[Enrichment Characteristics and Ecological Risk Prediction of Pathogens on Typical Microplastic Biofilms].

As an emerging niche colonized by microorganisms, microplastics may selectively enrich pathogens, resulting in crucial ecological risks and potential threats to public health in aquatic environments. However, the enrichment characteristics and ecological risks of pathogens on different microplastic biofilms remain unclear. In this study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the differences in the bacterial community structure, occurrence characteristics of pathogens, and prediction of ecological risks on five typical microplastic biofilms of polyethylene （PE）, polypropylene （PP）, polystyrene （PS）, polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, and polyvinyl chloride （PVC） through a field in-situ incubation experiment. The results showed that after 28 d of in situ incubation, the macroscopic biofilms were formed on the surface of all microplastics, and the diversity and richness of the bacterial community on all microplastic biofilms were higher than in the surrounding water, indicating that the microorganisms in the surrounding water were selectively enriched on microplastics. Each type of microplastic biofilm had formed a unique bacterial community structure； in particular, PVC microplastics were more inclined to selectively enrich the members of Proteobacteria. A total of 47 human pathogens were identified using the HPB database, including six antibiotic resistance pathogens belonging to the lists of critical priority control. The number and total abundance of human pathogens detected on microplastic biofilm were higher than those in the surrounding water, and the dominant pathogens such as Bartonella, Burkholderia, and Brucella were selectively enriched on microplastic biofilms. Microbial phenotype prediction results based on BugBase showed that three functional phenotypes including biofilm formation, mobile element contained, and potentially pathogenic on microplastic biofilms had significantly increased by 2.38%-5.57%, 0.82%-7.13%, and 3.04%-8.30%, respectively, which were mainly contributed by α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria. These results not only indicate that the selective enrichment of opportunistic pathogens on microplastic biofilms may lead to the increased risk of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance co-spread but also provide reference for the accurate assessment of ecological risks caused by microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

Integrating rhizosphere bacterial structure and metabolites with soil Cd availability in different parent paddy soils.

Soil bacterial community structure and rhizosphere metabolites are important pathways for rice to respond to external Cd stress. The specific correlations between these microorganisms, metabolites and inherent soil properties, as well as the mechanisms they utilize to regulate Cd availability across different parent soils remain underexplored, emphasizing the need for deeper understanding to inform effective soil management strategies. In this study, five typical parent soils with large differences in properties (quaternary red clay soil (hereby defined as Q), granite soil (G), river sandy mud (R), yellow mud soil (Y), stucco field (S)) in Chinese paddy soils were collected, and extra Cd were added (CK: 0 mg·kg-1, Cd: 2.4 mg·kg-1).The result indicated that the toxicity impact of Cd in rice grains in G was the weakest, and the highest Cd bioavailability in S. The abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes showed an increasing trend in G, while they decreased significantly in S. The contents of Cis-9-palmitoleic acid and phosphoethanolamine increased by 170.02 % and 154.03 % in G, decreased by 218.62 % and 181.58 % in S. MBNT15 and Desulfobacterota showed a significant negative correlation with humic acid molecular weight (MW) extracted from parent soils and Clay (montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite) contents, while they exhibited a positive correlation with soil organic matter (OM) content (P < 0.01). The MW played a crucial role in shaping rhizosphere metabolites with R2 value of 0.8498. These results elucidate how soil bacterial communities, rhizosphere metabolites, and inherent soil properties interact to regulate Cd availability across different parent soils.

Tree species selection for optimizing soil carbon storage: Insights from litter decomposition and bacterial community analysis in coastal ecosystems.

