiety and depression. The length of work experience predicts stress and anxiety. In addition, self-perception of information and gender were predictors of depression. CONCLUSIONS: peruvian nurses have high levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and this psycho-emotional impact was associated with perceptions, experiences of abuse and religion.

Desarrollo y validación de una escala de percepción de riesgo de COVID-19 en Perú / Development and validation of a COVID-19 risk perception scale in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Desarrollar y validar una escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) en población peruana. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal psicométrico, realizado en el 2022. En la fase 1 se diseñó la escala inicial mediante revisión teórica, grupos focales, panel de expertos y revisión documental de escalas. En la fase 2 se determinó la escala mediante juicio de expertos y una prueba piloto. En la fase 3 se hizo una encuesta virtual en 678 pobladores peruanos adultos. Se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Para determinar la validez de criterio se realizó un análisis correlacional (r de Pearson) con una escala válida de percepción de riesgo y la escala de miedo a la COVID-19. Resultados. La PR-COVID-19-PE está compuesta por dos dimensiones (cognitivo y emocional), presentó buen ajuste en la validez de constructo (x2/gl=2,34, Comparative Fit Index = 0,96, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,05 y Standarized Root Mean-Square = 0,07) y óptima consistencia interna (ώ=0,88). Asimismo, reportó correlación con otra escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (r=0,70, p<0,001) y miedo a la COVID-19 (r = 0,41, p < 0,001). Además, presenta invarianza métrica y escalar tanto por sexo como por nivel educativo. Conclusiones. La escala PR-COVID-19-PE presentó adecuada confiabilidad y validez de contenido, constructo y criterio. Constituye un instrumento para medir la percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 en poblaciones similares. Sin embargo, se requiere estudios adicionales en diferentes grupos poblacionales.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To develop and validate a risk perception scale for COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) in the Peruvian population. Materials and methods. Psychometric cross-sectional study conducted in 2022. In phase 1, in order to design the scale, we carried out a theoretical review and a documentary review of scales, we also used focus groups as well as an expert panel. Phase 2 included expert judgment and a pilot test. A virtual survey was conducted among 678 Peruvian adults during phase 3. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out as well. We used a correlational analysis (Pearson's r) with a valid risk perception scale and the COVID-19 fear scale to determine criterion validity. Results. The PR-COVID-19-PE has two dimensions (cognitive and emotional) and showed good fit during construct validity (x2/gl=2.34, Comparative Fit Index=0.96, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation= 0.05 and Standardized Root Mean-Square=0.07) and optimal internal consistency (ώ=0.88). Likewise, the PR-COVID-19-PE showed correlation with another COVID-19 risk perception scale (r=0.70, p< 0.001) and a fear of COVID-19 scale (r=0.41, p<0.001). In addition, it presents metric and scalar invariance by both sex and educational level. Conclusions. The PR-COVID-19-PE scale showed adequate reliability and content, construct and criterion validity. It is an instrument that can measure COVID-19 risk perception in similar populations. However, further studies are required for different populations.

Effectiveness of the self-regulation educational program in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in Peruvian soldiers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on self-regulation of learning in the level of knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers. METHODS: Pre-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a single group, carried out in 2020. 179 soldiers from Puno, Peru participated. Two expository-participatory sessions and a demonstrative workshop were developed. A valid (Aiken's V = 0.69) and reliable (McDonald's Omega = 0.81) questionnaire was used. The Friedman's test was used to compare the results pre and post-test. RESULTS: The level of knowledge about COVID-19 and in two of its dimensions changed from poor (pre-test) to regular (post-test). However, in the preventive measures dimension, it changed from poor (pre-test) to excellent (post-test). CONCLUSION: The proposed educational intervention was effective in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers, mainly in terms of preventive measures.

Association between the Nursing Practice Environment and Safety Perception with Patient Safety Culture during COVID-19.

AIMS: In this study, we aimed to identify the relationship between nursing practice environments (NPEs) and safety perceptions with patient safety culture (PSC) during COVID-19. DESIGN: We conducted a quantitative, non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional study. We interviewed 211 nurses from Peru using two scales: PES-NWI and HSOPSC. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test and Spearman's coefficient and estimated two regression models. RESULTS: NPE was reported as favorable by 45.5% of the participants, and PSC was reported as neutral by 61.1%. Safety perception, the workplace, and NPE predict PSC. All NPE factors were correlated with PSC. However, safety perception, support of nurses subscale, the nurse manager's ability, and leadership were predictors of PSC. CONCLUSION: To promote a safe work culture, health institutions should foster leadership that prioritizes safety, strengthens managers' abilities, encourages interprofessional collaboration, and considers nurses' feedback for constant improvement.

