Genome-wide association study provided insights into the polled phenotype and polled intersex syndrome (PIS) in goats.

BACKGROUND: Breeding polled goats is a welfare-friendly approach for horn removal in comparison to invasive methods. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying polledness in goats, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of 106 Xinong Saanen dairy goats, including 33 horned individuals, 70 polled individuals, and 3 polled intersexuality syndrome (PIS) individuals. METHODS: The present study employed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis to precisely map the genetic locus underlying the polled phenotype in goats. RESULTS: The analysis conducted in our study revealed a total of 320 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the horned/polled phenotype in goats. These SNPs exhibited two distinct peaks on chromosome 1, spanning from 128,817,052 to 133,005,441 bp and from 150,336,143 to 150,808,639 bp. The present study identified three genome-wide significant SNPs, namely Chr1:129789816, Chr1:129791507, and Chr1:129791577, as potential markers of PIS-affected goats. The results of our LD analysis suggested a potential association between MRPS22 and infertile intersex individuals, as well as a potential association between ERG and the polled trait in goats. CONCLUSION: We have successfully identified three marker SNPs closely linked to PIS, as well as several candidate genes associated with the polled trait in goats. These results may contribute to the development of SNP chips for early prediction of PIS in goats, thereby facilitating breeding programs aimed at producing fertile herds with polled traits.

Mitochondrial GCN5L1 acts as a novel regulator for iron homeostasis to promote sorafenib sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sorafenib resistance is becoming increasingly common and disadvantageous for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Ferroptosis is an iron dependent programmed cell death underlying the mechanism of sorafenib. Iron is crucial for synthesis of cofactors essential to mitochondrial enzymes and necessary for HCC proliferation, while mitochondrial iron overload and oxidative stress are associated with sorafenib induced ferroptosis. However, the crosstalk among iron homeostasis and sorafenib resistance is unclear. METHODS: We conducted bioinformatics analysis of sorafenib treated HCC datasets to analyze GCN5L1 and iron related gene expression with sorafenib resistance. GCN5L1 deleted HCC cell lines were generated by CRISPR technology. Sorafenib resistant HCC cell line was established to validate dataset analysis and evaluate the effect of potential target. RESULTS: We identified GCN5L1, a regulator of mitochondrial acetylation, as a modulator in sorafenib-induced ferroptosis via affecting mitochondrial iron homeostasis. GCN5L1 deficiency significantly increased sorafenib sensitivity in HCC cells by down-regulating mitochondrial iron transporters CISD1 expression to induce iron accumulation. Mitochondrial iron accumulation leads to an acceleration in cellular and lipid ROS. Sorafenib resistance is related to CISD1 overexpression to release mitochondrial iron and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. We combined CISD1 inhibitor NL-1 with sorafenib, which significantly enhanced sorafenib-induced ferroptosis by promoting mitochondrial iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The combination of NL-1 with sorafenib enhanced sorafenib efficacy in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that GCN5L1/CISD1 axis is crucial for sorafenib resistance and would be a potential therapeutic strategy for sorafenib resistant HCC.

Integrated analysis of genomics and transcriptomics revealed the genetic basis for goaty flavor formation in goat milk.

Goat milk exhibits a robust and distinctive "goaty" flavor. However, the underlying genetic basis of goaty flavor remains elusive and requires further elucidation at the genomic level. Through comparative genomics analysis, we identified divergent signatures of certain proteins in goat, sheep, and cow. MMUT has undergone a goat-specific mutation in the B12 binding domain. We observed the goat FASN exhibits nonsynonymous mutations in the acyltransferase domain. Structural variations in these key proteins may enhance the capacity for synthesizing goaty flavor compounds in goat. Integrated omics analysis revealed the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids contributed to the goat milk flavor. Furthermore, we uncovered a regulatory mechanism in which the transcription factor ZNF281 suppresses the expression of the ECHDC1 gene may play a pivotal role in the accumulation of flavor substances in goat milk. These findings provide insights into the genetic basis underlying the formation of goaty flavor in goat milk. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) play a crucial role in generating the distinctive "goaty" flavor of goat milk. Whether there is an underlying genetic basis associated with goaty flavor is unknown. To begin deciphering mechanisms of goat milk flavor development, we collected transcriptomic data from mammary tissue of goat, sheep, cow, and buffalo at peak lactation for cross-species transcriptome analysis and downloaded nine publicly available genomes for comparative genomic analysis. Our data indicate that the catabolic pathway of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is under positive selection in the goat genome, and most genes involved in this pathway exhibit significantly higher expression levels in goat mammary tissue compared to other species, which contributes to the development of flavor in goat milk. Furthermore, we have elucidated the regulatory mechanism by which the transcription factor ZNF281 suppresses ECHDC1 gene expression, thereby exerting an important influence on the accumulation of flavor compounds in goat milk. These findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying flavor formation in goat milk and suggest further research to manipulate the flavor of animal products.

