Digital transition in pathology lab: a survey from the Lombardy region.

Objective: Digital pathology is an opportunity to revise the routine and old artisanal workflow, moving to standard operating procedures, quality control and reproducibility. Here the results of a survey promoted by the Coordinamento della Medicina di Laboratorio (CRC Med Lab) of the Lombardy region in Italy are reported to shed light on the current situation of digital adoption in the country. Methods: The survey composed of 58 questions was sent to 60 pathology laboratories. The results were collected and most significant answers were reported and discussed. Results: Answers were received from 57 (95%) laboratories, a minority organized in spoke-hub networks (16%) with a centralized processing phase (11%). Hybrid manual/computer-assisted traceability was prevalent (36%), with QR/barcode labeling starting within the pathology lab (23%). Different laboratory information systems (LIS) were employed, mostly with alert functions and/or multimedial file attachments (56% and 46%, respectively). The majority opted for a semi-automated tracking management (44, 77%) and 18 centers (32%) were partly digitizing the routine (¾ scanning < 25% of slides). Whole slide images were retained for 3.7 years in average; in-house blocks/slides archiving was still preferred (30, 53%), with 1838 (±1551) and 1798 (±1950) days (5 years) internal permanence for blocks and slides that are stored in out-source (mean turnaround time for return on-demand 3.7±2.1, range 1-10 days). Conclusions: The advantages of digital pathology must be balanced against the challenges faced in the structural revision of the pathology workflow. This regional scouting can represent the foundation to build an efficient and connected digital pathology system in the territory.

In the attic of dreams. The personal archives of the father of paradoxical sleep.

Michel Jouvet (1925-2017) is one of the most important figures in the contemporary history of the neuroscience of sleep and dreams, and one of the most awarded French researchers of the last century. Yet this former CNRS gold medalist and winner of the Cino Del Duca World Prize remains little known-not to say unknown-outside the field of sleep medicine, especially in non-French-speaking countries, where the name of his American counterpart, William C. Dement, is more familiar. Often reduced to his experiments on cats and the discovery of what he called "paradoxical sleep," Jouvet left behind a rather unique body of work that includes not only countless publications on sleep and dreams-neurophysiological as well as ethnological and psychological-but also major contributions to clinical medicine, two novels and an impressive collection of personal dream accounts and drawings, which now make it possible to explore the nocturnal side of the last 50 years of his life. This article draws on unpublished archives to illuminate all these little-known and unknown aspects of Jouvet's life and work, highlighting his hidden links with 19th-century scientific oneirology and bringing to light its paradoxes.

Web archives for data collection: An ethics case study.

BACKGROUND: Web archives offer researchers a promising source for large-scale longitudinal data collection; however, their complex social and technical infrastructures create an array of ethical concerns. In addition, there is a notable lack of guidance available for researchers hoping to conduct0 ethical research using web archives. METHODS: We present an ethical decision-making case study based on an ongoing research project using the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine to study faculty appointments and mobility at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). RESULTS: This paper contributes to information ethics discourse by expanding on the Association of Internet Researchers' recommendations for ethical decision-making, and mapping ethical considerations for each stage of the project within existing conceptual frameworks for research using web archives. CONCLUSIONS: By utilizing internet research guidance and web archive research frameworks in a case study approach, we hope to aid future researchers conducting internet research of a similar nature by serving as a useful reference.

Deep desert aquifers as an archive for Mid- to Late Pleistocene hydroclimate: An example from the southeastern Mediterranean.

Many efforts have been made to illuminate the nature of past hydroclimates in semi-arid and arid regions, where current and future shifts in water availability have enormous consequences on human subsistence. Deep desert aquifers, where groundwater is stored for prolonged periods, might serve as a direct record of major paleo-recharge events. To date, groundwater-based paleoclimate reconstructions have mainly focused on a relatively narrow timescale (up to ∼40 kyr), limited by the relatively short half-life of the widely used radiocarbon (5.73 kyr). Here we demonstrate the usage of deep regional aquifers in the arid southeastern Mediterranean as a hydroclimate archive for earlier Mid-to-Late Pleistocene epochs. State-of-the-art dating tools, primarily the 81Kr radioisotope (t1/2 = 229 kyr), were combined with other atmosphere-derived tracers to illuminate the impact of four distinguishable wetter episodes over the past 400 kyr, with differences in climatic conditions and paleo-recharge locations. Variations in stable water isotope composition suggest moisture transport from more proximal (Mediterranean) and distal (Atlantic) sources to different parts of the region at distinct times. Large variability in the computed noble gas-based recharge temperature (NGT), ranging ~15-30 °C, cannot be explained by climate variations solely, and points to different recharge pathways, including geothermal heating in the deep unsaturated zone and recharge from high-elevation (colder) regions. The obtained groundwater record complements and enhances the interpretation of other terrestrial archives in the arid region, including a contribution of valuable information regarding the moisture source origin as reflected in the deuterium-excess values, which is unattainable from the common practice analysis of calcitic cave deposits. We conclude that similar applications in other deep (hundred-m-order) regional groundwater systems (e.g., the Sahara desert aquifers) can significantly advance our understanding of long-term (up to 1 Myr) paleo-hydroclimate in arid regions, including places where no terrestrial remnants, such as cave, lake, and spring sediments, are available.