Coastal wetland ecosystems are critical sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide, playing a vital role in global carbon cycling and climate regulation. The decomposition of leaf litter plays a crucial role in the formation and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) in these environments. This study investigated the impact of leaf litter decomposition from five tree species (Populus deltoids, Ligustrum lucidum, Taxodium 'Zhongshanshan', Hibiscus hamabo, and Nerium oleander) on SOC dynamics, humus composition, and soil bacterial community structure in a tidal flat. Litterbags were used to monitor the mass loss and changes in litter chemical composition over 270 days. The results revealed significant differences in decomposition rates among the tree species, with Nerium oleander exhibiting the fastest decomposition and Populus deltoids the slowest. Surprisingly, initial litter chemistry did not correlate with decomposition rates; however, changes in lignin and hemicellulose content during decomposition were significantly related to mass loss. Despite its rapid decomposition, Nerium oleander litter resulted in the highest accumulation of SOC, total humus, and humin compared to the other species, challenging the conventional view that slower decomposition leads to greater SOC storage. The soil microbial community structure was significantly influenced by SOC, humus, and litter components, with distinct microbial assemblages associated with each tree species. A random forest model identified key bacterial taxa, predominantly Proteobacteria, as important predictors of SOC content, highlighting the role of bacterial diversity in regulating SOC dynamics. These findings underscore the importance of considering litter quality, decomposition dynamics, and bacterial community composition in strategies aimed at enhancing soil carbon sequestration. This study suggests that selecting tree species with rapidly decomposing litter, such as Nerium oleander, in coastal plantations can be an effective management tool for optimizing soil carbon storage, offering valuable insights for mitigating climate change impacts.

Fertilizer reduction and biochar amendment promote soil mineral-associated organic carbon, bacterial activity, and enzyme activity in a jasmine garden in southeast China.

Reducing chemical fertilizers and biochar amendment is essential for achieving carbon neutrality, addressing global warming, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. Biochar amendment, a carbon rich soil additive produced through biomass pyrolysis, enhances soil fertility, increases crop yield, and improves soil carbon storage. However, research on the combined effect of fertilizer reduction and biochar amendment on soil mineral associated organic carbon (MAOC) in jasmine gardens is limited. This study aims to determine if biochar can reduce industrial fertilizer usage without compromising soil quality. This study focuses on jasmine cultivation in southeastern China, employing four treatments: conventional fertilization (CK), biochar amendment without fertilizer (BA), fertilizer reduction (FR), and fertilizer reduction with biochar amendment (FRBA). The effects on MAOC, microbial abundance, and enzyme activity were investigated. The FRBA treatment significantly increased MAOC content by 19.98 % compared to CK (P < 0.05). The BA and FRBA treatments enhanced the diversity of soil bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Azospirillum, and Cutibacterium, which are associated with soil organic carbon sequestration and nutrient decomposition. The RandomForest model identified ß-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), electric conductivity (EC), ß-1, 4-Glucosidase (BG), soil potential of Hydrogen (pH), soil bulk density (BD), and ß-D-cellobiosidase (CBH) as key soil traits promoting MAOC accumulation (P < 0.05). The results indicate that BA and FRBA improve soil bacterial community structure, enzyme activity, and MAOC content, promoting soil carbon accumulation through environmental factors and dominant bacteria. This study encourages future fertilization protocols that enhance fertilizer efficiency and carbon storage in crop soils.

Optimizing green waste composting with iron-based Fenton-like process.

The presence of refractory lignocellulose presents a significant challenge in green waste (GW) composting. This research applied both a conventional iron-based Fenton-like process (with a Fenton-like reagent composed of 1.0 % Fe3O4 nanoparticles and 1.0 % H2O2) and three modified iron-based Fenton-like processes (with a Fenton-like reagent composed of 1.0 % Fe3O4 nanoparticles and 1.0 % oxalic acid/1.0 % sodium percarbonate/0.5 % Phanerochaete chrysosporium) in GW composting to systematically assess their impacts on lignocellulose degradation during GW composting. The results revealed that iron-based Fenton-like process modified sodium percarbonate exhibited the most significant effects on lignocellulose degradation. Compared with control, degradation rates for lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose increased by 49.8 %, 39.3 %, and 26.2 % (p < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, this process enhanced the relative abundance of bacterial communities linked to lignocellulose degradation, particularly Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing GW composting, understanding reactive oxygen species dynamics, and the application of iron-based Fenton-like process.