Technological variables predictors of academic stress in nursing students in times of COVID-19. / Variables tecnológicas predictoras del estrés académico en estudiantes de Enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze which technological variables, derived from the use of electronic devices, predict academic stress and its dimensions in Nursing students. METHOD: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 796 students from six universities in Peru. The SISCO scale was used and four logistic regression models were estimated for the analysis, with selection of variables in stages. RESULTS: among the participants, 87.6% had a high level of academic stress; time using the electronic device, screen brightness, age and sex were associated with academic stress and its three dimensions; the position of using the electronic device was associated with the total scale and the stressors and reactions dimensions. Finally, the distance between the face and the electronic device was associated with the total scale and size of reactions. CONCLUSION: technological variables and sociodemographic characteristics predict academic stress in nursing students. It is suggested to optimize the time of use of computers, regulate the brightness of the screen, avoid sitting in inappropriate positions and pay attention to the distance, in order to reduce academic stress during distance learning.

analizar cuáles son las variables tecnológicas, derivadas del uso de dispositivo electrónico, predicen el estrés académico, y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. estudio transversal de tipo analítico, realizado en 796 estudiantes de seis universidades de Perú. Se empleó la escala SISCO y para el análisis se estimaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística, con selección de variables por pasos. entre los participantes, 87,6% presentaron un nivel alto de estrés académico; el tiempo de uso del dispositivo electrónico, el brillo de la pantalla, la edad y el sexo, estuvieron asociados con el estrés académico y sus tres dimensiones; la posición de uso del dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y con las dimensiones estresores y reacciones. Finalmente, la distancia entre el rostro y el dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y la dimensión reacciones. las variables tecnológicas y las características sociodemográficas predicen el estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería. Se sugiere optimizar el tiempo de uso de las computadoras, regular el brillo de la pantalla, evitar sentarse en posiciones inadecuadas y vigilar la distancia, con la finalidad de reducir el estrés académico durante la enseñanza a distancia.

(1) Los estudiantes de enfermería presentan un nivel alto de estrés académico. (2) El tiempo de uso de la computadora es un predictor del estrés académico. (3) El brillo de la pantalla de la computadora es un predictor del estrés académico. (4) Tener entre 30 a 39 años y ser hombre es un factor protector del estrés académico. (5) Estudio realizado en seis universidades peruanas.

analisar quais variáveis tecnológicas, derivadas do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, predizem o estresse acadêmico e suas dimensões em estudantes de enfermagem. estudo transversal do tipo analítico, realizado em 796 estudantes de seis universidades do Peru. Foi utilizada a escala SISCO e foram estimados quatro modelos de regressão logística para a análise, com seleção das variáveis por etapas. entre os participantes, 87,6% apresentaram alto nível de estresse acadêmico; o tempo de uso do aparelho eletrônico, o brilho da tela, a idade e o sexo foram associados ao estresse acadêmico e suas três dimensões; a posição de uso do aparelho eletrônico foi associada à escala total e às dimensões estressores e reações. Por fim, a distância entre o rosto e o dispositivo eletrônico foi associada à escala total e à dimensão das reações. variáveis tecnológicas e características sociodemográficas predizem estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem. Sugere-se otimizar o tempo de uso dos computadores, regular o brilho da tela, evitar sentar-se em posições inadequadas e atentar-se à distância da tela, a fim de diminuir o estresse acadêmico durante o ensino a distância.

Digital Eye Strain among Peruvian Nursing Students: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

There has been a high prevalence of digital eye strain (DES) among students who have received distance-learning lessons due to COVID-19. However, in low- and middle-income countries, there are few studies that have analyzed its associated factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DES and its associated factors among nursing students during COVID-19 distance learning. This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted between May and June 2021 in six Peruvian universities. The sample comprised 796 nursing students. DES was measured using the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q). A bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. DES was found in 87.6% of nursing students. Sitting upright (OR, 0.47; 95% IC, 0.30-0.74), using electronic devices for more than four hours a day (OR, 1.73; 95% IC, 1.02-2.86), not following the 20-20-20 rule (OR, 2.60; 95% IC, 1.25-5.20), having the screen brightness very high (OR, 3.36; 95% IC, 1.23-11.8), and not wearing glasses (OR, 0.59; 95% IC, 0.37-0.93) are factors associated with DES. The prevalence of DES among nursing students is high. Improving the ergonomics of study environments, reducing the time of exposure to electronic devices, adjusting the screen brightness, and taking eye-care measures are key to controlling computer vision syndrome in virtual learning.