Serum Spexin Level Is Negatively Associated With Peripheral Neuropathy and Sensory Pain in Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Spexin is a novel peptide hormone and has shown antinociceptive effects in experimental mice. This study is aimed at evaluating the association of serum spexin level with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and related pain in a Chinese population. Methods: We enrolled 167 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) including 56 patients without DPN (non-DPN), 67 painless DPN, and 44 painful DPN. Serum spexin was measured using ELISA. Logistic regression models were performed to analyze the independent effects of spexin on prevalence of DPN and painful DPN. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, mechanical pain threshold was measured using electronic von Frey aesthesiometer. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and further stimulated with lipopolysaccharide without or with spexin. The gene expression was assayed by qPCR. Results: Compared with non-DPN, serum spexin level decreased in painless DPN and further decreased in painful DPN. The odds of DPN was associated with low spexin level in T2DM, which was similar by age, sex, BMI, and diabetes duration, but attenuated in smokers. The odds of having pain was associated with decreased spexin level in DPN, which was similar by age, sex, smoking status, and diabetes duration, but attenuated in normal weight. Furthermore, we observed that mechanical pain threshold increased in spexin-treated diabetic mice. We also found that lipopolysaccharide treatment increased the mRNA level of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in human PBMCs, while spexin treatment prevented this increase. Conclusions: These results suggested that spexin might serve as a protective factor for diabetes against neuropathology and pain-related pathogenesis.

Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Pain in Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Moderate-to-severe pain is the most common clinical symptom in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).This trial aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy of Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) in patients of HCC with severe pain and provide a reliable reference for optimizing the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of HCC. Methods: A total of 104 eligible patients were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups in a ratio of 1:1.The treatment was administered for 1 week continuously. Patients in both groups were followed up 1 week after the end of the treatment.The primary outcome measure was the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score, whereas the secondary outcome measures included Brief Pain Inventory BPI-Q3, Q4, Q5 scores, analgesic dose, frequency of opioid-induced gastrointestinal side effects, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), Quality of Life Scale - Liver Cancer (QOL-LC), and Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) scores. Results: The NRS scores of experimental group was significantly lower after treatment and at the follow-up than baseline (average P<0.01), there were also statistical differences between the groups at the above time points (average P<0.01). BPI-Q3, -Q4, and -Q5 scores in the experimental group were decreased after treatment when compared with those before treatment (average P<0.01). Furthermore, there were significant improvements of gastrointestinal side effects, KPS, QOL-LC and BPI in the experimental group after treatment, and the above results were statistically significant compared to the control group. Conclusion: 7-day TEAS treatment can significantly enhance the analgesic effect and maintain for the following week, also reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects caused by opioids, and improve the quality of life of patients with moderate-to-severe HCC-related pain, which has reliable safety and certain clinical promotion value.

Widely Targeted Metabolomic Analysis Revealed the Diversity in Milk from Goats, Sheep, Cows, and Buffaloes and Its Association with Flavor Profiles.

