The antibacterial and inhibition effect of chitosan grafted gentisate acid derivatives against Pseudomonas fluorescens: Attacking multiple targets on structure, metabolism system, antioxidant system, and biofilm.

This work aimed to investigate the antibacterial ability and potential mechanism of chitosan grafted gentisate acid derivatives (CS-g-GA) against Pseudomonas fluorescens. The results showed that CS-g-GA had a significant suppressive impact on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 0.64 mg/mL and 1.28 mg/mL, respectively. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and alkaline phosphatase (AKPase) confirmed that CS-g-GA destroyed the cell structure thereby causing the leakage of intracellular components. In addition, 1 × MIC of CS-g-GA could significantly inhibit the formation of biofilms, and 74.78 % mature biofilm and 86.21 % extracellular polysaccharide of Pseudomonas fluorescens were eradicated by CS-g-GA at 2 × MIC. The results on the respiratory energy metabolism system and antioxidant system demonstrated that CS-g-GA caused respiratory disturbance and energy limitation by influencing the key enzyme activities. It could also bind to DNA and affect genetic metabolism. From this, it could be seen that CS-g-GA had the potential to control foodborne contamination of Pseudomonas fluorescens by attacking multiple targets.

Effects of chitosan-gentianic acid derivatives on the quality and shelf life of seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) during refrigerated storage.

Chitosan is a natural polymer material with antibacterial, biodegradable and biocompatibility. At present, the research is mainly to enhance the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of chitosan by grafting with phenolic acids to further expand its application in food. In this study, the effect of chitosan-g-gentisic acid graft copolymer (CS-g-GA) on the shelf life of refrigerated seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was investigated. The results of microbial analysis demonstrated that GA and CS-g-GA treatment could effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms. In addition, physicochemical analysis showed that GA and CS-g-GA treatment could reduce the increase of pH value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and K-value, delay water loss, maintain texture and color, and postpone the decrease of sensory score. Compared with the control sample, CS-g-GA could keep the quality of Lateolabrax japonicus and extend its shelf-life for another 9 days. In summary, CS-g-GA has good application and development prospects for the preservation of seabass.

Mapping putative enhancers in mouse oocytes and early embryos reveals TCF3/12 as key folliculogenesis regulators.

Dynamic epigenomic reprogramming occurs during mammalian oocyte maturation and early development. However, the underlying transcription circuitry remains poorly characterized. By mapping cis-regulatory elements using H3K27ac, we identified putative enhancers in mouse oocytes and early embryos distinct from those in adult tissues, enabling global transitions of regulatory landscapes around fertilization and implantation. Gene deserts harbour prevalent putative enhancers in fully grown oocytes linked to oocyte-specific genes and repeat activation. Embryo-specific enhancers are primed before zygotic genome activation and are restricted by oocyte-inherited H3K27me3. Putative enhancers in oocytes often manifest H3K4me3, bidirectional transcription, Pol II binding and can drive transcription in STARR-seq and a reporter assay. Finally, motif analysis of these elements identified crucial regulators of oogenesis, TCF3 and TCF12, the deficiency of which impairs activation of key oocyte genes and folliculogenesis. These data reveal distinctive regulatory landscapes and their interacting transcription factors that underpin the development of mammalian oocytes and early embryos.

QM-DLA: an efficient qubit mapping method based on dynamic look-ahead strategy.

Quantum computing has already demonstrated great computational potential across multiple domains and has received more and more attention. However, due to the connectivity limitations of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, most of the quantum algorithms cannot be directly executed without the help of inserting SWAP gates. Nevertheless, more SWAP gates lead to a longer execution time and, inevitably, lower fidelity of the algorithm. To this end, this paper proposes an optimized qubit mapping algorithm based on a dynamic look-ahead strategy to minimize the number of SWAP gates inserted. Firstly, a heuristic algorithm is proposed based on maximizing physical qubit connectivity to generate the optimal initial qubit mapping, which reduces the need for logical qubit shifts during subsequent SWAP gate insertion. Secondly, in the form of directed acyclic graphs, we identify quantum gates that violate the constraints of physical coupling and insert SWAP gates to remap qubits, thereby overcoming the limitations of qubit interactions. Finally, the optimal SWAP gate insertion strategy is built by comparing the cost of different SWAP gate insertion strategies through a multi-window look-ahead strategy to reduce the number of SWAP gates inserted. The experimental results show that the strategy in this paper decreases the number of SWAP gate insertions and significantly reduces the depth of quantum circuits when performing qubit mapping compared with state-of-the-art methods.