Perceptions, maltreatment and religion as predictors of the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic / Percepções, maltrato e religião como preditores do impacto psicoemocional em enfermeiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Percepciones, maltrato y religión como predictores del impacto psicoemocional en enfermeros durante la pandemia COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the relationship between perceptions, abuse and religion with the psycho-emotional impact on nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. It took place between 2020 and 2021 and a total of 319 clinical nurses in Peru were interviewed using the DASS-21. Associations were assessed using Spearman's Rho and multiple regression. Results: 18.5% had some degree of stress; 50.2%, anxiety and 29.1%, depression. Experience of abuse, self-perception of mental health and religion were predictors of stress, anxiety and depression. The length of work experience predicts stress and anxiety. In addition, self-perception of information and gender were predictors of depression. Conclusions: peruvian nurses have high levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and this psycho-emotional impact was associated with perceptions, experiences of abuse and religion.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a relação entre percepções, abuso e religião com o impacto psicoemocional nos enfermeiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo-analítico. Realizado entre 2020 e 2021; foram entrevistados 319 enfermeiros assistenciais no Peru por meio do DASS-21; as associações foram avaliadas usando Rho de Spearman e regressão múltipla. Resultados: 18,5% apresentaram algum grau de estresse; 50,2%, ansiedade e 29,1%, depressão. Experiência de abuso, autopercepção de saúde mental e religião foram preditores de estresse, ansiedade e depressão. O tempo de experiência de trabalho prediz estresse e ansiedade. Além disso, a autopercepção das informações e o gênero foram preditores de depressão. Conclusões: os enfermeiros peruanos apresentam altos níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão; e esse impacto psicoemocional foi associado a percepções, experiências de abuso e religião.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la relación entre percepciones, maltrato y religión con el impacto psicoemocional en enfermeros durante la pandemia por covid-19. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo-analítico. Fue realizado entre los años 2020 y 2021; se encuestó a 319 enfermeros asistenciales de Perú mediante DASS-21; se evaluaron asociaciones mediante Rho de Spearman y regresión múltiple. Resultados: el 18,5 % presentó algún grado de estrés; el 50,2 %, ansiedad y el 29,1 %, depresión. La experiencia de maltrato, la autopercepción de la salud mental y la religión fueron predictores de estrés, ansiedad y depresión. El tiempo de experiencia laboral predice el estrés y ansiedad. Además, la autopercepción de la información y el género fueron predictores de la depresión. Conclusiones: los enfermeros peruanos presentaron altos niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión; y este impacto psicoemocional estuvo asociado a las percepciones, experiencias de maltrato y la religión.

Efectividad de programa educativo sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de cuidado en acompañantes de niños cardiópatas hospitalizados / Effectiveness of an Educational Program about Knowledge, Attitudes and Care Practices in Companions of Hospitalized Cardiac Children

Introducción: En las instituciones de salud pediátrica, mediante intervenciones educativas, se promueven prácticas saludables, aumenta el conocimiento y se desarrollan las habilidades de los padres para el cuidado de los niños; sin embargo, existen pocos programas educativos disponibles en el área cardiovascular pediátrica en Perú. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa educativo sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de cuidado en acompañantes de niños cardiópatas hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, de diseño pre-postest, realizado en 2020. Participaron 18 familiares acompañantes de niños hospitalizados en el Servicio de Cirugía de Tórax y Cardiovascular del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú. Se desarrollaron cinco sesiones. Se empleó un cuestionario de conocimientos, una escala de actitudes y una lista de chequeo para evaluar las habilidades. Para determinar la efectividad durante la hospitalización, se realizó una evaluación previa y una evaluación posterior (una semana después de la culminación de las sesiones). Se utilizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Willks; además, para determinar la diferencia del puntaje se utilizaron las pruebas de U de Mann-Witney y T de Student. Resultados: El puntaje de los conocimientos aumentó de 10,94 a 22,33 puntos; el puntaje de actitudes, de 7,83 a 25,00 puntos; y las prácticas, de 49,89 a 87,94. Estas diferencias observadas entre la evaluación previa y posterior fueron significativas (p< 0,001). Conclusiones: La intervención educativa fue efectiva al incrementar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de cuidado en acompañantes de niños cardiópatas hospitalizados(AU)

Introduction: In pediatric health institutions, through educational interventions, healthy practices are promoted, knowledge is increased, and parents' skills for the care of children are developed; however, few educational programs are available in the pediatric cardiovascular area in Peru. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on knowledge, attitudes and care practices in companions of hospitalized children with heart disease. Methods: A quasiexperimental, pretest-posttest design study was conducted in 2020. Eighteen family members participated, who were accompanying children hospitalized at the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery service of Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, in Lima, Peru. Five sessions were held. A knowledge questionnaire, an attitude scale and a checklist were used to evaluate skills. To determine effectiveness during hospitalization, a pre-assessment and a post-assessment (one week after the completion of the sessions) were carried out. The Shapiro-Wilks normality test was used. Also, the Mann-Whitney U and Student's t tests were used to determine the difference in score. Results: The knowledge score increased from 10.94 to 22.33 points; the attitude score, from 7.83 to 25.00 points; and the practices score, from 49.89 to 87.94. These observed differences between pre-assessment and post-assessment were significant (p< 0.001). Conclusions: The educational intervention was effective, since it increased knowledge, attitudes and caring practices in companions of hospitalized cardiac children(AU)