Sample collecting methods for bacterial community structure analysis of scalp hair: non-invasive swabbing versus intrusive hair shaft cutting.

Human skin samples for microbiome analysis are traditionally collected using a non-invasive swabbing method. Here, we compared the differences in bacterial community structures on scalp hair and scalps with samples collected using non-invasive swabbing and cutting/removal of scalp hair in 12 individuals. Hair-related samples, such as hair shafts and hair swabs, had significantly higher alpha diversity than scalp swab samples, whereas there were no significant differences between hair shafts and hair swabs. The relative abundances of the three major phyla and five major operational taxonomic units were not significantly different between the hair shaft and hair swab samples. The principal coordinate analysis plots based on weighted UniFrac distances were grouped into two clusters: samples from hair-related areas and scalp swabs, and there were significant differences only between samples from hair-related areas and scalp swabs. In addition, a weighted UniFrac analysis revealed that the sampling site-based category was a statistical category but not a hair sampling method-based category. These results suggest that scalp hair bacteria collected using non-invasive swab sampling were comparable to those collected cutting/removal of scalp hair.

Response of anammox to organics with different degradation characteristics and exposure time: Performance, sludge characteristics and bacterial community.

The effects of typical organic compounds including easily degradable organic matters sodium acetate, yeast and methanol, and refractory organic matter (ROM) humic acid on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) systems in short-term and medium-term exposure time were studied. During short-term experiments, nitrogen removal activity (NRA) was inhibited at sodium acetate level of 150 mg L-1 total organic carbon (TOC) and methanol level of 30-150 mg L-1 TOC, but humic acid and yeast (≤150 mg L-1 TOC) enhanced nitrogen removal in anammox systems. The greatest NRA of 30.10 mg TN g-1 VSS h-1 was recorded at yeast level of 90 mg L-1 TOC. In medium-term experiments, organics significantly inhibited the nitrogen removal ability. As a ROM, humic acid enhanced sludge aggregation and biological diversity, but decreased the bioactivity and extracellular polymeric substances levels. Due to the endogenous denitrification, the relative abundance of anammox bacteria (AnAOB) was decreased. Candidatus Kuenenia is still dominant in sludge with methanol and humid acid, but AnAOB are not dominant due to the addition of sodium acetate and yeast. This research would be beneficial for the full-scale application of the anammox process in treating real wastewater with organics and ammonia.

[Rapid Start-up of Continuous Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Reactor by Hybrid-inoculating PN and PN/A Granular Sludges].

The rapid cultivation of partial nitritation/ANAMMOX （PN/A） granular sludge in a continuous-flow mode is one of the key technologies for efficient biological nitrogen removal in domestic wastewater treatment. Compared with that in PN/A granular sludge, PN granular sludge demonstrates a shorter incubation period and suitability for batch culture. It is also a good carrier for enriching ANAMMOX （AMX） bacteria. In this study, we established a continuous-flow autotrophic nitrogen removal process in three continuously stirred tank reactors （CSTR） （R1-R3） by hybrid-inoculating PN/A and PN granular sludge at the mass ratios of 3∶1, 1∶1, and 1∶3, respectively. By implementing high ammonium nitrogen loading and short hydraulic retention time, continuous autotrophic nitrogen removal processes were successfully started up in the three CSTRs. The results showed that compared with that of R1 and R2, R3 had a longer start-up time but a similar steady-state nitrogen removal performance. The total nitrogen removal load of R3 could be more than 2.6 kg·ï¼ˆm3·d）-1. Intriguingly, the inoculated PN granular sludge served as a precursor for PN/A granular sludge cultivation. This approach facilitated the enrichment of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AMX） by introducing abundant ammonium-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and nitrite nitrogen substrates into the CSTR. According to the results of high-throughput sequencing, the microbial abundance and diversity of the mature granules in R1-R3 were significantly higher than those of the inoculation sludge. AOB （genus Nitrosomonas）, AMX （genera Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Brocadia）, and symbiotic heterotrophs, such as Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, and Chlorobi, drove the autotrophic nitrogen removal process and maintained the stability of the granular structure. In summary, a novel start-up strategy of hybrid-inoculating granular sludge was provided for a continuous-flow autotrophic nitrogen removal in engineering application.