Estimating the Temporal Epidemiological Trends of Tuberculosis Incidence by Using an Advanced Theta Method.

We aimed to assess the temporal epidemiological trends in tuberculosis (TB) by use of an advanced Theta method. The TB incidence data from Tianjin, Heilongjiang, Hubei, and Guangxi provinces in China, spanning January 2005 to December 2019, were extracted. We then constructed and compared various modeling approaches, including the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, the Theta model, the standard Theta model (STM), the dynamic optimized Theta model (DOTM), the dynamic standard Theta model (DSTM), and the optimized Theta model (OTM). During 2005-2019, these four provinces recorded a total of 2,068,399 TB cases. Analyses indicated that TB exhibited seasonality, with prominent peaks in spring and winter, and a slight downward trend was seen in incidence. In the Tianjin forecast, the OTM consistently demonstrated superior performance with the lowest values across metrics, including mean absolute deviation (0.159), mean absolute percentage error (7.032), root mean square error (0.21), mean error rate (0.068), and root mean square percentage error (0.093), compared with those of SARIMA (0.397, 16.654, 0.436, 0.169, and 0.179, respectively), Theta (0.166, 7.248, 0.231, 0.071, and 0.102, respectively), DOTM (0.169, 7.341, 0.234, 0.072, and 0.102, respectively), DSTM (0.169, 7.532, 0.203, 0.072, and 0.092, respectively), and STM (0.165, 7.218, 0.231, 0.070, and 0.101, respectively). Similar results were also observed in the other provinces, emphasizing the effectiveness of the OTM in estimating TB trends. Thus, the OTM may serve as a beneficial and effective tool for estimating the temporal epidemiological trends of TB.

Recommendations for nutritional supplements for dry eye disease: current advances.

Dry eye disease (DED) represents a prevalent ocular surface disease. The development of effective nutritional management strategies for DED is crucial due to its association with various factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, deficiencies in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), imbalanced PUFA ratios, and vitamin insufficiencies. Extensive research has explored the impact of oral nutritional supplements, varying in composition and dosage, on the symptoms of DED. The main components of these supplements include fish oils (Omega-3 fatty acids), vitamins, trace elements, and phytochemical extracts. Beyond these well-known nutrients, it is necessary to explore whether novel nutrients might contribute to more effective DED management. This review provides a comprehensive update on the therapeutic potential of nutrients and presents new perspectives for combination supplements in DED treatment.

Stepwise analysis of thyroid diagnostic modalities with genomic imprinting detection.

BACKGROUND: The current preoperative malignancy risk evaluation for thyroid nodules involves stepwise diagnostic modalities including ultrasonography, thyroid function serology and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology, respectively. We aimed to substantiate the stepwise contributions of each diagnostic step and additionally investigate the diagnostic significance of quantitative chromogenic imprinted gene in-situ hybridization (QCIGISH)-an adjunctive molecular test based on epigenetic imprinting alterations. METHODS: A total of 114 cytopathologically-diagnosed and histopathologically-confirmed thyroid nodules with complete ultrasonographic and serological examination records were evaluated using QCIGISH in the study. Logistic regression models for thyroid malignancy prediction were developed with the stepwise addition of each diagnostic modality and the contribution of each step evaluated in terms of discrimination performance and goodness-of-fit. RESULTS: From the baseline model using ultrasonography [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC): 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.86], significant improvements in thyroid malignancy discrimination were observed with the stepwise addition of thyroid function serology (AUROC: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.74-0.90; P=0.23) and FNA cytopathology (AUROC: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81-0.94; P=0.02), respectively. The inclusion of QCIGISH as an adjunctive molecular test further advanced the preceding model's diagnostic performance (AUROC: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91-1.00, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated the significant stepwise diagnostic contributions of standard clinical assessments in the malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules. However, the addition of molecular imprinting detection further enabled a more accurate and definitive preoperative evaluation especially for morphologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and cases with potentially discordant results among standard modalities.