Representaciones sociales del desastre natural para las madres damnificadas de una comunidad urbano-marginal de Lima, Perú / Social Representations of Natural Disasters for Affected Women from an Urban-Marginal Community in Lima, Peru

Introducción: Los desastres naturales generan un impacto negativo en la salud y vida de la población; sin embargo, existen escasos estudios cualitativos que aborden su repercusión en la vida, la salud mental y el imaginario de los afectados. Objetivo: Caracterizar las representaciones sociales del desastre natural que tienen las madres damnificadas del fenómeno del Niño Costero de una comunidad urbano-marginal de Lima, Perú. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, exploratoria, basada en la metodología de las representaciones sociales. Se realizó en diciembre del 2019, en Lima, Perú. El muestreo fue no probabilístico intencional, debido al acceso al lugar y la disponibilidad hasta llegar al punto de saturación; se entrevistó en profundidad a 11 madres y luego se realizó análisis del discurso. Resultados: Emergieron tres categorías: vivir la vulnerabilidad socioambiental, reconfortarse con un ser divino y enfrentar la crisis ecológica. Conclusiones: Las mujeres damnificadas reconocen la vulnerabilidad socioambiental por su condición socioeconómica precaria y vivir en la ribera del río. Asimismo, no encuentran las estrategias para superar su situación y se refugian en la ayuda y protección de un ser divino; frente al desastre natural tienen conciencia de la crisis ecológica en la que viven y la necesidad de una respuesta integral y colectiva(AU)

Introduction: Natural disasters generate a negative impact on the health and life of the population; however, there are few qualitative studies addressing their impact on the life, mental health and imaginary of those affected. Objective: To characterize the social representations of the natural disaster held by mothers affected by "El Niño Costero" phenomenon in an urban-marginal community of Lima, Peru. Methods: A qualitative and exploratory research, based on the methodology of social representations, was conducted in December 2019, in Lima, Peru. The sampling was intentional nonprobabilistic, due to the access to the place and the availability until reaching the saturation point; in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 mothers and then discourse analysis was performed. Results: Three categories emerged: living the socioenvironmental vulnerability, being comforted by a divine being, and facing the ecological crisis. Conclusions: The affected women recognize their socioenvironmental vulnerability due to their precarious socioeconomic condition and the fact that they live on the riverbank. Likewise, they do not find any strategies for overcoming their situation and take refuge in the help and protection from a divine being instead. In the face of the natural disaster, they are aware of the ecological crisis in which they live and the need for an integral and collective response(AU)

Development and validation of a COVID-19 risk perception scale in Peru. / Desarrollo y validación de una escala de percepción de riesgo de COVID-19 en Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: Motivation for the study. Risk perception of COVID-19 is a construct that varies according to the characteristics of the population in each geographic area; however, there is no validated scale to measure this construct in the Peruvian population. Main findings. A COVID-19 risk perception scale composed of two dimensions (cognitive and emotional) was designed and validated using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Implications. Having a valid and reliable instrument will help identify the variation of risk perception of COVID-19 according to contextual and psychological factors in the Peruvian population. . To develop and validate a risk perception scale for COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) in the Peruvian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Psychometric cross-sectional study conducted in 2022. In phase 1, in order to design the scale, we carried out a theoretical review and a documentary review of scales, we also used focus groups as well as an expert panel. Phase 2 included expert judgment and a pilot test. A virtual survey was conducted among 678 Peruvian adults during phase 3. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out as well. We used a correlational analysis (Pearson's r) with a valid risk perception scale and the COVID-19 fear scale to determine criterion validity. RESULTS.: The PR-COVID-19-PE has two dimensions (cognitive and emotional) and showed good fit during construct validity (x2/gl=2.34, Comparative Fit Index=0.96, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation= 0.05 and Standardized Root Mean-Square=0.07) and optimal internal consistency (ώ=0.88). Likewise, the PR-COVID-19-PE showed correlation with another COVID-19 risk perception scale (r=0.70, p< 0.001) and a fear of COVID-19 scale (r=0.41, p<0.001). In addition, it presents metric and scalar invariance by both sex and educational level. CONCLUSIONS.: The PR-COVID-19-PE scale showed adequate reliability and content, construct and criterion validity. It is an instrument that can measure COVID-19 risk perception in similar populations. However, further studies are required for different populations.