Effects of Enterobacter cloacae insecticidal protein on the Duox-ROS system and midgut bacterial community and function of Galleria mellonella larvae.

BACKGROUND: Enterobacter cloacae insecticidal proteins have been reported to kill Galleria mellonella larvae through affecting their midgut microbiome. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we aim to investigate how the insecticidal proteins act on the midgut Duox-ROS system and microbial community of G. mellonella larvae. METHODS: Reverse transcription qPCR and fluorescence probes were utilized to assess the Duox expression levels and to evaluate quantitative changes of the ROS levels. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the midgut bacteria of G. mellonella larvae was conducted for further analyses of bacterial diversity, composition, and abundance. RESULTS: After the injection of the insecticidal proteins, the Duox expression levels first increased within 28 h, then dramatically peaked at 36 h, and slowly decreased thereafter. Simultaneously, the ROS levels increased significantly at 36 h, peaked at 48 h, and rapidly declined to the normal level at 60 h. Responsive to the change of the ROS levels, the structure of the midgut microbial community was altered substantially, compared to that of the untreated larvae. The relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and other specific pathogenic bacteria increased significantly, whereas that of Lactobacillus decreased sharply. Importantly, notable shifts were observed in the crucial midgut predicted metabolic functions, including membrane transportation, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSION: Insecticidal proteins of E. cloacae kill G. mellonella larvae mainly through generation of high oxidative stress, alterations of the midgut microbial community and function, and damage to the physiological functions. These findings provide insights into the inhibition mechanism of E. cloacae insecticidal proteins to G. mellonella larvae.

[Effects of Fly Ash on the Efficiency and Bacterial Community Structure of Urban Multi-source Organic Solid Waste].

To achieve efficient resource utilization of fly ash and multi-source organic waste, a composting experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of fly ash on co-aerobic composting using kitchens, chicken manure, and sawdust (15:5:2). The effects of different application doses (5 % and 10 %, calculated in total wet weight of organic solid waste) of fly ash on physical and chemical properties, nutrient elements, and bacterial community structure during co-composting were evaluated. The results showed that the addition dose of 5 % and 10 % fly ash significantly increased the highest temperature (56.6 ℃ and 56.9 ℃) and extended the thermophilic period to nine days. Compared with that in the control, the total nutrient content of compost products in the treatments of 5 % FA and 10 % FA was increased by 4.09 % and 13.55 %, respectively. The bacterial community structure changed greatly throughout the composting, and the bacterial diversity of all treatments increased obviously. In the initial stage of composting, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum of bacteria, with a relative abundance ranging from 35.26 % to 39.40 %. In the thermophilic period, Firmicutes dominated; its relative abundance peaked at 52.46 % in the 5 % FA treatment and 67.72 % in the 10 % FA treatment. Bacillus and Thermobifida were the predominant groups in the thermophilic period of composting. The relative abundance of Bacillus and Thermobifida in the 5 % FA and 10 % FA treatments were 33.41 % and 62.89 %(Bacillus) and 33.06 % and 12.23 %(Thermobifida), respectively. The results of the redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that different physicochemical indicators had varying degrees of influence on bacteria, with organic matter, pH, available phosphorus, and available potassium being the main environmental factors influencing bacterial community structure. In summary, the addition of fly ash promoted the harmlessness and maturation of co- aerobic composting of urban multi-source organic waste, while optimizing microbial community structure and improving the quality and efficiency of composting.

