Phase-matching of high-order harmonic generation in the extreme ultraviolet region with orbital angular momentum.

High-order harmonics can generate vortex beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the extreme ultraviolet region. However, experimental research on their phase-matching (PM) characteristics is limited. In this study, vortex high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in the extreme ultraviolet region was generated with Ar gas. Phase-matched HHG with OAM was obtained by optimizing the focus position, laser energy, and gas pressure. The dependence of the PM characteristics on these parameters was analyzed. In addition, we conducted an experimental analysis of the dimensional properties of vortex harmonics under PM conditions. This study is a contribution towards the intense vortex high-order harmonic light sources and their applications.

Resonance absorption of the inner shell during high-order harmonic generation.

In this work, we report the observation of resonance absorption of the inner shell during the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from xenon (Xe) and krypton (Kr). The absorption peaks show a periodic variation with the change of carrier-envelope phase of driving laser pulses and the delay of two-color laser field, which indicates the absorption peaks come from the collective multielectron effects during the HHG. With the increase of gas pressure, the depth of absorption peak will continue to increase, while due to the phase matching effect, there will be an optimal pressure for the intensity of harmonic signal. Our experimental results pave the way to uncover the physical mechanism of the collective multielectron effects involving inner-shell electrons in the HHG process.

Controlling of the harmonic generation induced by the Berry curvature.

High-order harmonic generation in solid state has attracted a lot of attentions. The Berry curvature (BC), a geometrical property of the Bloch energy band, plays an important role for the harmonic generation in crystal. As we all know, the influence of BC on the harmonic emission has been investigated before and BC is simplified as a 1D structure. However, many other materials including MoS2 are 2D materials. In this work, we extend the investigation for BC to 2D structure and get a generalized equation, which not only gives a new method to control the harmonic emission with BC, but also gives a deeper understanding for the influence of the BC. We show the ability to control the harmonic emission related to the BC using the orthogonal two-color (OTC) laser field. By tuning the delay of OTC laser field, one can steer the trajectory of electrons and modulate the emission of harmonics. This study can provide us a deeper insight into the role of the BC which is difficult to be measured experimentally.

Laser-induced inner-shell excitations through direct electron re-collision versus indirect collision.

The dynamics and the decay processes of inner-shell excited atoms are of great interest in physics, chemistry, biology, and technology. The highly excited state decays very quickly through different channels, both radiative and non-radiative. It is therefore a long-standing goal to study such dynamics directly in the time domain. Using few-cycle infrared laser pulses, we investigated the excitation and ionization of inner-shell electrons through laser-induced electron re-collision with the original parent ions and measured the dependence of the emitted x-ray spectra on the intensity and ellipticity of the driving laser. These directly re-colliding electrons can be used as the initiating pump step in pump/probe experiments for studying core-hole dynamics at their natural temporal scale. In our experiment we found that the dependence of the x-ray emission spectrum on the laser intensity and polarization state varies distinctly for the two kinds of atomic systems. Relying on our data and numerical simulations, we explain this behavior by the presence of different excitation mechanisms that are contributing in different ratios to the respective overall x-ray emission yields. Direct re-collision excitation competes with indirect collisions with neighboring atoms by electrons having "drifted away" from the original parent ion.

Effect of Molecular Orbital Angular Momentum on the Spatial Distribution of Fluorescence during Femtosecond Laser Filamentation in Air.

Nonuniform azimuthal distribution of N2+ fluorescence emitted from the femtosecond laser filament in air was discovered. The fluorescence is stronger when the detector is placed perpendicular or parallel to the laser polarization. The experimental results have been confirmed by the theoretical calculation that the azimuthal distribution of fluorescence is reproduced by the convolution of the transition of the dipole and the molecular alignment in the strong laser field. The results would provide new insight into laser-molecule interactions during filamentation, which are important in practice for remote sensing using filamentation.

High-performance seed pulses at 910 nm for 100 pw laser facilities by using single-stage nondegenerate four-wave mixing.

As the first step in a 100 petawatt (PW) laser facility, seed pulses with high performance are important to guarantee the quality of the output laser pulse. Here we propose a novel method based on a single-stage four-wave mixing process for the generation of seed pulses with a smooth and broadband spectrum, high energy, and high temporal contrast (TC). As high as 250 µJ pulses at approximately 910 nm central wavelength with a high TC and broader than 200 nm bandwidth are obtained in a piece of transparent medium directly after a commercial Ti:sapphire amplifier. The angular dispersion of the generated seed pulse is linear to the wavelength, which can be compensated well by using angular dispersive optics, such as a prism. The extremely simple process and setup make the output seed pulses stable and reliable for 100 PW laser facilities.

Probing electron-atom collision dynamics in gas plasma by high-order harmonic spectroscopy.