OBJETIVOS.: Desarrollar y validar una escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (PR-COVID-19-PE) en población peruana. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio transversal psicométrico, realizado en el 2022. En la fase 1 se diseñó la escala inicial mediante revisión teórica, grupos focales, panel de expertos y revisión documental de escalas. En la fase 2 se determinó la escala mediante juicio de expertos y una prueba piloto. En la fase 3 se hizo una encuesta virtual en 678 pobladores peruanos adultos. Se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Para determinar la validez de criterio se realizó un análisis correlacional (r de Pearson) con una escala válida de percepción de riesgo y la escala de miedo a la COVID-19. RESULTADOS.: La PR-COVID-19-PE está compuesta por dos dimensiones (cognitivo y emocional), presentó buen ajuste en la validez de constructo (x2/gl=2,34, Comparative Fit Index = 0,96, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,96, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,05 y Standarized Root Mean-Square = 0,07) y óptima consistencia interna (ώ=0,88). Asimismo, reportó correlación con otra escala de percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 (r=0,70, p<0,001) y miedo a la COVID-19 (r = 0,41, p < 0,001). Además, presenta invarianza métrica y escalar tanto por sexo como por nivel educativo. CONCLUSIONES.: La escala PR-COVID-19-PE presentó adecuada confiabilidad y validez de contenido, constructo y criterio. Constituye un instrumento para medir la percepción de riesgo ante la COVID-19 en poblaciones similares. Sin embargo, se requiere estudios adicionales en diferentes grupos poblacionales.

Association between the risk perception of contracting COVID-19 and sociodemographic characteristics in a Peruvian population.

Background: The perception of risk regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been widely researched due to its association with the adoption of preventive measures. In addition, since the onset of vaccination, it has been reported that the population perceives a lower risk of getting infected. However, few studies have analyzed the factors associated with risk perception in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the risk perception of contracting COVID-19 and sociodemographic characteristics in Peruvian population. Methods: An analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted in four cities in Peru from October to December, 2021. The sample consisted of 821 individuals aged 18 years and older. A virtual questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and assess the risk perception of contracting coronavirus based on the Health Belief Model. The process of back-translation, expert judgment, and reliability analysis using split-half correlation was conducted. Student's t-tests, analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's test, and Spearman's correlation were employed. Results: Of the participants, 53.71% were women and 73.3% had a higher education level, 45.55% are self-employed, and 40.44% did not have a family member infected with COVID-19. The risk perception of COVID-19 infection was associated with participants' family antecedent of COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Regarding the factors analyzed, perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 was associated with age (p=0.002), occupation (p<0.05), and a history of COVID-19 (p<0.05), while the perceived benefits of adopting preventive measures against this disease were associated with educational level (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The risk perception of contracting COVID-19 was higher among whose had multiple infected relatives.. Furthermore, the perception of susceptibility and the perceived benefits of using preventive measures were associated with sociodemographic characteristics.

Effectiveness of the self-regulation educational program in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in Peruvian soldiers / Efetividade do Programa Educacional de Autorregulação no Aumento do Conhecimento da COVID-19 em Militares Peruanos / Efectividad del Programa educativo de autorregulación en incrementar conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en militares peruanos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on self-regulation of learning in the level of knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers. Methods: Pre-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a single group, carried out in 2020. 179 soldiers from Puno, Peru participated. Two expository-participatory sessions and a demonstrative workshop were developed. A valid (Aiken's V = 0.69) and reliable (McDonald's Omega = 0.81) questionnaire was used. The Friedman's test was used to compare the results pre and post-test. Results: The level of knowledge about COVID-19 and in two of its dimensions changed from poor (pre-test) to regular (post-test). However, in the preventive measures dimension, it changed from poor (pre-test) to excellent (post-test). Conclusion: The proposed educational intervention was effective in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers, mainly in terms of preventive measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a efetividade do programa educacional baseado na autorregulação da aprendizagem a respeito do nível de conhecimento da COVID-19 em militares. Métodos: estudo pré-experimental de desenho pré-teste e pós-teste com um grupo só, realizado em 2020. Participaram 179 militares de Puno, Peru. Duas sessões expositivo-participativas e uma oficina demonstrativa foram desenvolvidas. Foi utilizado um questionário válido (V de Aiken = 0,69) e fiável (Ômega de McDonald = 0,81). O teste de Friedman foi empregado para comparar os resultados em pré e pós-teste. Resultados: o nível de conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 em duas das dimensões mudou de deficiente (pré-teste) para regular (pós-teste). Contudo, na dimensão de medidas preventivas, passou de deficiente (pré-teste) para excelente (pós-teste). Conclusão: a intervenção educacional proposta foi eficaz no aumento do conhecimento da COVID-19 entre os militares, principalmente em termos de medidas preventivas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del Programa educativo basado en autorregulación del aprendizaje en el nivel de conocimiento sobre COVID-19 en militares. Métodos: Estudio preexperimental de diseño pretest y postest con un solo grupo, realizado en 2020. Participaron 179 militares de Puno, Perú. Se desarrollaron dos sesiones expositivo-participativas y un taller demostrativo. Se empleó un cuestionario válido (V de Aiken = 0,69) y confiable (Omega de McDonald = 0,81). Se utilizó el test de Friedman para comparar los resultados en pre y postest. Resultados: El nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 y en dos de sus dimensiones cambió de deficiente (pretest) a regular (postest). Sin embargo, en la dimensión medidas preventivas, cambió de deficiente (pretest) a excelente (postest). Conclusión: La intervención educativa propuesta fue efectiva al incrementar los conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en militares, principalmente en cuanto a medidas preventivas.

