Summary statistics knockoffs inference with family-wise error rate control.

Testing multiple hypotheses of conditional independence with provable error rate control is a fundamental problem with various applications. To infer conditional independence with family-wise error rate (FWER) control when only summary statistics of marginal dependence are accessible, we adopt GhostKnockoff to directly generate knockoff copies of summary statistics and propose a new filter to select features conditionally dependent on the response. In addition, we develop a computationally efficient algorithm to greatly reduce the computational cost of knockoff copies generation without sacrificing power and FWER control. Experiments on simulated data and a real dataset of Alzheimer's disease genetics demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over existing alternatives in both statistical power and computational efficiency.

Performance of a prediction method for activities of daily living scores using influence coefficients in patients with stroke.

Introduction: Recently, a method was developed to predict the motor Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score at discharge in patients with stroke by stratifying the effects of factors such as age and cognitive function and multiplying those by the influence coefficients of these factors. However, an evaluation of the predictive performance of the method is required for clinical application. The present study aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of this prediction method. Methods: Patients with stroke discharged from a rehabilitation ward between April 2021 and September 2022 were included. Predicted values of the motor FIM score at discharge were calculated after data collection from the hospital's patient database. The concordance between predicted and actual values was evaluated using the interclass correlation coefficient; moreover, the residual values were calculated. Results: In total, 207 patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 79 (69-85) years, and 112 (54.1%) patients were male. The interclass correlation coefficient between predicted and actual values was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.75-0.89) for the motor FIM score at discharge. Meanwhile, the median residual value was 5.3 (-2.0-10.3) for the motor FIM score at discharge. Discussion: The prediction method was validated with good performance. However, the residual values indicated that some cases deviated from the prediction. In future studies, it will be necessary to improve the predictive performance of the method by clarifying the characteristics of cases that deviate from the prediction.

Improving Functional Capacities and Well-Being in Older Adults: Strategies in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

As life expectancy continues to increase, improving the quality of life (QoL) for older adults becomes an important issue. This study investigated the impact of a two-week intensive rehabilitation program at the Techirghiol Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium on older adults' QoL, focusing on physical and cognitive function. The study employed a comprehensive geriatric assessment to evaluate the progress of 156 patients over 65 from admission to discharge. We used the Scale for Identifying Fall Risk Factors (STRATIFY) scale to assess the risk of falling, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to assess pain levels, and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to assess motor and cognitive abilities. The program included multi-parametric evaluations and personalized treatment plans. Statistical analysis of these data led to the following results: The STRATIFY scale showed a significant improvement in patient functionality and a decrease in the risk of falling during hospitalization, with a mean difference in scores between admission and discharge ranging from 0.141 to 0.372, with a p-value of less than 0.001, confirming the clinical significance of this improvement. The VAS showed a significant reduction in pain or symptom intensity, reflected by a mean decrease of -3.141 between admission and discharge. The FIM recorded a mean increase of 1.436 in patients' motor capacity between admission and discharge, reflecting improved adaptation to daily activities, especially in the areas of self-care, sphincter control, transfer, and locomotion. Social participation and health status were positively influenced, demonstrating the benefits of short-term, intensive rehabilitation. The two-week rehabilitation program significantly improved the QoL of older adult patients. These outcomes suggested that active aging strategies could be effectively integrated into medical and institutional care frameworks, highlighting the necessity for policies that support older adults' involvement in economic and social contexts.

Phylogenetic association analysis with conditional rank correlation.

Phylogenetic association analysis plays a crucial role in investigating the correlation between microbial compositions and specific outcomes of interest in microbiome studies. However, existing methods for testing such associations have limitations related to the assumption of a linear association in high-dimensional settings and the handling of confounding effects. Hence, there is a need for methods capable of characterizing complex associations, including nonmonotonic relationships. This article introduces a novel phylogenetic association analysis framework and associated tests to address these challenges by employing conditional rank correlation as a measure of association. The proposed tests account for confounders in a fully nonparametric manner, ensuring robustness against outliers and the ability to detect diverse dependencies. The proposed framework aggregates conditional rank correlations for subtrees using weighted sum and maximum approaches to capture both dense and sparse signals. The significance level of the test statistics is determined by calibration through a nearest-neighbour bootstrapping method, which is straightforward to implement and can accommodate additional datasets when these are available. The practical advantages of the proposed framework are demonstrated through numerical experiments using both simulated and real microbiome datasets.

Functional fitness and physical independence in later years: cut-off values and validation.