Plasma is a complex system involving diverse collisional processes and interactions, such as electron-impact excitation, ionization, recombination, etc. One of the most important methods for studying the properties and dynamics of plasma is to analyze the radiations from plasma. Here, we demonstrate the high-order harmonic (HH) spectroscopy for probing the complex electron-atom collision (EAC) dynamics in a laser-induced gas plasma. These measurements were carried out by using an elliptically polarized pump and a time-delayed linearly polarized probe. The HH spectra from argon and krypton plasmas were recorded by scanning the time delay up to hundreds of picoseconds. We found that the delay-dependent HH yield contains three distinct regions, i.e., the first enhancement, the subsequent suppression, and the final restoration regions. A qualitative analysis shows that these features are clear signatures of the EAC processes and interactions involved in the delay-dependent HH spectroscopy.

Infrared-laser-induced ultrafast modulation on the spectrum of an extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulse.

We present a theoretical investigation of the isolated extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse propagating in the ionizing gas induced by a synchronized strong infrared (IR) laser, with the numerical solution of the nonadiabatic one-dimensional propagation model. Upon scanning the relative delay between the XUV and the IR pulse, it is found that the delay-dependent XUV transmission spectrogram exhibits the unique pattern that is controllable by the chirp of the XUV pulse. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this kind of spectrum modulation can be attributed to the term of the light energy loss involved in the propagation equation. The characteristics of the spectrum modulation dependent on the XUV chirp might provide an all-optical way for the reconstruction of the XUV spectral phase.

Attosecond chirp effect on the transient absorption spectrum of laser-dressed helium atom.

We theoretically investigate the attosecond transient absorption spectrum of helium atom in the presence of an infrared-dressed laser pulse upon scanning their relative delay, with the particular emphasis on the chirp effect of the attosecond pulse. By numerically solving the fully three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we identify the attoscecond chirp can induce the temporal shift of the absorption spectrogram along the delay axis. Additionally, it is found that the extent of the temporal shift is dependent on both the position of the absorption line and the infrared pulse wavelength, which is well confirmed and reproduced by a three-level model. Moreover, we demonstrate that the observed features can be quantitatively explained in terms of the indirect two-photon absorption processes through some virtual states. This effect might provide a way to measure the chirp of attosecond pulse in an all-optical way.

Frequency modulation of high-order harmonic generation in an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field.

We have experimentally investigated the frequency modulation of high-order harmonics in an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field consisting of a mid-infrared 1800nm fundamental pulse and its second harmonic pulse. It is demonstrated that the high harmonic spectra can be fine-tuned as we slightly change the relative delay of the two-color laser pulses. By analyzing the relative frequency shift of each harmonic at different two-color delays, the nonadiabatic spectral shift induced by the rapid variation of the intensity-dependent intrinsic dipole phase can be distinguished from the blueshift induced by the change of the refractive index during self-phase modulation (SPM). Our comprehensive analysis shows that the frequency modulation pattern is a reflection of the average emission time of high-order harmonic generation (HHG), thus offering a simple method to fine-tune the spectra of the harmonics on a sub-cycle time scale.

Effect of nuclear motion on spectral broadening of high-order harmonic generation.

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in molecular targets is experimentally investigated in order to reveal the role of the nuclear motion played in the harmonic generation process. An obvious broadening in the harmonic spectrum from the H2 molecule is observed in comparison with the harmonic spectrum generated from other molecules with relatively heavy nuclei. We also find that the harmonic yield from the H2 molecule is much weaker than the yield from those gas targets with the similar ionization potentials, such as Ar atom and N2 molecule. The yield suppression and the spectrum broadening of HHG can be attributed to the vibrational motion of nuclear induced by the driving laser pulse. Moreover, the one-dimensional (1D) time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) with the non-Born-Oppenheimer (NBO) treatment is numerically solved to provide a theoretical support to our explanation.

Ultrafast Excitation of an Inner-Shell Electron by Laser-Induced Electron Recollision.

Extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses, generated by a process known as laser-induced electron recollision, are a key ingredient for attosecond metrology, providing a tool to precisely initiate and probe subfemtosecond dynamics in atoms, molecules, and solids. However, extending attosecond metrology to scrutinize the dynamics of the inner-shell electrons is a challenge, that is because of the lower efficiency in generating the required soft x-ray (ℏω>300 eV) attosecond bursts. A way around this problem is to use the recolliding electron to directly initiate the desired inner-shell process, instead of using the currently low flux x-ray attosecond sources. Such an excitation process occurs in a subfemtosecond time scale, and may provide the necessary "pump" step in a pump-probe experiment. Here we used a few cycle infrared (λ_{0}≈1800 nm) source and observed direct evidence for inner-shell excitations through the laser-induced electron recollision process. It is the first step toward time-resolved core-hole studies in the keV energy range with subfemtosecond time resolution.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Babylonia areolata.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Babylonia areolata was determined using PCR-based method. The total length of the mitogenome is 15,356 bp, including 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes. The overall composition of the mitogenome was estimated to be 29.31% for A, 37.41% for T, 16.59% for C, and 16.70% for G, respectively, indicating that an A + T (66.72%)-rich feature occurs in the Babylonia areolata mitogenome.