The milk flavor can be attributed to the presence of numerous flavor molecules and precursors. In this study, we employed widely targeted metabolomic analysis techniques to analyze the metabolic profiles of various milk samples obtained from goats, sheep, dairy cows, and buffaloes. A total of 631 metabolites were identified in the milk samples, which were further categorized into 16 distinct classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the metabolite profiles of samples from the same species exhibit clustering, while separated patterns of metabolite profiles are observed across goat, sheep, cow, and buffalo species. The differential metabolites between the groups of each species were screened based on fold change and variable importance in projection (VIP) values. Five core differential metabolites were subsequently identified, including 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, inosine 5'-triphosphate, methylcysteine, N-cinnamylglycine, and small peptide (L-tyrosine-L-aspartate). Through multiple comparisons, we also screened biomarkers of each type of milk. Our metabolomic data showed significant inter-species differences in the composition and concentration of some compounds, such as organic acids, amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, and their derivatives, which may affect the overall flavor properties of the milk sample. These findings provided insights into the molecular basis underlying inter-species variations in milk flavor.

Maternal circadian rhythm disruption affects neonatal inflammation via metabolic reprograming of myeloid cells.

Disruption of circadian rhythm during pregnancy produces adverse health outcomes in offspring; however, the role of maternal circadian rhythms in the immune system of infants and their susceptibility to inflammation remains poorly understood. Here we show that disruption of circadian rhythms in pregnant mice profoundly aggravates the severity of neonatal inflammatory disorders in both male and female offspring, such as necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. The diminished maternal production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the impaired immunosuppressive function of neonatal myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to this phenomenon. Mechanistically, DHA enhances the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs via PPARγ-mediated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Transfer of MDSCs or perinatal supplementation of DHA relieves neonatal inflammation induced by maternal rhythm disruption. These observations collectively demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of maternal circadian rhythms in the control of neonatal inflammation via metabolic reprograming of myeloid cells.

Loss of GCN5L1 exacerbates damage in alcoholic liver disease through ferroptosis activation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Iron overload, oxidative stress and ferroptosis are associated with liver injury in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), however, the crosstalk among these regulatory pathways in ALD development is unclear. METHODS: ALD mouse model and general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1) liver knockout mice were generated to investigate the role of GCN5L1 in ALD development. Proteomic screening tests were performed to identify the key factors mediating GCN5L1 loss-induced ALD. RESULTS: Gene Expression Omnibus data set analysis indicates that GCN5L1 expression is negatively associated with ALD progression. GCN5L1 hepatic knockout mice develop severe liver injury and lipid accumulation when fed an alcohol diet. Screening tests identified that GCN5L1 targeted the mitochondrial iron transporter CISD1 to regulate mitochondrial iron homeostasis in ethanol-induced ferroptosis. GCN5L1-modulated CISD1 acetylation and activity were crucial for iron accumulation and ferroptosis in response to alcohol exposure. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical modulation of CISD1 activity is critical for cellular iron homeostasis and ethanol-induced ferroptosis. The GCN5L1/CISD1 axis is crucial for oxidative stress and ethanol-induced ferroptosis in ALD and is a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies.

Visible-Light-Mediated Three-Component Strategy for the Synthesis of Isoxazolines and Isoxazoles.

Isoxazolines and isoxazoles commonly serve as core structures of many therapeutic agents and natural products. However, the metal-free and catalysis-free strategy for the synthesis of these privileged motifs at room temperature remains a challenging task. Herein, we report a three-component strategy to afford diverse isoxazolines and isoxazoles via [3 + 2] cycloadditions of in situ-formed nitronates and olefins/alkynes under visible-light irradiation.

MiR-103-5p deficiency suppresses lipid accumulation via upregulating PLSCR4 and its host gene PANK3 in goat mammary epithelial cells.