Comparative analysis of bacterial community structure and physicochemical quality in high-temperature Daqu of different colors in Qingzhou production area.

To compare the effects of differences in Daqu making technology and production regions on the bacterial composition and physicochemical properties of high-temperature Daqu (HTD), this study analyzed the bacterial community structure of three colors of HTD in the Qingzhou production area and measured their physicochemical quality. At the same time, a comparative analysis was conducted on the bacterial composition of Qingzhou and Xiangyang regions. The results revealed that the HTD in the Qingzhou area exhibited a diverse bacterial community dominated by Lentibacillus, Scopulibacillus, and Staphylococcus. The black HTD displayed the lowest bacterial richness (P < 0.05) and a relatively unique microbial structure. Significant variations were observed in the physicochemical qualities of the three colors of HTD. Notably, white HTD demonstrated higher moisture and ash content, saccharification and liquor-producing power. Yellow HTD exhibited higher amino nitrogen and protein content, and black HTD displayed higher water activity, acidity, and starch content. The variation in Bacillus, Limosilactobacillus, and Weissella distributions across different colors of HTD primarily contributed to these findings. From the HTD samples in the Qingzhou area, Bacillus (61.90 %) and lactic acid bacteria (17.46 %) being the predominant cultivable communities. Cluster analysis identified significant differences in bacterial communities among HTD samples from various production areas. It can enhance the understanding of HTD quality in the Qingzhou area and offer insights for optimizing HTD and Maotai-flavor Baijiu quality.

Soil Parameters and Forest Structure Commonly Form the Microbiome Composition and Activity of Topsoil Layers in Planted Forests.

Soil bacterial communities play a remarkable role in nutrient cycling, significantly affecting soil organic material content, soil fertility, and, in an indirect way, plant succession processes. Conversely, vegetation type influences microbial soil life. The present study compared the bacterial microbiome composition, diversity and catabolic activity profile of topsoil samples collected under three different forest types (a twice-coppiced black locust stand, a young, naturally reforested, and a middle-aged mixed pedunculate oak stand) planted on former arable land in the early 20th century. Diversity indices determined during 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing-based metagenome analysis indicated that the black locust stand had the highest soil bacterial community diversity. At the phylum level, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Gemmatimonadota were the most abundant taxa in the forest soils. Concerning soil parameters, redundancy analysis revealed that pH had the highest impact on bacterial community structure and pH, and soil organic carbon content on the samples' respiration patterns. As for catabolic activity, the recently clearcut oak forest showed the lowest substrate-induced respiration, and citrate was the main driver for the inter-stand variability of microbial activity. Our results confirm that soil parameters and forest type influence the composition and functioning of the soil bacterial microbiome.

The unexpected effect of the compound microbial agent NP-M2 on microbial community dynamics in a nonylphenol-contaminated soil: the self-stability of soil ecosystem.