Estado emocional de los pacientes pos-COVID-19 en la Región Amazonas del Perú / Emotional Status of Post-COVID-19 Patients in the Amazonas Region of Peru

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 no solo ocasionó problemas de salud física, sino también alteraciones a nivel emocional en las personas que contrajeron esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el estado emocional de los pacientes pos-COVID-19 de un distrito de la Región Amazonas del Perú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, realizado en el distrito de Copallín, Región Amazonas, Perú, durante julio-noviembre de 2021. La población estuvo conformada por 245 pacientes pos-COVID-19, la muestra fue de 235 pacientes seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21, por sus siglas al inglés) y la versión estandarizada al idioma castellano de Antúnez & Vinet, 2012. Para procesar la información se utilizó el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 25, se usó la estadística descriptiva y la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: El 54,47 por ciento tiene entre los 18 y 29 años; 51,91 por ciento son mujeres; el 63,83 por ciento solteros. El 55,32 por ciento presenta depresión, el 56,60 por ciento tiene ansiedad en diferentes niveles y el 68,09 por ciento no presenta estrés. Además, el análisis correlacional reportó que la depresión se relaciona con la hospitalización (p = 0,001) y secuelas de la COVID-19 (p < 0,001); la ansiedad con grado de instrucción (p = 0,015), hospitalización (p < 0,001) y secuelas (p < 0,001); el estrés con grado de instrucción (p = 0,003) y secuelas (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes pos-COVID-19 presentaron diferentes niveles de depresión y ansiedad, por lo cual se requiere de intervenciones efectivas para evitar consecuencias en la salud mental(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic not only caused physical health problems, but also emotional alterations in people who contracted this disease. Objective: To describe the emotional state of post-COVID-19 patients in a district of the Amazon Region of Peru. Methods: Descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study, carried out in the district of Copallín, Amazonas Region, Peru, during July-November 2021. The population consisted of 245 post-COVID-19 patients, the sample was 235 patients selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The DASS-21 Questionnaire (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21) and the standardized Spanish version of Antúnez & Vinet, 2012 were applied. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25 was used to process the information, and descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-square test were used. Results: 54.47 percent were between 18 and 29 years of age; 51.91 percent were women; 63.83 percent were single. 55.32 percent present depression, 56.60 percent have anxiety at different levels and 68.09 percent do not present stress. In addition, correlational analysis reported that depression is related to hospitalization (p = 0.001) and sequelae of COVID-19 (p < 0.001); anxiety with educational level (p = 0.015), hospitalization (p < 0.001) and sequelae (p < 0.001); stress with educational level (p = 0.003) and sequelae (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Most post-COVID-19 patients presented different levels of depression and anxiety, thus requiring effective interventions to avoid mental health consequences(AU)

Asociación entre los estilos de crianza y el rol de los adolescentes peruanos en el acoso escolar, 2019 / Association between parenting styles and the role of Peruvian adolescents in bullying, 2019 / Associação entre estilos parentais e o papel de adolescentes peruanos no bullying, 2019