Lipids are intimately related to the unique flavor and nutritional values of goat milk. MicroRNAs (miRNA) participate in the regulation of various biological functions, including the synthesis and degradation of lipids. Several studies have shown that miR-103 is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, however, the molecular mechanism by which miR-103 regulates lipid metabolism in goat mammary gland is poorly understood. In this study, miR-103 was knocked out in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) by CRISPR/Cas9, and the accumulation of lipid droplets, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the cells was suppressed subsequently. Overexpression or knockdown of miR-103-5p and miR-103-3p in GMECs revealed that it was miR-103-5p that promoted lipid accumulation but not miR-103-3p. In addition, Pantothenate Kinase 3 (PANK3), the host gene of miR-103, and Phospholipid Scramblase 4 (PLSCR4) were identified as the target genes of miR-103-5p by dual fluorescein and miRNA pulldown. Furthermore, we identified that cellular lipid levels were negatively regulated by PANK3 and PLSCR4. Lastly, in miR-103 knockout GMECs, the knockdown of PANK and PLSCR4 rescued the lipid accumulation. These findings suggest that miR-103-5p promotes lipid accumulation by targeting PLSCR4 and the host gene PANK3 in GMECs, providing new insights for the regulation of goat milk lipids via miRNAs.

Progress in the study of molecular mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Degenerative intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is one of the main spinal surgery, conditions, which markedly increases the incidence of low back pain and deteriorates the patient's quality of life, and it imposes significant social and economic burdens. The molecular pathology of IVDD is highly complex and multilateral however still not ompletely understood. New findings indicate that IVDD is closely associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, cell injury and extracellular matrix metabolismdysregulation. Symptomatic management is the main therapeutic approach adopted for IVDD, but it fails to address the basic pathological changes and the causes of the disease. However, research is still focusing on molecular aspects in terms of gene expression, growth factors and cell signaling pathways in an attempt to identify specific molecular targets for IVDD treatment. The paper summarizes the most recent achievements in molecularunderstanding of the pathogenesis of IVDD and gives evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.

Anisotropic Te/PdSe2 Van Der Waals Heterojunction for Self-Powered Broadband and Polarization-Sensitive Photodetection.

Polarization-sensitive broadband optoelectronic detection is crucial for future sensing, imaging, and communication technologies. Narrow bandgap 2D materials, such as Te and PdSe2, show promise for these applications, yet their polarization performance is limited by inherent structural anisotropies. In this work, a self-powered, broadband photodetector utilizing a Te/PdSe2 van der Waals (vdWs) heterojunction, with orientations meticulously tailored is introduced through polarized Raman optical spectra and tensor calculations to enhance linear polarization sensitivity. The device exhibits anisotropy ratios of 1.48 at 405 nm, 3.56 at 1550 nm, and 1.62 at 4 µm, surpassing previously-reported photodetectors based on pristine Te and PdSe2. Additionally, it exhibits high responsivity (617 mA W-1 at 1550 nm), specific detectivity (5.27 × 1010 Jones), fast response (≈4.5 µs), and an extended spectral range beyond 4 µm. The findings highlight the significance of orientation-engineered heterostructures in enhancing polarization-sensitive photodetectors and advancing optoelectronic technology.

How to effectively achieve air pollutant reduction and carbon mitigation in China's industrial sector? A study based on decomposition analysis and scenario simulation.

Reducing air pollutant and carbon emissions in the industrial sector is crucial for the ecological civilization construction in China. In this study, we first employ the generalized Divisia index method to analyze the driving factors of industrial CO2 and SO2 emissions, incorporating fixed asset investment and R&D input. The key sub-sectors that exert significant impact on emissions of the whole industrial sector are identified. And then, scenario analysis and Monte Carlo simulation are utilized to predict future trends and potential for reducing CO2 and SO2 emissions. Furthermore, the carbon peaking time of the industrial sub-sectors is investigated. The results indicate that fixed asset investment and R&D input both have played positive roles in CO2 and SO2 emissions. Emission reduction is mainly driven by investment emission intensity, output emission intensity, and R&D emission intensity. Sub-sectors S09, S10, S11, S12, and S18 present substantial potential for reducing air pollutant and carbon emissions. Although SO2 emissions from the industrial sector are projected to decrease in the future, the peak of CO2 emissions have not been reached. The carbon peak time for the whole industrial sector is predicted in 2025, with the peak of 7892.33 Mt. The five key sub-sectors are anticipated to reach the respective carbon emission peaks at different times. Therefore, to effectively implement industrial air pollutant and carbon reduction, the role of fixed asset investment and R&D input should be fully utilized, and high-energy consumption and high-emission sub-sectors should be prioritized for action.