Bioactive metabolite profiles and quality of Rosa rugosa during its growing and flower-drying process.

Rosa rugosa is extensively cultivated in China for its remarkable fragrance and flavor, however, the metabolic changes in roses during growth and drying remain unclear. Our results revealed significant variations in phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity in roses (Rosa rugosa f. plena (Regel) Byhouwer) under different conditions. Phenol contents were positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, with phytochemicals being most prominent in unfolded petals. The highest antioxidant capacity and phenol and flavonoid contents were observed in April. Considering their greater consumption value, whole flowers were more suitable than petals alone. Furthermore, considerable sensory and nutritional differences were observed in dried roses. Different drying methods increased their total phenol content of roses by 4.2-5.4 times and the antioxidant capacity by 2.9 times. Metabolomics revealed the altered contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, lipids, amino acids, and saccharides. This study provides baseline data for the potential of roses as a natural source of antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

The F-box protein RhSAF destabilizes the gibberellic acid receptor RhGID1 to mediate ethylene-induced petal senescence in rose.

Roses are among the most popular ornamental plants cultivated worldwide for their great economic, symbolic, and cultural importance. Nevertheless, rapid petal senescence markedly reduces rose (Rosa hybrida) flower quality and value. Petal senescence is a developmental process tightly regulated by various phytohormones. Ethylene accelerates petal senescence, while gibberellic acid (GA) delays this process. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these phytohormones in the regulation of petal senescence remain largely unclear. Here, we identified SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED F-BOX (RhSAF), an ethylene-induced F-box protein gene encoding a recognition subunit of the SCF-type E3 ligase. We demonstrated that RhSAF promotes degradation of the GA receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (RhGID1) to accelerate petal senescence. Silencing RhSAF expression delays petal senescence, while suppressing RhGID1 expression accelerates petal senescence. RhSAF physically interacts with RhGID1s and targets them for ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Accordingly, ethylene-induced RhGID1C degradation and RhDELLA3 accumulation are compromised in RhSAF-RNAi lines. Our results demonstrate that ethylene antagonizes GA activity through RhGID1 degradation mediated by the E3 ligase RhSAF. These findings enhance our understanding of the phytohormone crosstalk regulating petal senescence and provide insights for improving flower longevity.

Identification of Spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]s as Potent, Selective, and Gq-Biased 5-HT2C Receptor Partial Agonists.

A series of spiropiperidines was designed and synthesized by structural modifications based on our previous lead compound 1 and evaluated with cellular signaling assays for the discovery of 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) selective agonists with a Gq bias. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of spiropiperidines uncovered spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]s as a novel chemotype of 5-HT2CR selective agonists. Among this new series, the 7-chloro analogue 8 was identified as the most potent and selective 5-HT2CR partial agonist (Emax = 71.09%) with an EC50 value of 121.5 nM and no observed activity toward 5-HT2AR or 5-HT2BR. Moreover, compound 8 exhibited no recruitment activity for ß-arrestin and showed low inhibition of hERG at 10 µM. These findings may pave the way to develop more potent Gq-biased 5-HT2CR partial agonists as useful pharmacological tool compounds or potential drug candidates.

Modified chitosan with different phenolic acids: Characterization, physicochemical properties, and biological activity.

This study synthesized five phenolic acid-chitosan copolymers utilizing the carbodiimide-mediated chemical crosslinking reaction. Comprehensive evaluations were conducted on their structural attributes, physicochemical properties, and biological activities. Fourier transform infrared confirmed successful grafting of phenolic acids onto chitosan via amide linkages. Additionally, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed novel absorption peaks between 200 and 400 nm and 6.0-8.0 ppm, respectively, attributable to the incorporated phenolic acids. Notably, the chitosan-gentisate acid copolymer exhibited significantly enhanced biological activity (p < 0.05) compared to pure chitosan and the other four conjugates, attributed to its highest grafting degree of approximately 295.93 mg/g. These modified chitosan derivatives effectively preserved the quality of sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) during refrigerated storage, extending its shelf-life by up to 9 days, 7 days, and 4 days relative to control, chitosan, and gentisate acid groups.

