Research on detection of potato varieties based on spectral imaging analytical algorithm.

Potatoes are popular among consumers due to their high yield and delicious taste. However, due to the numerous varieties of potatoes, different varieties are suitable for different processing methods. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish varieties after harvest to meet the needs of processing enterprises and consumers. In this study, a new visible-near-infrared spectroscopic analysis method was proposed, which can achieve detection of five potato varieties. The method measures the transmission and reflection spectra of potatoes using a spectral acquisition system, encodes one-dimensional spectra into two-dimensional images using Gramian Angular Summation Field (GASF), Gramian Angular Difference Field (GADF), Markov Transition Field (MTF) and Recurrence Plot (RP), and improves the coordinated attention mechanism module and embeds the improved module into the ConvNeXt V2 model to build the ConvNeXt V2-CAP model for potato variety classification. The results show that compared with directly using one-dimensional classification models, image encoding of spectral data for classification greatly improves the accuracy. Among them, the best accuracy of 99.54% is achieved by using GADF image encoding of transmission spectra combined with the ConvNeXt V2-CAP model for classification, which is 16.28% higher than the highest accuracy of the one-dimensional classification model. The CAP attention mechanism module improves the performance of the model, especially when the dataset is small. When the training set is reduced to 150 images, the accuracy of the model is improved by 2.33% compared to the original model. Therefore, it is feasible to classify potato varieties using visible-near infrared spectroscopy and image encoding technology.

A tea bud segmentation, detection and picking point localization based on the MDY7-3PTB model.

Introduction: The identification and localization of tea picking points is a prerequisite for achieving automatic picking of famous tea. However, due to the similarity in color between tea buds and young leaves and old leaves, it is difficult for the human eye to accurately identify them. Methods: To address the problem of segmentation, detection, and localization of tea picking points in the complex environment of mechanical picking of famous tea, this paper proposes a new model called the MDY7-3PTB model, which combines the high-precision segmentation capability of DeepLabv3+ and the rapid detection capability of YOLOv7. This model achieves the process of segmentation first, followed by detection and finally localization of tea buds, resulting in accurate identification of the tea bud picking point. This model replaced the DeepLabv3+ feature extraction network with the more lightweight MobileNetV2 network to improve the model computation speed. In addition, multiple attention mechanisms (CBAM) were fused into the feature extraction and ASPP modules to further optimize model performance. Moreover, to address the problem of class imbalance in the dataset, the Focal Loss function was used to correct data imbalance and improve segmentation, detection, and positioning accuracy. Results and discussion: The MDY7-3PTB model achieved a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 86.61%, a mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of 93.01%, and a mean recall (mRecall) of 91.78% on the tea bud segmentation dataset, which performed better than usual segmentation models such as PSPNet, Unet, and DeeplabV3+. In terms of tea bud picking point recognition and positioning, the model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 93.52%, a weighted average of precision and recall (F1 score) of 93.17%, a precision of 97.27%, and a recall of 89.41%. This model showed significant improvements in all aspects compared to existing mainstream YOLO series detection models, with strong versatility and robustness. This method eliminates the influence of the background and directly detects the tea bud picking points with almost no missed detections, providing accurate two-dimensional coordinates for the tea bud picking points, with a positioning precision of 96.41%. This provides a strong theoretical basis for future tea bud picking.

Improvement of Salinity Tolerance in Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice (WDR).

Rice is one of the most economically important staple food crops in the world. Soil salinization and drought seriously restrict sustainable rice production. Drought aggravates the degree of soil salinization, and, at the same time, increased soil salinity also inhibits water absorption, resulting in physiological drought stress. Salt tolerance in rice is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. This review presents and discusses the recent research developments on salt stress impact on rice growth, rice salt tolerance mechanisms, the identification and selection of salt-tolerant rice resources, and strategies to improve rice salt tolerance. In recent years, the increased cultivation of water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) has shown great application potential in alleviating the water resource crisis and ensuring food and ecological security. Here, we present an innovative germplasm selection strategy of salt-tolerant WDR, using a population that is developed by recurrent selection based on dominant genic male sterility. We aim to provide a reference for efficient genetic improvement and germplasm innovation of complex traits (drought and salt tolerance) that can be translated into breeding all economically important cereal crops.