BACKGROUND: To establish and validate the criterion-referenced standards of functional fitness in predicting physical independence in 80 + years. METHODS: A group of 2,749 older community dwellers (60-84 years) were recruited, and 2,050 were identified with moderate-to-high independent living ability according to the proposed minimum composite physical function score. The Senior Fitness Test battery was applied to measure functional fitness at five-year intervals. The declining rate for each fitness dimension was calculated based on the differences between any two adjacent age groups and was adjusted according to the reported degradation rate differences between the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. RESULTS: The age-and-sex-specific criterion-referenced standards were identified for muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance, and dynamic balance that older adults should possess at 60-79 to maintain independent living abilities. Moderate to high consistency (k = 0.622-0.650) and associations (φ = 0.641-0.694) were found between the predicted physical independence by criterion-referenced standards of functional fitness and the results from the composite physical function scale. Moreover, the predicted independent living abilities in later years from the criterion-referenced standards of functional fitness showed high test-retest reliability (Pa = 0.90-0.96). CONCLUSION: The criterion-referenced standards for functional fitness are valid and reliable to predict independent living abilities in later years, and provide the threshold to identify the limitations in physical fitness and detect the risks of functional disabilities among older adults in an early stage.

The Flipped Classroom Approach: A Review of Cognitive Styles and Academic Performances.

There has been a surge in the efforts to efficiently improve students' academic performance recently such that their depth of learning as well as their academic attainment is elevated. The identification of the needs and requirements of students is imperative for this to materialize. The classroom setting differs around the globe, with several factors affecting how teaching and learning are conducted. Versatile cognitive preferences among students also play a unique role in the way they acquire education. Active learning is a strategy that challenges the traditional teacher-centered paradigm. One such technique in active learning involves the "flipped classroom," also called "inverted classroom." The flipped classroom has been introduced as a novel educational technique in numerous areas of learning and has proven to have a more favorable influence. The concept of the flipped classroom is relatively novel in this regard. The idea and application of flipped classrooms and their effect on the academic performance of students with different cognitive styles have been studied by many researchers. Didactic lectures usually take a back seat (as supportive videos) to facilitate student learning in this format. This review aims to examine the mechanisms through which the flipped classroom approach affects the two cognitive styles: field-dependent and field-independent. The online component of the flipped classroom favors the field-independent students and helps them perform better through an in-class session as compared to the field-dependent students. The review further discusses the benefits of the flipped classroom for both field-dependent and field-independent students.

The many dimensions of combination therapy: How to combine antibiotics to limit resistance evolution.

In combination therapy, bacteria are challenged with two or more antibiotics simultaneously. Ideally, separate mutations are required to adapt to each of them, which is a priori expected to hinder the evolution of full resistance. Yet, the success of this strategy ultimately depends on how well the combination controls the growth of bacteria with and without resistance mutations. To design a combination treatment, we need to choose drugs and their doses and decide how many drugs get mixed. Which combinations are good? To answer this question, we set up a stochastic pharmacodynamic model and determine the probability to successfully eradicate a bacterial population. We consider bacteriostatic and two types of bactericidal drugs-those that kill independent of replication and those that kill during replication. To establish results for a null model, we consider non-interacting drugs and implement the two most common models for drug independence-Loewe additivity and Bliss independence. Our results show that combination therapy is almost always better in limiting the evolution of resistance than administering just one drug, even though we keep the total drug dose constant for a 'fair' comparison. Yet, exceptions exist for drugs with steep dose-response curves. Combining a bacteriostatic and a bactericidal drug which can kill non-replicating cells is particularly beneficial. Our results suggest that a 50:50 drug ratio-even if not always optimal-is usually a good and safe choice. Applying three or four drugs is beneficial for treatment of strains with large mutation rates but adding more drugs otherwise only provides a marginal benefit or even a disadvantage. By systematically addressing key elements of treatment design, our study provides a basis for future models which take further factors into account. It also highlights conceptual challenges with translating the traditional concepts of drug independence to the single-cell level.

Online healthcare transition resources for pediatric neurosurgical care: supporting the journey of individuals living with spina bifida.

OBJECTIVE: In the global environment in which neurosurgical providers practice, there is a pressing need to identify and highlight online resources to support families shifting from pediatric to adult-centered spina bifida (SB) care in general and neurosurgical care in particular. The purpose of this paper was to identify high-quality resources for clinicians and families of individuals affected by SB to be utilized during the transition years. With knowledge of, and access to, these online resources, neurosurgical providers can aim to make the transition process effective, to improve the quality of care for young adults with SB. METHODS: All identified online resources were found on the GOT TRANSITION platform and by searching "spina bifida transition resources" between January and March 2024. Resources were coded for transition focus areas and stratified into predefined categories: 1) education for clinicians, 2) preparation for youth and families, 3) educational/school, and 4) employment and independent living. RESULTS: A total of 160 websites were cataloged; 11% of websites focused on medical provider education, 44% on preparation for youth, 29% on educational/school resources, and 16% on employment and independent living. CONCLUSIONS: In the global environment of today's medicine, online transition resources are available to assist clinicians and families in the transition process of individuals living with SB. With improved knowledge and utilization of online transition resources, neurosurgical providers can better serve individuals with SB and their families to improve quality of care with the aim of improving lifelong outcomes.

