Determination of antimicrobial and modulatory activity of bacterial resistance by nettle (Cnidoscolus urens) extracts in multiresistant bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis.

The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and modulating activity of the ethanol extract obtained from the leaves, stems, and roots of Cnidoscolus urens in multiresistant bacteria. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values obtained for the extracts of leaves, stems, and roots were greater than 1024 µg/mL for all isolates. In the antimicrobial resistance modulation test, the extract of the leaves of C. urens showed a better modulating effect than that of the stems and roots for gentamicin, highlighting the reduction of MIC for Escherichia coli, Lactococcus garvieae and Staphylococcus sciuri. For erythromycin, a reduction of MIC was observed in L. garvieae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The extract from the leaves of C. urens has an important modulating effect on resistance in multiresistant bacteria, especially with gentamicin and erythromycin.

Spread analysis of glanders in the state of Piauí, northeastern Brazil.

Brazil is strategic in controlling neglected zoonoses, such as glanders, in its territory. Among the Brazilian states, Piauí is a strategic state for the spread of the disease in the country. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of official cases of glanders in Piauí between 2015 and 2022. The glanders cases were located in the municipalities of the north and central-north mesoregions, mainly in Campo Maior, Teresina and Altos. The highest incidence risk (IR) occurred in of Altos (IR = 257.9), Sussuapara (IR = 158.4), and Teresina (IR = 157.7). A primary cluster was formed with a relative risk of 14.88 between 2019 and 2022, encompassing 34 municipalities in the north and central-north regions. In Piauí, glanders is well localized, with the potential for spread across borders. This is the first study demonstrating the distribution of reported cases of glanders in the state of Piauí.

Diversity and emergence of multi-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from subclinical mastitis in cows in of the state of Piauí, Brazil.

This research aimed to identify the diversity of bacterial species of the genus Staphylococcus spp. in subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the state of Piauí, Northeastern Brazil, and to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic resistance profile. Samples were obtained from a total of 17 dairy farms, amounting to 321 positive samples in the California Mastitis Test. Staphylococcus spp. were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Subsequently, an antibiogram was performed, and a polymerase chain reaction was carried out to screen for resistance genes in the isolates. Among all the isolates, 59.45% (110/185) belonged to the Staphylococcus genus. Moreover, the following Staphylococcus spp. were identified Staphylococcus aureus, 68.1% (75/110); Staphylococcus chromogenes, 12.7% (14/110); Staphylococcus epidermidis, 5.4% (6/110); Staphylococcus sciuri, 4.5% (5/110); Staphylococcus warneri, 2.7% (3/110); Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 1.8% (2/110); Staphylococcus hominis, 1.8% (2/110); Staphylococcus arlettae, 0.9% (1/110); Staphylococcus capitis, 0.9% (1/110); and Staphylococcus gallinarum, 0.9% (1/110). The antibiogram showed a high frequency of resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, 70.0% (77/110) and 61.8% (68/110), respectively, and a low frequency of resistance to gentamicin and vancomycin, 10.9% (12/110) and 11.8% (13/110), respectively. In the genotypic tests for the different species of Staphylococcus spp., the occurrence of the blaZ gene was observed in 60.9% (67/110) of the isolates, followed by tetL and tetM, both with 20.0% (22/110) each, and the mecA and vanB genes were detected in 0.9% (1/110) of the samples. The identification of all Staphylococcus species isolated from subclinical mastitis cases and the phenotypic and genotypic resistance characterization in these isolates is of great importance for dairy farming in the state of Piauí, as well as for public health.

Bovine mastitis in northeastern Brazil: Occurrence of emergent bacteria and their phenotypic and genotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance.

The aim of this study was to identify emergent pathogens associated with bovine mastitis in northeastern Brazil and to characterize them for phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antimicrobials. A total of 321 milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis were collected, and the isolates obtained in culture were identified using matrix-associated laser desorption-ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance tests were performed. We identified 72 bacteria considered emergent in the study region: Enterococcus faecalis (26.3%; 19/72), Streptococcus agalactiae (22.2%; 16/72), Enterococcus faecium (20.0%; 15/72), Escherichia coli (6.9%; 5/72), 6.9% (5/72) Lactococcus garvieae (6.9%; 5/72), Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5%; 4/72), Bacillus subtilis (1.3%; 1/72), Kocuria marina (1.3%; 1/72), Macrococcus caseolyticus (1.3%; 1/72), Microbacterium resistens (1.3%; 1/72), Micrococcus luteus (1.3%; 1/72), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.3%; 1/72), Streptococcus hyovaginalis (1.3%; 1/72) and Streptococcus pluranimalium (1.3%; 1/72). The antibiogram revealed the following resistance profiles: ampicillin (77.7%; 56/72), cefoxitin (69.4%; 50/72), erythromycin (61.1%; 44/72), oxacillin (63.8%; 46/72), penicillin (79.1%; 57/72), tetracycline (63.8%; 46/72), gentamicin (25.0%; 18/72), and vancomycin (20.8%; 15/72). Of the isolates, 83.4% (60/72) showed multiple resistance to antimicrobials. The tetM gene was identified in 43.0% (31/72) of the isolates, followed by tetL (31.9%; 23/72), and blaZ (26.3%; 19/72). 83.4% (60/72) of the isolates presented a multiple antimicrobial resistance index higher than 0,2. Emergent bacteria with zoonotic and multiresistant potential occur in cows with mastitis in northeastern Brazil. It is necessary to monitor the occurrence of these and other bacteria in livestock environments and develop control strategies to prevent their spread.