Introducción. Los estilos de crianza determinan la conducta infantil; sin embargo, existe escasa información sobre su repercusión en el acoso escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la fuerza de asociación entre las diferentes tipologías de los estilos de crianza y el rol asumido en el acoso escolar, así como identificar perfiles de los adolescentes según su involucramiento en el acoso escolar. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal tipo analítico, realizado en Lima-Perú, en el año 2019. Se aplicó la escala de estilos de crianza de Steinberg y la escala EBIP-Q a 563 escolares de escuelas públicas. Los puntajes fueron obtenidos mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, Chi Cuadrado de Pearson y análisis de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados. Existe asociación entre los estilos de crianza y el rol del adolescente en el acoso escolar. El análisis multivariado reportó que ser hombres se asocia con el rol de agresor (OR = 2,73); mientras que acceder a una red social (OR = 2,23), ser hombre (OR = 1,75), los estilos de crianza (negligente [OR = 2,72] y mixto [OR = 0,38] en comparación con autoritario) fueron predictores de asumir el rol de agresor victimizado en el acoso escolar. Discusión. La asociación encontrada en el estudio confirma hallazgos previos; sin embargo, se abre debate sobre la influencia del estilo de crianza negligente en la dinámica del acoso escolar. Conclusión. Tanto el estilo de crianza negligente y autoritario (menor proporción) tienen un efecto positivo y significativo en el rol de agresor victimizado.

Introduction: Parenting styles determine child behavior; however, there is little information on their impact on bullying. Objective: To determine the association between different parenting styles and the role assumed in bullying, as well as to identify adolescents' profiles according to their involvement in bullying. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Lima, Peru, in 2019. The Steinberg's Parenting Styles Scale and the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) were administered to 563 students from public schools. Scores were obtained by confirmatory factor analysis. Spearman's correlation coefficient, Pearson's Chi-square test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used. Results: There is an association between parenting styles and adolescents' role in bullying. The multivariate analysis reported that being male was associated with the role of the bully (OR: 2.73; 95% CI 1.59­4.68), while access to social media (OR: 2.23; CI 95% 1.11­4.49), being male (OR: 1.75; CI=1.06­2.88), and parenting styles (neglectful [OR: 2.72; 95% CI 1.32­5.59] and mixed [OR: 0.38; 95% CI 0.16­0.91] compared to authoritarian parenting style) were predictors of the role of the victimized bully. Discussion: The association found in the study confirms previous findings; however, it opens the debate on the influence of neglectful parenting style on bullying dynamics. Conclusions: Both neglectful and authoritarian parenting styles (lower proportion) have a positive and significant effect on the role of victimized bully.

Introdução: Os estilos parentais determinam o comportamento das crianças; no entanto, há pouca informação sobre o seu impacto no bullying. Objetivo: Determinar a força da associação entre os diferentes estilos parentais e o papel assumido no bullying; bem como identificar perfis de adolescentes de acordo com seu envolvimento no bullying. Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico transversal realizado em Lima-Peru em 2019. A escala de estilos parentais de Steinberg e a escala EBIP-Q foram aplicadas a 563 alunos de escolas públicas. Os escores foram obtidos por meio de uma análise fatorial confirmatória. Foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, o Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e a análise de regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Existe associação entre os estilos parentais e o papel do adolescente no bullying. A análise multivariada relatou que ser do sexo masculino está associado ao papel de agressor (OR: 2,73; IC 95% 1,59-4,68); ao acessar uma rede social (OR: 2,23; IC 95% 1,11-4,49), ser do sexo masculino (OR: 1,75; IC=1,06-2,88), estilos parentais (negligente [OR: 2,72; IC 95% 1,32-5,59] e misto [OR: 0,38; IC 95% 0,16-0,91] comparado ao autoritário) foram preditores de assumir o papel de agressor vitimizado no bullying. Discussão: A associação encontrada no estudo confirma achados anteriores; no entanto, abre-se um debate sobre a influência do estilo parental negligente na dinâmica do bullying. Conclusão: Tanto o estilo parental negligente quanto o autoritário (menor proporção) têm efeito positivo e significativo no papel do agressor vitimizado.

Resignificación de la vida por parte de jóvenes sobrevivientes al cáncer hematológico / Resignification of Life by Young People Survivors of Hematologic Cancer

Introducción: Los jóvenes con enfermedades oncológicas enfrentan dificultades durante los períodos de diagnóstico, tratamiento y recuperación. Estos procesos complejos cargados de experiencias vitales inusitadas producen la transformación de su conciencia y los lleva a construir nuevos significados en la manera de comprender, relacionarse y actuar en el mundo que los rodea. Objetivo: Comprender el (re)significado de la vida a partir de la experiencia de los jóvenes que sobrevivieron al cáncer hematológico. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, que utilizó la Teoría Fundamentada en Datos como metodología y el referencial de la Teoría de la Complejidad de Morin. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 12 adolescentes sobrevivientes de cáncer hematológico. El tamaño de muestra fue determinado al alcanzar nivel de saturación. El análisis fue simultáneo durante la recolección de los datos, mediante codificación abierta, axial y selectiva según lo señalan Strauss y Corbin. Resultados: Emergieron dos categorías: Reorganizando su vida por medio de cambios y aprendizajes para vencer al cáncer y, Asumiendo una mejor comprensión y compromiso con los demás y consigo mismo. Conclusiones: Las experiencias vividas por jóvenes sobrevivientes que padecen de cáncer modifican su forma de vivir y se tornan más comprensivos con el sufrimiento que ocasiona la enfermedad. Esta situación los hace más solidarios y comprometidos con su contexto social sobre todo con su familia y con pacientes oncológicos(AU)