Adipokines in atopic dermatitis: the link between obesity and atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin condition with intense pruritus, eczema, and dry skin. The recurrent intense pruritus and numerous complications in patients with AD can profoundly affect their quality of life. Obesity is one of its comorbidities that has been confirmed to be the hazard factor of AD and also worsen its severity. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms that explain the connection between obesity and AD remain incompletely recognized. Recent studies have built hopes on various adipokines to explain this connection. Adipokines, which are disturbed by an obese state, may lead to immune system imbalances in people with AD and promote the development of the disease. This review focuses on the abnormal expression patterns of adipokines in patients with AD and their potential regulatory molecular mechanisms associated with AD. The connection between AD and obesity is elucidated through the involvement of adipokines. This conduces to the in-depth exploration of AD pathogenesis and provides a new perspective to develop therapeutic targets.

Prohibitin 2: A key regulator of cell function.

The PHB2 gene is located on chromosome 12p13 and encodes prohibitin 2, a highly conserved protein of 37 kDa. PHB2 is a dimer with antiparallel coils, possessing a unique negatively charged region crucial for its mitochondrial molecular chaperone functions. Thus, PHB2 plays a significant role in cell life activities such as mitosis, mitochondrial autophagy, signal transduction, and cell death. This review discusses how PHB2 inhibits transcription factors or nuclear receptors to maintain normal cell functions; how PHB2 in the cytoplasm or membrane ensures normal cell mitosis and regulates cell differentiation; how PHB2 affects mitochondrial structure, function, and cell apoptosis through mitochondrial intimal integrity and mitochondrial autophagy; how PHB2 affects mitochondrial stress and inhibits cell apoptosis by regulating cytochrome c migration and other pathways; how PHB2 affects cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis through a mitochondrial independent mechanism; and how PHB2 could be applied in disease treatment. We provide a theoretical basis and an innovative perspective for a comprehensive understanding of the role and mechanism of PHB2 in cell function regulation.

Improved catalytic performance and molecular insight for lipoxygenase from Enterovibrio norvegicus via directed evolution.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) holds significant promise for food and pharmaceutical industries. However, albeit its application has been hampered by low catalytic activity and suboptimal thermostability. To address the drawbacks, a directed evolution strategy was explored to enhance the catalytic activity and thermostability of LOX from Enterovibrio norvegicus (EnLOX) for the first time. After two rounds of error-prone polymerase chain reaction (error-prone PCR) and one generations of sequential DNA shuffling, all of four different mutants showed a significant increase in the specific activity of EnLOX, ranging from 132.07 ± 9.34 to 330.17 ± 18.54 U/mg. Among these mutants, D95E/T99A/A121H/S142N/N444W/S613G (EAHNWG) exhibited the highest specific activity, which was 8.25-fold higher than the wild-type enzyme (WT). Meanwhile, the catalytic efficiency (K cat /K m) of EAHNWG was also improved, which was 13.61 ± 1.67 s-1 µM-1, in comparison to that of WT (4.83 ± 0.38 s-1 µM-1). In addition, mutant EAHNWG had a satisfied thermostability with the t 1/2,50 °C value of 6.44 ± 0.24 h, which was 0.4 h longer than that of the WT. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation and structural analysis demonstrated that the reduction of hydrogen bonds number, the enhancement of hydrophobic interactions in the catalytic pocket, and the improvement of flexibility of the lid domain facilitated structural stability and the strength of substrate binding capacity for improved thermal stability and catalytic efficiency of mutant LOX after directed evolution. Overall, these results could provide the guidance for further enzymatic modification of LOX with high catalytic performance for industrial application.

Interruption time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average model: evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on the epidemic trend of gonorrhea in China.