The role of a dedicated transition process from pediatric to adult interdisciplinary care for persons with spina bifida.

OBJECTIVE: Interdisciplinary care and pediatric to adult transitional programs have consistently shown medical and social value for individuals with complex medical conditions such as spina bifida (SB). Such interdisciplinary clinics are common in pediatrics but are rarely offered for adults. This survey-based study reports information related to transition, daily pain burden, and satisfaction with care delivery in an adult SB clinic. METHODS: A 23-question survey that was based on empirical observations from the adult SB clinic was formulated, IRB approved, and distributed to adult patients. Many respondents had previously received care at the institution's pediatric SB clinic and completed transition to the adult program. Responses were de-identified, categorized, stored in a secure database, and statistically analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Of 245 patients approached, 116 (47%) surveys were completed and analyzed. Those who had a direct transition (defined as a less than 24-month gap in care) from the pediatric to the adult clinic comprised 44% (n = 51) of responders. The alternative group of 56% (n = 65) had a longer gap, disorganized or absent transition, or had pediatric care elsewhere. The study population had an average age of 36 years, had mostly received childhood care at the authors' institution, regardless of whether they made a direct transition or had a gap in care (68%), and held the diagnosis of open myelomeningocele (78%). Overall satisfaction with the clinic experience was high (mean score 9.04 on a 10-point subjective scale). Differences regarding independence in activities of daily living based on transition status were not significant, but on multivariate analysis, those who reported independence in activities of daily living had an almost 4-fold higher odds of daily pain (p = 0.024; OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.19-12.5). The most frequently identified areas for improvement included improved access to care and pain control. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric transitional processes and interdisciplinary clinics may contribute to improved patient-perceived outcomes and satisfaction with their SB care in comprehensive settings. Further elucidation of barriers to pain control is warranted, in addition to ways in which comprehensive and longitudinal care can improve them.

Harmonic phase-sensitive detection for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic-thermoelastic spectroscopy.

Quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based techniques of photoacoustic spectroscopy and thermoelastic spectroscopy play a significant role in trace gas sensing due to unique high sensitivity and compactness. However, the stability of both techniques remains plagued by the inevitable and unpredictable laser power variation and demodulation phase variation. Herein, we investigate the phase change of a QTF when integrating both techniques for enhanced gas sensing. By demonstrating harmonic phase-sensitive methane detection as an example, we achieve stable gas measurement at varying laser power (2.4-9.4 mW) and varying demodulation phase (-90-90°). Besides, this method shows more tolerance to resonant frequency drift, contributing to a small signal fluctuation of ≤ 6.4 % over a wide modulation range (>10 times of the QTF bandwidth). The realization of harmonic-phase detection allows strengthening the stability of QTF-based sensors in a simple manner, especially when stable parameters, such as laser power, demodulation phase, even resonant frequency, cannot always be maintained.

A Comprehensive Physiotherapy Approach to Regain Functional Independence in Intermediate Syndrome Secondary to Organophosphate Poisoning: A Case Report.

Organophosphate poisoning (OPP) remains a significant public health issue globally, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in managing patients with OPP, focusing on reducing the severity of intermediate syndrome symptoms and associated complications such as respiratory muscle weakness and bilateral loculated pleural effusions. A 48-year-old male with a history of alcohol consumption was transferred to the medicine intensive care unit due to poison ingestion. The patient exhibited symptoms of respiratory distress and decreased consciousness, necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation. Physiotherapy interventions included patient education, secretion mobilization, vital capacity improvement, secondary complication prevention, chest expansion exercises, dyspnea-relieving positions, and mobilization. The patient's progress was monitored using various scales, including the Functional Independence Measure Scale, ICU Mobility Scale, and Chelsea Critical Care Physical Assessment Tool. Significant improvements in functional independence, mobility, and psychological well-being were observed throughout the intervention period. This study highlights the importance of physiotherapy in the comprehensive management of OPP, emphasizing its role in mitigating respiratory complications and improving overall functional outcomes.