Molecular Breeding of Water-Saving and Drought-Resistant Rice for Blast and Bacterial Blight Resistance.

Rice production is often affected by biotic and abiotic stressors. The breeding of resistant cultivars is a cost-cutting and environmentally friendly strategy to maintain a sustainable high production level. An elite water-saving and drought-resistant rice (WDR), Hanhui3, is susceptible to blast and bacterial blight (BB). This study was conducted to introgress three resistance genes (Pi2, xa5, and Xa23) for blast and BB into Hanhui3, using marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the foreground selection and a whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array for the background selection. As revealed by the whole-genome SNP array, the recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery of the improved NIL was 94.2%. The resistance levels to blast and BB of the improved NIL and its derived hybrids were higher than that of the controls. In addition, the improved NIL and its derived hybrids retained the desired agronomic traits from Hanhui3, such as yield. The improved NIL could be useful to enhance resistance against biotic stressors and produce stable grain yields in Oryza sativa subspecies indica rice breeding programs.

Molecular Breeding of a Novel PTGMS Line of WDR for Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Blast Using Pi9, Pi5, and Pi54 Genes.

BACKGROUND: The two-line method based on the photoperiod and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (PTGMS) lines is more cost-effective, simple, and efficient than the three-line system based on cytoplasmic male-sterility. Blast and drought are the most prevalent biotic and abiotic stress factors hampering rice production. Molecular techniques demonstrate higher efficacy in the pyramiding of disease resistance genes, providing green performance under the background of water-saving and drought-resistance rice. RESULTS: This study employed molecular marker-assisted selection, conventional hybridization, and high-intensity stress screening to integrate three broad-spectrum blast resistance genes Pi9, Pi5, and Pi54 into Huhan 1S. Subsequently, a novel water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) PTGMS line Huhan 74S was developed. The drought resistance of the new PTGMS line Huhan 74S was comparable to that of Huhan 1S. Pathogenicity assays involving the inoculation of 14 blast prevalent isolates in the glasshouse showed that the blast resistance frequency of Huhan 74S was 85.7%. Further evaluation under natural blast epidemic field conditions showed that Huhan 74S and its hybrids were resistant to leaf and neck blast. The critical temperature point of fertility-sterility alteration of Huhan 74S was 23 °C daily mean temperature. The complete male sterility under natural growth conditions in 2017 at Shanghai lasted for 67 days. Also, both the agronomic and grain quality traits met the requirement for two-line hybrid rice production. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the newly bred PTGMS line Huhan 74S can be used to breed high-yielding, good-quality, disease-resistant two-line hybrid water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR), hence promoting sustainable rice production in China.

UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glycosyltransferase Contributes to the Proliferation and Glycolysis of Cervical Cancer Cells by Regulating the PI3K/AKT Pathway.

OBJECTIVE: UDP-glucose ceramide glycosyltransferase (UGCG), a critical enzyme for the synthesis of glucosylceramide, is implicated in various cellular processes. Over-expressed UGCG in several cancer types has been shown to be related to pro-cancerous processes, including cell proliferation, invasion, and multidrug resistance. However, the role of UGCG in cervical cancer remains largely unknown. METHODS: The expression levels of UGCG in cervical cancer tissues and cells were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR. Colony formation and MTT assays were performed to assess cell proliferation and viability. Cellular glucose and lactate consumption and ATP production were investigated by commercial kits. RESULTS: UGCG was elevated in both the cervical cancer tissues and cells. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of UGCG repressed the cell proliferation of cervical cancer and reduced cell viability. Knockdown of UGCG suppressed the glycolytic activity of cervical cancer cells, with a decrease in cellular glucose consumption and lactate and ATP production. Moreover, the knockdown of UGCG sensitized cervical cancer cells to cisplatin. The protein expressions of PI3K and AKT phosphorylation were reduced in cervical cancer cells with silenced UGCG. CONCLUSION: The knockdown of UGCG exerted an anti-tumor effect against cervical cancer through the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Fine mapping a quantitative trait locus, qSER-7, that controls stigma exsertion rate in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