BACKGROUND: Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis is a growing method for assessing intervention impacts on diseases. However, it remains unstudied how the COVID-19 outbreak impacts gonorrhea. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on gonorrhea and predict gonorrhea epidemics using the ITS-autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. METHODS: The number of gonorrhea cases reported in China from January 2005 to September 2022 was collected. Statistical descriptions were applied to indicate the overall epidemiological characteristics of the data, and then the ITS-ARIMA was established. Additionally, we compared the forecasting abilities of ITS-ARIMA with Bayesian structural time series (BSTS), and discussed the model selection process, transfer function, check model fitting, and interpretation of results. RESULT: During 2005-2022, the total cases of gonorrhea were 2,165,048, with an annual average incidence rate of 8.99 per 100,000 people. The highest incidence rate was 14.2 per 100,000 people in 2005 and the lowest was 6.9 per 100,000 people in 2012. The optimal model was ARIMA (0,1, (1,3)) (0,1,1)12 (Akaike's information criterion = 3293.93). When predicting the gonorrhea incidence, the mean absolute percentage error under the ARIMA (16.45%) was smaller than that under the BSTS (22.48%). The study found a 62.4% reduction in gonorrhea during the first-level response, a 46.47% reduction during the second-level response, and an increase of 3.6% during the third-level response. The final model estimated a step change of - 2171 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 3698 to - 644) cases and an impulse change of - 1359 (95% CI - 2381 to - 338) cases. Using the ITS-ARIMA to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on gonorrhea, the gonorrhea incidence showed a temporary decline before rebounding to pre-COVID-19 levels in China. CONCLUSION: ITS analysis is a valuable tool for gauging intervention effectiveness, providing flexibility in modelling various impacts. The ITS-ARIMA model can adeptly explain potential trends, autocorrelation, and seasonality. Gonorrhea, marked by periodicity and seasonality, exhibited a downward trend under the influence of COVID-19 intervention. The ITS-ARIMA outperformed the BSTS, offering superior predictive capabilities for the gonorrhea incidence trend in China.

Impact of COVID-19 on epidemic trend of hepatitis C in Henan Province assessed by interrupted time series analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C presents a profound global health challenge. The impact of COVID-19 on hepatitis C, however, remain uncertain. This study aimed to ascertain the influence of COVID-19 on the hepatitis C epidemic trend in Henan Province. METHODS: We collated the number of monthly diagnosed cases in Henan Province from January 2013 to September 2022. Upon detailing the overarching epidemiological characteristics, the interrupted time series (ITS) analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models was employed to estimate the hepatitis C diagnosis rate pre and post the COVID-19 emergence. In addition, we also discussed the model selection process, test model fitting, and result interpretation. RESULTS: Between January 2013 and September 2022, a total of 267,968 hepatitis C cases were diagnosed. The yearly average diagnosis rate stood at 2.42/100,000 persons. While 2013 witnessed the peak diagnosis rate at 2.97/100,000 persons, 2020 reported the least at 1.7/100,000 persons. The monthly mean hepatitis C diagnosed numbers culminated in 2291 cases. The optimal ARIMA model chosen was ARIMA (0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 with AIC = 1459.58, AICc = 1460.19, and BIC = 1472.8; having coefficients MA1=-0.62 (t=-8.06, P < 0.001) and SMA1=-0.79 (t=-6.76, P < 0.001). The final model's projected step change was - 800.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1179.9 ~ -420.1, P < 0.05) and pulse change was 463.40 (95% CI 191.7 ~ 735.1, P < 0.05) per month. CONCLUSION: The measures undertaken to curtail COVID-19 led to a diminishing trend in the diagnosis rate of hepatitis C. The ARIMA model is a useful tool for evaluating the impact of large-scale interventions, because it can explain potential trends, autocorrelation, and seasonality, and allow for flexible modeling of different types of impacts.

Multimodal single-cell datasets characterize antigen-specific CD8+ T cells across SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection.