Dataset for the long-term trade (1900-2021) and GDP (1960-2021) statistics of small island economies.

This historical dataset regarding island and coastal economies has been built with the intent of making up for the gaps and shortcoming of the economic literature on long-term island development. This dataset gathers Imports, Exports, GDP, Population and Exchange Rate data on a yearly basis. The idea was to gather as much data as possible, with the reference period being 1900-2021 for foreign trade and 1960-2021 for GDP data. This dataset is relevant as it opens up new possibilities of long-term systematic comparisons between a great number of territories. Data were collected from international databases (UNCTAD, UN Statistics Division, UN Statistical Yearbook) when available. Some scholarly works were also used, most notably Mitchell [4] and Bulmer-Thomas [2]. When these sources were exhausted, the author went himself to the French Archives (INSEE) and the British National Archives (at Kew) to consult physical copies of colonial reports in order to find data prior to the 1950's. Other islands' data were reconstructed by contacting the local archives or statistical offices. For the foreign trade dataset, data are expressed in local currencies, then transformed to current USD, to constant 2005 USD equivalent and finally to constant 2005 USD per capita equivalent. These different levels of disaggregation are voluntarily left for each reader to use. For the GDP dataset, data are presented in current USD, current USD per capita and constant 2015 USD per capita equivalent. Different datasets have different levels of disaggregation. Some territories could not be included for practical reasons. The Italian islands are not included as the author could not go to the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) to consult the data in person. German island colonies in the Pacific could not be studied as the author does not understand the older German. Also, the India Office of the British Colonial Archives has been transferred to Qatar National Library, which scans and makes documents progressively available. Finally, the Western Pacific Archives were transferred to the University of Auckland Special Collections since 2002 and the author could not consult them. A coordinated effort by the research community could resolve these issues.

Instilling liveliness: archives of neo-avant-garde art as sites of activation.

Artists' archives, typically a legacy trove rather than a site for public engagement, are not expected to encompass art. However, since the mid-twentieth century, factors like the 'dematerialisation of art', defiance against conventional art categorisations, and the prioritisation of the creative process over its outcomes, have all blurred the lines between artworks and their documentation. Consequently, a significant portion of art produced during the 1960s and 1970s still resides in archives, distributed in art objects and documents. By examining the archives of Ecart, an artistic collective that operated within the broader Fluxus network in 1970s Switzerland, this study proposes activation as an alternative strategy for caring for and securing the continuation of such art, which is often found scattered across various archival holdings. Ultimately, the research suggests activation as a way of expanding conservation beyond the exclusive domain of trained conservators, transforming it into a collective responsibility shared by diverse archive stakeholders.

"Infundiendo vitalidad: Los archivos de arte neo-vanguardista como lugares de activación"No cabe esperar que los archivos de los artistas, que suelen ser un tesoro de legados más que un lugar de participación pública, incluyan arte. Sin embargo, desde mediados del siglo XX, factores como la 'desmaterialización del arte', el desafío a las categorizaciones artísticas convencionales y la priorización del proceso creativo sobre sus resultados, han difuminado las fronteras entre las obras de arte y su documentación. Por consiguiente, una parte significativa del arte producido durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970 aún reside en archivos, distribuida en objetos artísticos y documentos. Examinando los archivos de Ecart, un colectivo artístico que operaba dentro de la red Fluxus en la Suiza de los setenta, este estudio propone el proceso de activación como una estrategia alternativa para preservar y garantizar la continuidad de este tipo de arte, el cual a menudo se encuentra disperso entre diversos archivos. Finalmente, la investigación sugiere el proceso de activación como una forma de expandir la conservación más allá de la esfera exclusiva de los conservadores cualificados, transformándola en una responsabilidad colectiva compartida por diversas partes interesadas en los archivos.