BACKGROUND: Stigma exsertion rate (SER) is a key determinant of outcrossing in hybrid rice seed production. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for stigma exsertion rate in rice, qSER-7, has previously been detected on chromosome 7 by using a F2 population derived from two indica cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) maintainers, Huhan 1B and II-32B. RESULTS: The chromosomal location of qSER-7 was precisely delimited by fine-scale mapping. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) were established, one of which isolated the locus in the qSER-7II-32B line, which contains an introgressed segment of II-32B in the Huhan 1B genetic background, and exhibits a significantly higher stigma exsertion rate than that of the recurrent parent. Using 3192 individuals from the BC4F2 segregation population, the QTL qSER-7 was narrowed down to a 28.4-kb region between the markers RM3859 and Indel4373 on chromosome 7. According to the rice genome annotation database, three genes were predicted within the target region. Real-time PCR analysis showed significantly higher expression levels of LOC_Os07g15370 and LOC_Os07g15390 in II-32B than in Huhan 1B. LOC_Os07g15370(OsNRAMP5) was a previously reported gene for Mn and Cd transporter. The stigma exertion rates of OsNRAMP5-overexpressing plants were significantly higher than that of wild type plants, in contrast, a T-DNA insertion mutant osnramp5 showed a lower stigma exertion rate. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the QTL qSER-7 was isolated to a region between the markers RM3859 and Indel4373. Two candidate genes were selected based on the expression difference between the two parents, which can facilitate the further cloning of the gene underlying the quantitative trait associated with qSER-7 as well as the marker-assisted transfer of desirable genes for stigma exsertion rate improvement in rice.

Development and validation of a PCR-based functional marker system for identifying the low amylose content-associated gene Wx hp in rice.

Low amylose content (AC) is a desirable trait for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cooking quality and is selected in soft rice breeding. The Wx hp allele was derived from a Yunnan rice landrace in China, Haopi, with low AC. To efficiently and rapidly utilize the low amylose content-associated gene Wx hp in rice molecular breeding programs, we developed a tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method, according to the single-nucleotide variation of the Wx hp . Four Wx hp -specific primers were used to perform PCR assays using genomic DNA extracted from several rice varieties. Based on the band pattern of the amplified products after electrophoresis, this method can accurately distinguish three Wx hp -related genotypes (i.e., Wx hp homozygotes, Wx hp heterozygotes, and wild-type), and the genotypes completely correspond to the appearance of mature endosperm. This method represents a novel approach that is both inexpensive and highly efficient and can be widely used for genotyping Wx hp alleles in rice germplasm collections and may aid breeding programs with marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Enhanced rice salinity tolerance via CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of the OsRR22 gene.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress affecting the world rice production. The cultivation of salinity-tolerant cultivars is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for salinity control. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9 systems have been widely used for target-site genome editing; however, their application for the improvement of elite rice cultivars has rarely been reported. Here, we report the improvement of the rice salinity tolerance by engineering a Cas9-OsRR22-gRNA expressing vector, targeting the OsRR22 gene in rice. Nine mutant plants were identified from 14 T0 transgenic plants. Sequencing showed that these plants had six mutation types at the target site, all of which were successfully transmitted to the next generations. Mutant plants without transferred DNA (T-DNA) were obtained via segregation in the T1 generations. Two T2 homozygous mutant lines were further examined for their salinity tolerance and agronomic traits. The results showed that, at the seedling stage, the salinity tolerance of T2 homozygous mutant lines was significantly enhanced compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, no significantly different agronomic traits were found between T2 homozygous mutant lines and wild-type plants. Our results indicate CRISPR/ Cas9 as a useful approach to enhance the salinity tolerance of rice.