The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen after infection or vaccination is defined by the durable production of antibodies and T cells. Population-based monitoring typically focuses on antibody titer, but there is a need for improved characterization and quantification of T cell responses. Here, we used multimodal sequencing technologies to perform a longitudinal analysis of circulating human leukocytes collected before and after immunization with the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. Our data indicated distinct subpopulations of CD8+ T cells, which reliably appeared 28 days after prime vaccination. Using a suite of cross-modality integration tools, we defined their transcriptome, accessible chromatin landscape and immunophenotype, and we identified unique biomarkers within each modality. We further showed that this vaccine-induced population was SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific and capable of rapid clonal expansion. Moreover, we identified these CD8+ T cell populations in scRNA-seq datasets from COVID-19 patients and found that their relative frequency and differentiation outcomes were predictive of subsequent clinical outcomes.

The relationship between bullous pemphigoid and renal disease and related treatments: a review of the current literature.

INTRODUCTION: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder in older adults. There is increasing evidence that BP has connections with renal diseases, such as glomerulopathy and neoplasm; it is also linked to the receipt of renal replacement therapy. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we summarize the current evidence that BP is a comorbidity of common renal diseases. Furthermore, our exploration of the characteristics and possible mechanisms underlying these connections provides insights that may facilitate the prevention, diagnosis, and management of BP. EXPERT OPINION: There is mounting proof that BP is not just a skin immunological disorder but rather a systemic immune-mediated illness. Quantities of case reports focused on BP as a renal disease comorbidity and the coexistence of them is not accidental. However, the underlying mechanisms are still needed to be investigated. Clinicians should be alert to the comorbidities in order to facilitate effective treatment and improve patient prognosis.

Synergistic Effect of Combined Treatment with Allicin and Antioxidant of Bamboo Leaves and Preservation of Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) during Refrigeration Storage.

The effects of allicin and antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) on the quality of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) during refrigerated storage (4 °C) were investigated. The quality changes in samples treated with deionized water (CK), allicin solution (All), antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), and allicin solution combined with AOB solution (AA) in microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory evaluation were analyzed, respectively. The results demonstrated that combination treatment inhibited the increase in total viable counts, delayed the decrease in amino acid content, and retarded the sensory deterioration. Preservative treatment has an inhibitory effect on the early storage of PBC, which can reduce PBC by about 1.0 log CFU/g. The reduction in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) content and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content indicated that combination treatment could better restrain the lipid oxidation and degradation of protein than the CK group and single-treatment group. In addition, the TVB-N content in the AA group still did not exceed the threshold on the 14th day. As a consequence, combination treatment prolonged the shelf life of bullfrogs for another six days. Therefore, allicin and AOB with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity could be an effective approach to delay the biochemical reaction of refrigerated bullfrogs. This study has provided a potential approach for increasing the shelf life of bullfrogs and preserving their quality during refrigerated storage.

Clinical evidence of the efficacy and safety of a new multi-peptide anti-aging topical eye serum.

BACKGROUND: Skin aging is a complex multifactorial progressive process. With age, intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause the loss of skin elasticity, with the formation of wrinkles, resulting in skin sagging through various pathways. A combination of multiple bioactive peptides could be used as a treatment for skin wrinkles and sagging. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the cosmetic efficacy of a multi-peptide eye serum as a daily skin-care product for improving the periocular skin of women within the ages of 20-45 years. METHODS: The stratum corneum skin hydration and skin elasticity were assessed using a Corneometer CM825 and Skin Elastometer MPA580, respectively. The PRIMOS CR technique based on digital strip projection technology was used for skin image and wrinkle analysis around the "crow's feet" area. Self-assessment questionnaires were filled on Day 14 and 28 of product use. RESULTS: This study included 32 subjects with an average age of 28.5 years. On Day 28, there was a significant decrease in the number, depth, and volume of wrinkles. Skin hydration, elasticity, and firmness increased continuously during the study period, consistent with typical anti-aging claims. A majority of the participants (75.00%) expressed overall satisfaction with their skin appearance after using the product. Most participants noted a visible skin improvement, with an increase in skin elasticity and smoothness, and confirmed the extensibility, applicability, and temperance of the product. No adverse reactions related to product use were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The multi-peptide eye serum uses a multi-targeted mechanism against skin aging to improve the skin appearance, making it an ideal choice for daily skincare.