Background: Nonylphenol (NP) is widely recognized as a crucial environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical and persistent toxic substance. The remediation of NP-contaminated sites primarily relies on biological degradation. Compound microbial products, as opposed to pure strains, possess a greater variety of metabolic pathways and can thrive in a wider range of environmental conditions. This characteristic is believed to facilitate the synergistic degradation of pollutants. Limited research has been conducted to thoroughly examine the potential compatibility of compound microbial agents with indigenous microflora, their ability to function effectively in practical environments, their capacity to enhance the dissipation of NP, and their potential to improve soil physicochemical and biological characteristics. Methods: In order to efficiently eliminate NP in contaminated soil in an eco-friendly manner, a simulation study was conducted to investigate the impact of bioaugmentation using the functional compound microbial agent NP-M2 at varying concentrations (50 and 200 mg/L) on the dynamics of the soil microbial community. The treatments were set as follows: sterilized soil with 50 mg/kg NP (CK50) or 200 mg/kg NP (CK200); non-sterilized soil with 50 mg/kg NP (TU50) or 200 mg/kg NP (TU200); non-sterilized soil with the compound microbial agent NP-M2 at 50 mg/kg NP (J50) or 200 mg/kg NP (J200). Full-length 16S rRNA analysis was performed using the PacBio Sequel II platform. Results: Both the indigenous microbes (TU50 and TU200 treatments) and the application of NP-M2 (J50 and J200 treatments) exhibited rapid NP removal, with removal rates ranging from 93% to 99%. The application of NP-M2 further accelerated the degradation rate of NP for a subtle lag period. Although the different treatments had minimal impacts on the soil bacterial α-diversity, they significantly altered the ß-diversity and composition of the bacterial community. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (35.54%-44.14%), Acidobacteria (13.55%-17.07%), Planctomycetes (10.78%-11.42%), Bacteroidetes (5.60%-10.74%), and Actinobacteria (6.44%-8.68%). The core species were Luteitalea_pratensis, Pyrinomonas_methylaliphatogenes, Fimbriiglobus_ruber, Longimicrobium_terrae, and Massilia_sp003590855. The bacterial community structure and taxon distribution in polluted soils were significantly influenced by the activities of soil catalase, sucrase, and polyphenol oxidase, which were identified as the major environmental factors. Notably, the concentration of NP and, to a lesser extent, the compound microbial agent NP-M2 were found to cause major shifts in the bacterial community. This study highlights the importance of conducting bioremediation experiments in conjunction with microbiome assessment to better understand the impact of bioaugmentation/biostimulation on the potential functions of complex microbial communities present in contaminated soils, which is essential for bioremediation success.

Metagenomic insights into effects of carbon/nitrogen ratio on microbial community and antibiotic resistance in moving bed biofilm reactor.

This study investigated the effects of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio on microbial community in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) using metagenomic analysis, and the dynamic changes of relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were also analyzed. The results showed that under low C/N ratio, MBBR exhibited average removal rates of 98.41 % for ammonia nitrogen and 75.79 % for total nitrogen. Metagenomic analysis showed low C/N ratio altered the structure of biofilm and water microbiota, resulting in the detachment of bacteria such as Actinobacteria from biofilm into water. Furthermore, sulfamethazine (SMZ)-resistant bacteria and related ARGs were released into water under low C/N ratio, which lead to the increase of SMZ resistance rate to 90%. Moreover, most dominant genera are potential hosts for both nitrogen cycle related genes and ARGs. Specifically, Nitrosomonas that carried gene sul2 might be released from biofilm into water. These findings implied the risks of antibiotic resistance dissemination in MBBR under low C/N ratio.

Modifying soil bacterial communities in saline mudflats with organic acids and substrates.

Aims: The high salinity of soil, nutrient scarcity, and poor aggregate structure limit the exploitation and utilization of coastal mudflat resources and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture. In this paper, the effects of applying exogenous organic acids combined with biological substrate on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial community were studied in moderately saline mudflats in Jiangsu Province. Methods: A combination of three exogenous organic acids (humic acid, fulvic acid, and citric acid) and four biological substrates (cottonseed hull, cow manure, grass charcoal, and pine needle) was set up set up on a coastal saline mudflat planted with a salt-tolerant forage grass, sweet sorghum. A total of 120 kg ha-1 of organic acids and 5,000 kg ha-1 of substrates were used, plus two treatments, CK without application of organic acids and substrates and CK0 in bare ground, for a total of 14 treatments. Results: No significant difference was found in the alpha diversity of soil bacterial community among all treatments (p ≥ 0.05), with the fulvic acid composite pine needle (FPN) treatment showing the largest increase in each index. The beta diversity differed significantly (p < 0.05) among all treatments, and the difference between citric acid-grass charcoal (CGC) and CK treatments was greater than that of other treatments. All treatments were effective in increasing the number of bacterial ASVs and affecting the structural composition of the community. Citric acid-cow manure (CCM), FPN, and CGC treatments were found to be beneficial for increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria, respectively. By contrast, all treatments triggered a decrease in the relative abundance of Acidobacteria. Conclusion: Among the 12 different combinations of exogenous organic acid composite biomass substrates applied to the coastal beach, the CGC treatment was more conducive to increasing the relative abundance of the salt-tolerant bacteria Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria, and improving the community structure of soil bacteria. The FPN treatment was more conducive to increase the species diversity of the soil bacterial community and adjust the species composition of the bacterial community.