Occurrence of emerging multiresistant pathogens in the production chain of artisanal goat coalho cheese in Brazil.

Sanitary-hygienic failures in cheese making can pose health risks to consumers. This study aimed to identify multiresistant pathogens in different production stages of artisanal goat coalho cheese in Brazil and characterize their phenotypic and genotypic resistance. Eleven properties in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, participated in the study. Samples were obtained from different stages of production and the humans involved. The samples obtained were submitted to microbiological culture, then all the isolated microorganisms were submitted to the Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight technique for the microbiological identification of the species. Subsequently, Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Macrococcus caseolyticus were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to search for resistance genes and disc diffusion technique to evaluate the resistance profile. A total of 111 isolates were obtained and 31 species were identified, with the frequency of Staphylococcus spp. (62.20%; 69/111), Enterococcus spp. (11.60%; 13/111), Macrococcus caseolyticus (10%; 11/111), Bacillus spp. (3.60%; 4/111), Enterobacter spp. (3.60%; 4/111), Aureobasidium pullulans (1.80%; 2/111), Corynebacterium camporealensis (1.80%; 2/111), Issatchenkia occidentalis (1.80%; 2/111), Kocuria kristinae (1.80%; 2/111), Aerococcus viridans (0.90%; 1/111) and Filifactor villosus (0.90%; 1/111). Phenotypic and genotypic resistance was also detected with the occurrence of 15.90% (7/44) of the mecA gene, 4% (1/25) vanA, and 4% (1/25) vanB in Staphylococcus spp. and 20% (2/10) vanB in and Enterococcus spp. Emerging multiresistant pathogens are present in the production chain of artisanal goat cheese and humans, who exert an important role in disseminating these bacteria with imminent risks to human health.

Multiresistant zoonotic pathogens isolated from goat milk in Northeastern Brazil.

Dairy goats play a significant role in socio-economic, cultural, and nutritional development in many countries. This study aimed to identify multiresistant zoonotic pathogens causing mastitis in goats, in addition to characterizing them for the presence of resistance genes and phenotypic resistance. A total of 714 milk samples from 357 lactating goats in 12 farms in the Northeast region of Brazil were analyzed. The isolates were submitted to Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight to identify bacterial species, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to search for resistance genes, and an antibiogram to evaluate the phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 214 pathogens were identified and bacterial prevalence was 83.29 % (178/214) Staphylococcus spp.; 6.50 % (14/214) Micrococcus luteus; 3.73 % (8/214) Corynebacterium spp.; 2.80 % (6/214) Bacillus spp.; 1.38 % (3/214) Escherichia coli; 0.92 % (2/214) Enterobacter cloacae; 0.46 % (1/214) Aerococcus viridans; 0.46 % (1/214) Morganella morganii; and 0.46 % (1/214) Turicella otitidis. As for gene frequency, 64.60 % (115/178) of the isolates carried the blaZ gene; 37.07 % (66/178) norA; 22.47 % (40/178) tet(L); 16.85 % (30/178) tet(M); 14.04 % (25/178) norB; 8.42 % (15/178) vanA; 7.30 % (13/178) msrA; 6.41 % (5/178) tet-38; 4.49 % (8/178) norC; 2.25 % (4/178) mecA; and 0.56 % (1/178) vanB. Emerging multiresistant zoonotic pathogens are present in the goat milk production chain, especially the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species that pose a risk to human and animal health.

Spatiotemporal distribution and temporal trends of brucellosis and tuberculosis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Brazil.

The buffalo herds in Brazil have been an alternative for increasing the economy in different biomes. For this reason, knowledge of the spatial distribution of diseases of mandatory notification in buffalo herds, such as brucellosis and tuberculosis, is essential to guarantee the quality of exported animal products, as well as assist in strategies of national control and eradication programs. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution and temporal trends of brucellosis and tuberculosis in buffalo in Brazilian states between 2012-2019. During this period, 474 cases of brucellosis and 604 cases of tuberculosis were observed in buffalo in Brazil, with no significant differences between the total number of cases and incidence risk. The spatial distribution for the states was mostly heterogeneous, showing similarities of occurrences for both diseases in the south, north, and the states of Minas Gerais and Pernambuco. In the eight years evaluated, tuberculosis showed cyclical variation every 1-2 years; however, for brucellosis, there was a cyclical trend only between 2012-2015, with a significant decrease until 2018. Among Brazilian states, Pará had greater disease case numbers, with 34 % for brucellosis and 40.6 % for tuberculosis. Temporal trend analysis showed an increase for Pernambuco (annual percentage change [APC]: 21.0 [CI = 20.3; 21.8]), Paraná (APC: 27.1 [CI = 5.6; 53.0]), and Santa Catarina (APC: 10.4 [CI = 0.8; 21.0]) for brucellosis, and for tuberculosis, only for Santa Catarina state (APC: 24.1 [CI = 15.5; 33.3]). Spatiotemporally, there were four high-risk brucellosis clusters with a primary cluster, cluster A (relative risk [RRs] = 53.42, P < 0.001), involving the state of Amazonas between 2014-2015. For tuberculosis, there were three states of high risk, with a primary cluster, cluster E (RRs = 28.18, P < 0.001), involving the states of Pará, Roraima, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Acre in 2014. In conclusion, brucellosis and tuberculosis in buffalo in Brazil are heterogeneously distributed, with well-defined regions of high historical risk of infection. Among these regions, the states of Amazonas, Pará, Amapá, and Minas Gerais stand out due to the higher risk of infection for both brucellosis and tuberculosis, alerting Brazilian authorities to the need for disease control actions.