Introduction: Young people with oncological diseases face difficulties during the periods of diagnosis, treatment and recovery. These complex processes loaded with unusual life experiences produce the transformation of their consciousness and lead them to construct new meanings in the way that they understand, relate and act in the world around them. Objective: To understand the (re)signification of life from the experience of young survivors of hematological cancer. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out, using the data driven theory as the methodology and Morin's complexity theory as the referent. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve adolescent hematologic cancer survivors. The sample size was determined by reaching the saturation level. The analysis was simultaneous during data collection, using open, axial and selective coding according to Strauss and Corbin. Results: Two categories emerged: 1. reorganizing their life through changes and learning to overcome cancer and 2. assuming a better understanding and commitment to others and to themselves. Conclusions: The experiences lived by young cancer survivors modify their way of living as they become more understanding of the suffering caused by the disease. This situation makes them more supportive and committed to their social context, especially with their family and with cancer patients(AU)

Worry and fear as predictors of fatalism by COVID-19 in the daily work of nurses. / Preocupação e medo como preditores de fatalismo por COVID-19 no cotidiano de trabalho dos enfermeiros.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship between the concern and fear of COVID-19 with fatalism in the daily work of nurses. METHOD: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 449 nurses. Data collection was performed using instruments validated in Peru. In the analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used, and two multiple regression models were estimated, with variable selection in stages. RESULTS: nurses had a moderate level of fatalism and a low level of fear and concern about COVID-19. The first statistical model, which included sociodemographic variables, explains only 3% of the fatalism variance. However, a second model that includes fear and perception explains 33% of it. CONCLUSION: Worry, fear and having been diagnosed with COVID-19 were predictors of fatalism. It is suggested the implementation of psycho-emotional interventions in daily work - aimed at Nursing professionals who present high levels of fear or concern - to reduce fatalism and prevent fatal consequences of the pandemic and promote health.

Depresión en adultos mayores en el Perú: distribución geoespacial y factores asociados según ENDES 2018 - 2020 / Depression in elderly in Peru: geospatial distribution and associated factors according to ENDES 2018 - 2020

RESUMEN Introducción. La depresión en la población adulta mayor es un asunto de salud pública y escasos estudios analizan su distribución según áreas geográficas. Objetivos. Describir la distribución geoespacial y factores asociados del síndrome depresivo (SD) en adultos mayores peruanos según la ENDES 2018 al 2020. Métodos. Estudio transversal y de tipo analítico a partir de los datos de las encuestas nacionales, las cuales emplearon la escala PHQ-9 para medir el SD. Se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson, regresión logística multivariada y OR con un p valor <0,05. Resultados. La prevalencia del SD en el año 2018 fue de 12,9%; 13,3% en 2019 y 10,8% en 2020. Los factores asociados al SD fueron: ser mujer, vivir en la pobreza. Bajo nivel de instrucción, residir en el área rural, proceder de la sierra y selva, vivir solo y tener 75 o más años de edad. El análisis geoespacial evidenció que el SD se concentra en departamentos de la sierra como Huancavelica, Puno, Ayacucho, Apurímac y por el norte, Ancash y Cajamarca. Conclusiones. Las políticas públicas dirigidas a la reducción del SD deben focalizarse en las mujeres, mayores de 75 años, quienes viven en área rural y fundamentalmente a los que viven en los departamentos identificados con la mayor prevalencia.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Depression in the elderly population is a public health issue and few studies analyze its distribution according to geographic areas. Objectives. To describe the geospatial distribution and associated factors of depressive syndrome (DS) in Peruvian older adults according to ENDES 2018 to 2020. Methods. Crosssectional and analytical study based on data from national surveys, which used the PHQ-9 scale to measure DS. The analysis used Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression and OR with p < 0,05. Results. The prevalence of DS in 2018 was 12.9%; 13.3% in 2019 and 10.8% in 2020. The factors associated with DS were: being a woman, living in poverty, having secondary education, residing in rural areas, coming from the mountains and jungle, living alone and being 75 years of age or older. The geospatial analysis shows that the SD is concentrated in five departments: the coast (Lima, La Libertad, Piura) and the southern highlands (Puno, Arequipa). Conclusions. Public policies aimed at reducing DS should focus on women, older than 75 years and those who live in rural areas and fundamentally those who live in the departments identified as having the highest prevalence.