Moxibustion alleviates intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis rats by modulating long non-coding RNA LOC108352929 and inhibiting Phf11 expression.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese medicine, can improve symptoms in patients with UC and reduce intestinal inflammation in rats with UC. However, it remains unclear whether the ameliorative effect of moxibustion on intestinal mucosal inflammation in UC is related to lncRNAs. Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control, UC, moxibustion (MOX), and sulfasalazine (SASP). The UC rat model was induced by administering 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. Rats in the moxibustion group underwent bilateral Tianshu (ST25) moxibustion using the herbs-partition moxibustion method. Rats in the sulfasalazine group received SASP solution via gavage twice daily for seven consecutive days. Our results revealed that, compared with the UC group [2.00 (1.00, 2.50)], the DAI score [0.25 (0.00, 0.50)] was significantly lower in the MOX group (P < 0.05). Compared with the UC group [13.00 (11.25, 14.00)], the histopathological score [5.50 (4.00, 7.75)] was significantly lower in the MOX group (P < 0.05). In addition, the CMDI and macroscopic scores were decreased in the MOX group (P < 0.05). Moxibustion significantly decreased the protein expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1ß in the colonic tissues of UC rats (P <0.05), thereby suppressing the inflammatory response. Moreover, moxibustion exerted a regulatory influence on colon lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles, upregulating LOC108352929 and downregulating Phf11 in rats with UC (P <0.05). Moxibustion also led to a reduction in the expression and colocalization of Phf11 and NF-κB in the colons of UC rats. Moreover, knockdown of LOC108352929 in rat enteric glial cells demonstrated a significant upregulation of TNF-α mRNA expression (P <0.05). In summary, these data illustrate that moxibustion effectively ameliorates DSS-induced colonic injury and inflammation while exerting regulatory control over the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network in UC rats. Collectively, the in vivo and in vitro studies suggested that LOC108352929-Phf11 may serve as a potential biological marker for moxibustion in the treatment of UC.

Multi-organ developmental toxicity and its characteristics in fetal mice induced by dexamethasone at different doses, stages, and courses during pregnancy.

Dexamethasone is widely used in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth to reduce the occurrence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and subsequently reduce neonatal mortality. Studies have suggested that dexamethasone has developmental toxicity, but there is a notable absence of systematic investigations about its characteristics. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) on mother/fetal mice at different doses (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg b.i.d), stages (gestational day 14-15 or 16-17) and courses (single- or double-course) based on the clinical practice. Results showed that PDE increased intrauterine growth retardation rate, and disordered the serum glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolic phenotypes, and sex hormone level of mother/fetal mice. PDE was further discovered to interfere with the development of fetal lung, hippocampus and bone, inhibits steroid synthesis in adrenal and testis, and promotes steroid synthesis in the ovary and lipid synthesis in the liver, with significant effects observed at high dose, early stage and double course. The order of severity might be: ovary > lung > hippocampus/bone > others. Correlation analysis revealed that the decreased serum corticosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were closely related to PDE-induced low birth weight and abnormal multi-organ development in offspring. In conclusion, this study systematically confirmed PDE-induced multi-organ developmental toxicity, elucidated its characteristics, and proposed the potential "glucocorticoid (GC)-IGF1" axis programming mechanism. This research provided an experimental foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the effect and characteristics of dexamethasone on fetal multi-organ development, thereby guiding the application of "precision medicine" during pregnancy.

[Research Process on the Combined Pollution of Microplastics and Typical Pollutants in Agricultural Soils].

As a new type of environmental persistent pollutant， microplastics can not only have adverse effects on the ecosystem but also form complex pollution with co-existing pollutants in the surrounding environment， resulting in higher ecological and health risks. Based on the perspective of agroecosystems， this study focused on the combined pollution of heavy metals， pesticides， and antibiotics， which are three typical pollutants of farmland soil， as well as microplastics and discussed the adsorption-desorption behavior of heavy metals， pesticides， and antibiotics on microplastics. The influence of the structure and properties of microplastics， the physicochemical properties of pollutants， and environmental conditions on the adsorption and desorption behavior of heavy metals， pesticides， and antibiotics on microplastics was discussed. The influence of microplastics on the bioavailability of heavy metals， pesticides， and antibiotics in farmland soil and the internal mechanism were expounded. The existing problems and shortcomings of current research were pointed out， and the future research direction was proposed. This study can provide a scientific reference for ecological risk assessment of the combined pollution of microplastics and typical pollutants in farmland soil.