Enhanced high-order harmonic generation from spatially prepared filamentation in argon.

We experimentally demonstrate enhanced high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from spatially prepared filamentation in Argon. Upon shifting the focus position of an elliptically polarized laser pulse over the filament induced by a linearly polarized laser pulse, an obvious enhancement of harmonic yield by nearly one order of magnitude is observed. The result could be interpreted in terms of the double contributions from both the excited states of target atom and the phase-matching effect of harmonic beam. In contrast to the enhancement phenomena, an obvious suppression of harmonic yield is also presented, which could be attributed to both the ground-state depletion and the plasma effect.

Mapping the spectral phase of isolated attosecond pulses by extreme-ultraviolet emission spectrum.

An all-optical method is proposed for the measurement of the spectral phase of isolated attosecond pulses. The technique is based on the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in a gas by the combination of an attosecond pulse and a strong infrared (IR) pulse with controlled electric field. By using a full quantum simulation, we demonstrate that, for particular temporal delays between the two pulses, the IR field can drive back to the parent ions the photoelectrons generated by the attosecond pulse, thus leading to the generation of XUV photons. It is found that the generated XUV spectrum is notably sensitive to the chirp of the attosecond pulse, which can then be reliably retrieved. A classical quantum-path analysis is further used to quantitatively explain the main features exhibited in the XUV emission.

CEP-controlled supercontinuum generation during filamentation with mid-infrared laser pulse.

With carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilized mid-infrared (MIR) laser pulse, the CEP-controlled supercontinuum generation can be distinctly observed in a very small distance range when the focus of the laser pulse closes to the exit surface of the fused silica (FS). This CEP effect will be gradually weakened and finally disappears if the laser focus moves out of this range. With numerical simulation, we find that although the CEP effect starts from the tunneling ionization of the electron, it can be observed only when the supercontinuum mainly comes from the self-phase modulation (SPM) and self-steepening of the laser pulse and too much electrons will make it ambiguous.

Carrier-envelope phase effects on the spatial coherence of high-order harmonics.

In this work, we report the Carrier-Envelope Phase Effects on the Spatial Coherence of High-order Harmonics driven by phase-stabilized few-cycle mid-infrared laser pulses. The degree of coherence varies with carrier-envelope phase periodically with a period of π. At the same time, as the harmonic orders increase, the extreme points on the curve of coherence degree vs. carrier-envelope phase shift toward the direction of carrier-envelope phase increasing. Through theoretical analysis, we find that the ionization induced frequency chirp plays an important role in the Carrier-Envelope Phase Effects on the Spatial Coherence. This effect suggests a possible method to optimize the spatial coherence of harmonics by tuning the carrier-envelope phase of the driving field.

Spatially and spectrally resolved quantum-path tracing in high-order harmonic generation.

We experimentally demonstrate the macroscopic evolution of quantum-path distributions in harmonic emission with spatial and spectral resolution from an argon gas jet, and obviously observe that the spatial profiles of harmonics are gradually split into two components (the red and blue shifts) when the driving laser intensity is increased. Moreover, the red and blue shifts in quantum-path distributions are experimentally traced and clarified in the spatial and spectral domain by choosing the focal position. These results give a more comprehensive understanding and therefore a better control of harmonic emission.

Observation of CEP effect via filamentation in transparent solids.

We report on the first direct observation of carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) effect during the interaction between few-cycle laser pulses and bulk solid materials. Using 2-cycle mid-infrared laser pulses with stabilized CEP, the CEP effect of tunneling ionization during the laser filamentation in a fused silica is revealed. The phase variation of the accompanying supercontinuum (SC) emission with filamentation at different CEPs of laser pulses can be measured by means of spectral interference technique, as a direct manifestation of the strong field tunneling ionization dynamics in transparent solids.

DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in the peanut worm Sipunculus nudus.

Peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) is a cosmopolitan species mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences among S. nudus from GenBank revealed high genetic variation (p-distance, 0.115-0.235; k2p, 0.128-0.297) and paraphyletic relationships. These indicated misidentification and/or cryptic diversity may be present in the genus Sipunculus. To understand the genetic diversity and to manage the recourse of S. nudus, we collected specimens from coastal waters of southern China and Taiwan. In the phylogenetic topology, specimens can be separated into four distinct clades; three of these clades (clade A, B and C) were only represented from this region (southern China and Taiwan), but the clade D grouped with individuals from Central America (Atlantic coast). Furthermore, individuals of clades A and D were collected at the same location, which does not support the hypothesis that this genetic break reflects contemporary geographical isolation. The four distinct clades observed among coastal waters of southern China and Taiwan indicated underestimated diversity. It is noteworthy that the cryptic diversity is vulnerable under high pressure of human activity.