"Instilando vivacidade: Arquivos de arte neo-avant-garde como espaços de ativação"Arquivos de artistas, tipicamente mais um tesouro herdado do que um local para envolvimento de público, não se espera que englobem arte. Entretanto, desde meados do século vinte, fatores como a 'desmaterialização da arte', o desafio às categorizações convencionais de arte e a priorização do processo criativo sobre seus resultados, todos têm embaçado as fronteiras entre obras de arte e a sua documentação. Consequentemente, uma porção significativa da arte produzida durante os anos sessenta e setenta ainda permanece em arquivos, distribuídos em objetos de arte e documentos. Ao examinar os arquivos do Ecart, um coletivo artístico que atuou no âmbito mais amplo da rede do Fluxus na Suíça dos anos setenta, este estudo propõe ativação como uma estratégia alternativa para cuidar e assegurar a continuidade de tal arte, que frequentemente é encontrada dispersa por vários fundos arquivísticos. Finalmente, a pesquisa sugere a ativação como uma forma de expandir a conservação além do domínio exclusivo de conservadores capacitados, transformando-a em uma responsabilidade coletiva compartilhada entre os diversos parceiros do meio arquivístico.

The Opioid Industry Documents Archive: Advancing Public Health Through Industry Document Disclosure.

More than twenty-five years after the first signs of potential harm, the US remains locked in the grip of an opioid epidemic, with more Americans dying from overdoses than ever before.1 Diversion of prescription opioids plays an important role in opioid-related harms. Much of the scientific and public health focus on diversion has been on end-users, given how commonly non-medical prescription opioid use occurs, as well as the proportion of individuals who report that their source of non-medical opioids was friends or family. However, diversion of opioids, as well as their rampant oversupply, can be discerned higher up the supply chain, including among wholesalers, pharmacies and rogue prescribers whose behavior may trigger well-described "flags" warranting further evaluation and action.

The Cold War in pharmacology: a bibliometric analysis of Berlin's contributions to Naunyn­Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (1947-1974).

After World War II, Berlin was divided into the West, controlled by The United States, the UK, and France, and the East, controlled by the Soviet Union, resulting in a Cold War for decades. This bibliometric study analyzes the influence of the Cold War on pharmacological research in Berlin by evaluating publication patterns in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology from 1947 to 1974 (n = 383). The publications highlight the political disparities in scientific output, exacerbated by the founding of the Free University of Berlin (FUB) as a countermeasure to Soviet repression, promoting academic freedom in West-Berlin. Researchers in West-Berlin published many more papers in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology than researchers in East-Berlin and received much more citations. West-Berlin adopted English as a scientific language much more rapidly than East-Berlin. West-Berlin and East-Berlin focused on totally different research topics. This paper demonstrates how political freedom, financial support, and internationalization boosted research productivity in West-Berlin. In contrast, political suppression, financial scarcity, and restricted international ties hindered scientific development in East-Berlin.

Bibliometric analysis of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (1947-1974).

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology is the oldest pharmacological journal, founded in 1873. This bibliometric analysis examines the pivotal transformations within Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology from 1947 to 1974, identifying significant shifts from a national focus to a period of extensive internationalization and English-language adoption. Employing Python and Beautiful Soup for data extraction from SpringerLink, the study maps the journal's trajectory through post-World War II development, highlighting the decline in publication rates due to its initial emphasis on German-language articles predominantly from Germany. The transition towards English publications in the late 1960s is marked as a turning point, catalyzing an increase in global citations, publications, and recognition. This period witnesses the journal broadening its scientific horizon, with a notable emphasis on the cholinergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic systems, reflecting their central role in the journal's scientific discourse and citation prominence. The analysis demonstrates how shifting to English for academic publishing played a crucial role in revitalizing the journal's impact and visibility on the international stage.

Temporal trends of plastic additive contents in sediment cores of three French rivers (Loire, Meuse and Moselle) over the last decades.

Sediment cores from three major French watersheds (Loire, Meuse and Moselle) have been dated by 137Cs and 210Pbxs from 1910 (Loire), 1947 (Meuse) and 1930 (Moselle) until the present in order to reconstruct trajectories of plastic additive contaminants including nine phthalate esters (PAEs) and seven organophosphate esters (OPEs), measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS-MS). Historical levels of ∑PAEs were higher than those of ∑OPEs in the Loire and the Moselle sediments, while ∑PAEs and ∑OPEs contents were of the same order of magnitude in the Meuse sediments. Although increases in concentrations do not evolve linearly, our results clearly indicate an increase in OPEs and PAEs concentrations from the 1950-1970 period onwards, compared with the first half of the 20th century. Our results show that, ∑OPE contents increase gradually over time in the Loire and Meuse rivers but evolve more randomly in the Moselle River. Trajectories of ∑PAEs depend on the river and no generality can be established, suggesting sedimentary reworking and/or local contamination. Data from this study allowed comparisons of contents of ∑OPEs and ∑PAEs between rivers, with ∑OPE concentrations in the Moselle River > Meuse River > Loire River, and concentrations of ∑PAEs in the Loire River > Moselle River > Meuse River. Among all PAEs, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant in all sediment samples, followed by diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the most abundant OPE in sediments of the three rivers. In addition, strong positive Pearson correlations were observed between organic matter (OM) parameters and OPE concentrations, and to a lesser extent, between OM parameters and PAE concentrations. This is particularly true for the Moselle River and for the Loire River, but less so for the Meuse River.