Construction of biochar-based organohalide-respiring bacterial agent for remediation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol contaminated soil.

Construction of an efficient bio-reductive dechlorination system remains challenging due to the narrow ecological niche and low-growth rate of organohalide-respiring bacteria during field remediation. In this study, a biochar-based organohalide-respiring bacterial agent was obtained, and its performance and effects on indigenous microbial composition, diversity, and inter-relationship in soil were investigated. A well-performing material, Triton X-100 modified biochar (BC600-TX100), was found to have the superior average pore size, specific surface area and hydrophicity, compared to other materials. Interestingly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP-1, which is capable of 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination, showed a 348 times higher colonization cell number on BC600-TX100 than that of BC600 after 7 d. Meanwhile, the dechlorination rate in soil showed the highest (0.732 d-1) in the BC600-TX100 bacterial agent than in the other agents. The long-term performance of the BC600-TX100 OHRB agent was also verified, with a stable dechlorination activity over six cycles. Soil microbial community analysis found the addition of the BC600-TX100 OHRB agent significantly increased the relative abundance of genus Pseudomonas from 1.53 % to 11.2 %, and Pseudomonas formed a close interaction relationship with indigenous microorganisms, creating a micro-ecological environment conducive to reductive dechlorination. This study provides a feasible bacterial agent for the in-situ bioremediation of soil contaminated organohalides. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Halogenated organic compounds are a type of toxic, refractory, and bio-accumulative persistent compounds widely existed in environment, widely detected in the air, water, and soil. In this study, we provide a feasible bacterial agent for the in-situ bioremediation of soil contaminated halogenated organic compounds. The application of biochar provides new insights for "Turning waste into treasure", which meets with the concept of green chemistry.

Characteristics of humification, functional enzymes and bacterial community metabolism during manganese dioxide-added composting of municipal sludge.

The aim of this study was to assess effects of MnO2 addition (CK-0%, T1-2% and T2-5%) on humification and bacterial community during municipal sludge (MS) composting. The results suggested that MnO2 addition inhibited the growth of Nitrospira but stimulated Nonomuraea, Actinomadura, Streptomyces and Thermopolyspora, facilitating the lignocellulose degradation and humification with the increase in organic matter degradation by 13.8%-19.2% and humic acid content by 10.9%-20.6%. Compared to CK, the abundances of exoglucanase (EC:3.2.1.91), endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC:3.2.1.136) and endomannanase (EC:3.2.1.78) increased by 88-99, 52-66 and 4-15 folds, respectively. However, 5%-MnO2 induced the enrichment of Mizugakiibacter that harms the environment of agricultural production. The addition of 2%-MnO2 was recommended for MS composting. Furthermore, metabolic function analysis indicated that MnO2 addition altered amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, especially enhancing propanoate metabolism and butanoate metabolism but inhibiting citrate cycle. Structural equation modeling revealed that Nonomuraea and Actinomadura were the main drivers for lignocellulose degradation. This study provided theoretical guidance in regulating humification via MnO2 for MS composting.

Study on microbial diversity of washing machines.