OCTN2- and ATB0,+-targeted nanoemulsions for improving ocular drug delivery.

Traditional eye drops are administered via topical instillation. However, frequent dosing is needed due to their relatively rapid precorneal removal and low ocular bioavailability. To address these issues, stearoyl L-carnitine-modified nanoemulsions (SC-NEs) were fabricated. The physicochemical properties of SC-NEs in terms of size, morphology, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release behavior were characterized. The cellular uptake and mechanisms of SC-NEs were comprehensively studied in human corneal epithelial cells and the stearoyl L-carnitine ratio in SC-NEs was optimized. The optimized SC-NEs could target the novel organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) and amino acid transporter B (0 +) (ATB0,+) on the corneal epithelium, which led to superior corneal permeation, ocular surface retention ability, ocular bioavailability. Furthermore, SC-NEs showed excellent in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy in a rabbit model of endotoxin-induced uveitis. The ocular safety test indicated that the SC-NEs were biocompatible. In general, the current study demonstrated that OCTN2 and ATB0,+-targeted nanoemulsions were promising ophthalmologic drug delivery systems that can improve ocular drug bioavailability and boost the therapeutic effects of drugs for eye diseases.

Transcriptomic and metabolic analysis unveils the mechanism behind leaf color development in Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes.

Introduction: Leaf coloration in Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes results from the interplay of various pigments undergoing complex catalytic reactions. Methods: We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of pigment biosynthesis affecting leaf color transition in D. cercidifolius var. longipes by analyzing variations in pigment accumulation and levels of gene expression. Results: We identified 468, 577, and 215 differential metabolites in green leaves (GL), gradual-color-changing leaves (GCCL), and red leaves (RL), respectively, with 94 metabolites shared across all comparisons. Metabolite accumulation patterns were similar among GL, GCCL, and RL, with flavonoids being the main differential metabolites. Delphinidin, malvidin, and petunidin derivatives were mostly accumulated in GCCL, whereas cyanidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin derivatives accumulated in RL. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes was associated with anthocyanin accumulation patterns. Discussion: Our findings reveal that the content of delphinidin, malvidin, petunidin, and carotenoids collectively determines the gradual transition of leaf color from green in spring and summer to green, purple, and orange-yellow in early autumn, whereas the content of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, and carotenoids together causes the autumnal transition to red or orange-red colors as leaves of D. cercidifolius var. longipes age.

A new strategy for intervertebral disc regeneration: The synergistic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles with hydrogel scaffolds.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a disease that severely affects spinal health and is prevalent worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have regenerative potential and have emerged as promising therapeutic tools for treating degenerative discs. However, challenges such as the harsh microenvironment of degenerated intervertebral discs and EVs' limited stability and efficacy have hindered their clinical application. In recent years, hydrogels have attracted much attention in the field of IDD therapy because they can mimic the physiologic microenvironment of the disc and provide a potential solution by providing a suitable growth environment for MSCs and EVs. This review introduced the biological properties of MSCs and their derived EVs, summarized the research on the application of MSCs and EVs in IDD, summarized the current clinical trial studies of MSCs and EVs, and also explored the mechanism of action of MSCs and EVs in intervertebral discs. In addition, plenty of research elaborated on the mechanism of action of different classified hydrogels in tissue engineering, the synergistic effect of MSCs and EVs in promoting intervertebral disc regeneration, and their wide application in treating IDD. Finally, the challenges and problems still faced by hydrogel-loaded MSCs and EVs in the treatment of IDD are summarized, and potential solutions are proposed. This paper outlines the synergistic effects of MSCs and EVs in treating IDD in combination with hydrogels and aims to provide theoretical references for future related studies.