An Icon of Painless Parker.

The discovery of two unaccredited photographs purported to be of Painless Parker occasions a discussion of the notorious "outlaw" dentist's historical significance. It is argued that social media threaten to have performance eclipse clinical skills in dentistry - a process that can be sourced to Parker's vaudevillian antics.

Temporal evolution of plastic additive contents over the last decades in two major European rivers (Rhone and Rhine) from sediment cores analyses.

Although global plastic distribution is at the heart of 21st century environmental concerns, little information is available concerning how organic plastic additives contaminate freshwater sediments, which are often subject to strong anthropogenic pressure. Here, sediment core samples were collected in the Rhone and the Rhine watersheds (France), dated using 137Cs and 210Pbxs methods and analysed for nine phthalates (PAEs) and seven organophosphate esters (OPEs). The distribution of these organic contaminants was used to establish a chronological archive of plastic additive pollution from 1860 (Rhine) and 1930 (Rhone) until today. Sediment grain size and parameters related to organic matter (OM) were also measured as potential factors that may affect the temporal distribution of OPEs and PAEs in sediments. Our results show that OPE and PAE levels increased continuously in Rhone and Rhine sediments since the first records. In both rivers, ∑PAEs levels (from 9.1 ± 1.7 to 487.3 ± 27.0 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) ± standard deviation and from 4.6 ± 1.3 to 65.2 ± 11.2 ng g-1 dw, for the Rhine and the Rhone rivers, respectively) were higher than ∑OPEs levels (from 0.1 ± 0.1 to 79.1 ± 13.7 ng g-1 dw and from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 17.8 ± 2.3 ng g-1 dw, for Rhine and Rhone rivers, respectively). In both rivers, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant PAE, followed by diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), while tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the most abundant OPE. No relationship was found between granulometry and additives concentrations, while organic matter helps explain the vertical distribution of PAEs and OPEs in the sediment cores. This study thus establishes a temporal trajectory of PAEs and OPEs contents over the last decades, leading to a better understanding of historical pollution in these two Western European rivers.

AI-based discovery of habitats from museum collections.

Museum collection records are a source of historic data for species occurrence, but little attention is paid to the associated descriptions of habitat at the sample locations. We propose that artificial intelligence methods have potential to use these descriptions for reconstructing past habitat, to address ecological and evolutionary questions.

Archives and amazons: A quilters guide to the lesbian archive.

This article offers a critical reflection on my creative engagement with the figure of the Amazon in the quilted artworks for my exhibition Archives and Amazons: quilting the lesbian archive which took place at HOME, Manchester in 2021. This exhibition was created in response to archival research at the only accredited museum in the UK dedicated to women, Glasgow Women's Library (GWL), which holds the remnants of the now disbanded Lesbian Archive and Information Centre (LAIC) (1984-1995). I engage specifically with two representations of Amazons, from two very disparate and politically opposed lesbian publications: firstly the illustrated cover of the LAIC newsletter, and a photographic series by the artist Tessa Boffin (1960-1993). Through auto-ethnography I articulate some of the pleasures and complexities in encountering, and re-visioning the Amazons that ride within the remaining fragments of the LAIC collection. I propose the quilt as a reparative strategy for engaging with the Amazon, one that refuses to disassemble and disassociate from the difficulties of lesbian history, re-assembling the pieces through a contemporary lesbian lens.

Storage, Retention, and Use of Leftover Pathology Specimens: The Underestimated Treasures.

The proper regulations for storage, retention, and use of archived specimens in pathology laboratories and academic institutions are yet to be established. These specimens could be used appropriately for research purposes. Ideal storage and retention in a controlled environment is necessary, and there is a lack of established rules regarding the ownership of the tissue specimens, paraffin blocks, and slides. Though there are numerous uses of formalin-fixed tissue specimens, blocks, and slides, there are also problems in archiving them that hinder their use. This review article addresses the above issues and proposes simple guidelines for the effective use of archived specimens.