Health and environmental protection are the development trend of household appliances, coupled with the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in the past few years. Consumers have unprecedented concerns and expectations about the sterilization and disinfection functions of household appliances. As a washing and nursing equipment for household clothes, the anti-bacterial technology of washing machine has developed rapidly. The new models of washing machines in the market have basically added the function of sterilization. In order to thoroughly solve the problem of sterilization and bacteriostasis of washing machines from the source, the distribution of microbial contamination in washing machines should be fully investigated. At present, there is almost no systematic study on the microbial community structure in washing machines in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the bacterial community structure in Chinese household washing machines. To explore the key factors affecting the bacterial community structure of washing machines. Bacterial communities were comprehensively analyzed by high throughput sequencing. Using chao and shannon indexes as indicators, one-way ANOVA was used to explore the key factors affecting the bacterial community structure of washing machines. A total of 2,882,778 tags and 21,265 OTUs from 522 genera were sequenced from 56 washing machine samples. Genus Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, Sphingomonas, Sphingobium, Enhydrobacter, Methylobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Sphingopyxis were the top ten bacteria genera in abundance. The effects of sources, types, frequency of utilization, sampling locations and service life of washing machines on bacterial diversity in washing machine were systematically analyzed. The statistical analysis showed that service life was an important factor affecting bacterial diversity in washing machine. Our study lays a foundation for directional screening of characteristic microorganisms with targeted characters including malodor-producing, fouling, pathogenic and stress-resistance, the antibacterial evaluation, metabolic mechanism of key characteristic microorganisms as well as antibacterial materials development. At present, the sterilization technology of washing machines has not been fully in combination with the distribution survey of microorganisms in washing machines. According to the specific microorganism distribution condition of the washing machine, the key distribution positions and the types of specific microorganisms contained in different positions, conduct more targeted sterilization treatment. This will help to completely solve the problem of microbial growth in washing machines from the source.

Responses of physiological, microbiome and lipid metabolism to lignocellulose wastes in gut of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor).

There is limited research on physiological and degradation mechanisms of yellow mealworm, a novel organic waste converter, in processing lignocellulosic wastes. This study has selected two types of lignocellulosic wastes, distillers' grains (DG) and maize straw (MS), to feed yellow mealworms. This study investigated the effects of lignocellulosic wastes on the growth, antioxidant system, microbiome, and lipidome of yellow mealworms. The relative growth of lignocellulosic waste group was not significantly different from wheat bran. The antioxidant level was elevated in DG. MS was significantly enriched in cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut and was accompanied by disturbances in lipid metabolism. The correlation coefficients were used to construct a network connecting diet, microbiota, and lipids. The correlation analysis indicated that two sphingolipids, hexylglyceramide and dihydroglyceramide, were strongly and positively linked with the dominating species. This study provides comprehensive information on physiological and mechanism of mealworms in process of treating lignocellulosic waste.

Afforestation-Induced Shifts in Soil Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure in the Saihanba Region.

Afforestation plays a pivotal role in ecosystem restoration, exemplified by the Saihanba Mechanized Forest Farm, the world's largest planted forest; however, the assembly mechanisms and interactions of soil microbial communities in such forests remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of different afforestation tree species, namely Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii, Picea asperata, and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, on soil bacterial diversity and community structure in comparison to grassland. Sixty soil samples were collected at a 20 cm depth, and high-throughput sequencing was employed to identify bacterial communities and assess their interactions with environmental factors. A total of 6528 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, with Solirubrobacter, Conexibacter, Bacillus, Massilia, Gaiella, Acidibacter, and Vicinamibacter being the dominant genera. Afforestation significantly impacted soil bacterial alpha diversity, with notable influence from key soil chemical properties, including available phosphorus (AP), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of soil organic matter (SOM-C/N). The Mantel test highlighted pH, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and spatial variable (dbMEM) as primary environmental factors influencing dominant bacterial genera. The bacterial community structure demonstrated deterministic homogeneous selection, wherein SOM-C/N emerged as a significant factor influencing the dissimilarity of soil bacterial communities. Furthermore, plantation soils exhibited a more complex network structure than grassland soil, highlighting the crucial role of bacterial communities in vegetation changes and providing valuable insights into their response to environmental factors during the reforestation process.