Feminist, lesbian, and trans solidarity in the German-Polish collective Girlz Get United.

This article analyzes the various activities, problem frameworks, and identity strategies around which feminist, lesbian, and trans-solidarity in the Polish-German collective Girlz Get United (GGU) were built. Focusing on oral history interviews with Suzi Andreis, a member and co-organizer of the GGU meetings, this study examined the transnational and intersectional collectivity of the group as a form of lesbian solidarity. Following Emma Goldman and bell hooks, it attempted to consider how the collective, active in the early 2000s, constructed solidarity by being together during integration meetings, various workshops, and sports encounters. The article also examines the content appearing in the bilingual "ggu!" bulletins issued by the group during its active period. It exposes the rupture and contradictions between different ways of building lesbian solidarity: on the one hand, as a positive experience of sociability and friendship evoked through oral history interviews and, on the other hand, as an archival political manifesto told through a zine story of trauma and violence.

Fake paper identification in the pool of withdrawn and rejected manuscripts submitted to Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.

Honesty of publications is fundamental in science. Unfortunately, science has an increasing fake paper problem with multiple cases having surfaced in recent years, even in renowned journals. There are companies, the so-called paper mills, which professionally fake research data and papers. However, there is no easy way to systematically identify these papers. Here, we show that scanning for exchanged authors in resubmissions is a simple approach to detect potential fake papers. We investigated 2056 withdrawn or rejected submissions to Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (NSAP), 952 of which were subsequently published in other journals. In six cases, the stated authors of the final publications differed by more than two thirds from those named in the submission to NSAP. In four cases, they differed completely. Our results reveal that paper mills take advantage of the fact that journals are unaware of submissions to other journals. Consequently, papers can be submitted multiple times (even simultaneously), and authors can be replaced if they withdraw from their purchased authorship. We suggest that publishers collaborate with each other by sharing titles, authors, and abstracts of their submissions. Doing so would allow the detection of suspicious changes in the authorship of submitted and already published papers. Independently of such collaboration across publishers, every scientific journal can make an important contribution to the integrity of the scientific record by analyzing its own pool of withdrawn and rejected papers versus published papers according to the simple algorithm proposed in the present paper.

Origins, Trends and Perspectives of Historical-Epistemological Research on Piaget.

In this paper, several points of view are adopted to present the research directions of contemporary Piagetian historiography. This article first notes the immensity of the secondary literature (20'000 texts) related to Piaget's work, between empirical and historical-epistemological works. In order to get a more precise idea, we carried out various analyses of the scope of influence of his work: on the 2000 keywords of the thesaurus of secondary literature from 1945 to 2012; on the reception of Piaget's idea in France between 1920 and 1940; and on the disciplines of insertion of a thousand works from his private library, which were dedicated to him. These analyses corroborate Piaget's multidisciplinary impact in the 20th century science and culture and indicate the existence of an international Piagetian movement, which has not yet been studied. The factors of production and the recent orientations of the secondary literature are then discussed, showing the changes in the historiography of the last 50 years. Finally, future research directions are outlined between the exploitation of unknown archives and the use of a digital edition of Piaget's work, which is currently underway.

How do German pharmacologists publish in the non-peer-reviewed science magazine Biospektrum?

Publications in peer-reviewed journals are the most important currency in science. But what about publications in non-peer-reviewed magazines? The objective of this study was to analyze the publications of scientists, with a focus on pharmacologists, in the non-peer-reviewed German science magazine Biospektrum from 1999 to 2021. Biospektrum is edited by five scientific societies in Germany including the Society for Experimental and Clinical Society Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and provides opportunities to researchers to showcase their research to a broad audience. We analyzed 3197 authors of 1326 articles. Compared to the fields of biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics, pharmacology was largely underrepresented. Just three institutions in Germany contributed most papers to Biospektrum. Researchers with a doctoral degree were the largest author group, followed by researchers with a habilitation degree. Among all major fields, women were underrepresented as authors, particularly as senior authors. The Covid pandemic leads to a drop of publications of female first authors but not last authors. Compared to publications in the peer-reviewed journal Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (Zehetbauer et al., Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 395:39-50 (2022)), female pharmacologists were underrepresented in the Biospektrum. Thus, German pharmacologists as a group do not value investing in "social impact" gained by publications in Biospektrum, and this attitude is even more prominent among female pharmacologists. Investing less in "social impact" by female pharmacologists may result in reduced visibility on the academic job market and may contribute to reduced opportunities to achieve high academic positions.