Trans-spinal magnetic stimulation combined with kinesiotherapy as a new method for enhancing functional recovery in patients with spinal cord injury due to neuromyelitis optica: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (TsMS) decreases demyelination and enables recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the usefulness of TsMS in humans with SCI remains unclear. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of TsMS combined with kinesiotherapy on SCI symptoms. We describe a protocol treatment with TsMS and kinesiotherapy in a patient with SCI due to neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-associated transverse myelitis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 23-year-old white male with NMO spectrum disorders started symptoms in 2014 and included lumbar pain evolving into a mild loss of strength and sensitivity in both lower limbs. Five months later, the symptoms improved spontaneously, and there were no sensorimotor deficits. Two years later, in 2016, the symptoms recurred with a total loss of strength and sensitivity in both lower limbs. Initially, physiotherapy was provided in 15 sessions with goals of motor-sensory recovery and improving balance and functional mobility. Subsequently, TsMS (10 Hz, 600 pulses, 20-seconds inter-trains interval, at 90% of resting motor threshold of the paravertebral muscle) was applied at the 10th thoracic vertebral spinous process before physiotherapy in 12 sessions. Outcomes were assessed at three time points: prior to physiotherapy alone (T-1), before the first session of TsMS combined with kinesiotherapy (T0), and after 12 sessions of TsMS combined with kinesiotherapy (T1). The patient showed a 25% improvement in walking independence, a 125% improvement in balance, and an 18.8% improvement in functional mobility. The Patient Global Impression of Change Scale assessed the patient's global impression of change as 'much improved'. CONCLUSION: TsMS combined with kinesiotherapy may safely and effectively improve balance, walking independence, and functional mobility of patients with SCI due to NMO-associated transverse myelitis.

Beyond Pearson's Correlation: Modern Nonparametric Independence Tests for Psychological Research.

When examining whether two continuous variables are associated, tests based on Pearson's, Kendall's, and Spearman's correlation coefficients are typically used. This paper explores modern nonparametric independence tests as an alternative, which, unlike traditional tests, have the ability to potentially detect any type of relationship. In addition to existing modern nonparametric independence tests, we developed and considered two novel variants of existing tests, most notably the Heller-Heller-Gorfine-Pearson (HHG-Pearson) test. We conducted a simulation study to compare traditional independence tests, such as Pearson's correlation, and the modern nonparametric independence tests in situations commonly encountered in psychological research. As expected, no test had the highest power across all relationships. However, the distance correlation and the HHG-Pearson tests were found to have substantially greater power than all traditional tests for many relationships and only slightly less power in the worst case. A similar pattern was found in favor of the HHG-Pearson test compared to the distance correlation test. However, given that distance correlation performed better for linear relationships and is more widely accepted, we suggest considering its use in place or additional to traditional methods when there is no prior knowledge of the relationship type, as is often the case in psychological research.

Statistical Inferences for Complex Dependence of Multimodal Imaging Data.

Statistical analysis of multimodal imaging data is a challenging task, since the data involves high-dimensionality, strong spatial correlations and complex data structures. In this paper, we propose rigorous statistical testing procedures for making inferences on the complex dependence of multimodal imaging data. Motivated by the analysis of multitask fMRI data in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) study, we particularly address three hypothesis testing problems: (a) testing independence among imaging modalities over brain regions, (b) testing independence between brain regions within imaging modalities, and (c) testing independence between brain regions across different modalities. Considering a general form for all the three tests, we develop a global testing procedure and a multiple testing procedure controlling the false discovery rate. We study theoretical properties of the proposed tests and develop a computationally efficient distributed algorithm. The proposed methods and theory are general and relevant for many statistical problems of testing independence structure among the components of high-dimensional random vectors with arbitrary dependence structures. We also illustrate our proposed methods via extensive simulations and analysis of five task fMRI contrast maps in the HCP study.

Breakdown of Boltzmann-type models for the alignment of self-propelled rods.

Studies in the collective motility of organisms use a range of analytical approaches to formulate continuous kinetic models of collective dynamics from rules or equations describing agent interactions. However, the derivation of these kinetic models often relies on Boltzmann's "molecular chaos" hypothesis, which assumes that correlations between individuals are short-lived. While this assumption is often the simplest way to derive tractable models, it is often not valid in practice due to the high levels of cooperation and self-organization present in biological systems. In this work, we illustrated this point by considering a general Boltzmann-type kinetic model for the alignment of self-propelled rods where rod reorientation occurs upon binary collisions. We examine the accuracy of the kinetic model by comparing numerical solutions of the continuous equations to an agent-based model that implements the underlying rules governing microscopic alignment. Even for the simplest case considered, our comparison demonstrates that the kinetic model fails to replicate the discrete dynamics due to the formation of rod clusters that violate statistical independence. Additionally, we show that introducing noise to limit cluster formation helps improve the agreement between the analytical model and agent simulations but does not restore the agreement completely. These results highlight the need to both develop and disseminate improved moment-closure methods for modeling biological and active matter systems.

A lesson for us all: the Hodgkin-Keynes long pore model of ion flux.

In this article we analyse the classic Hodgkin and Keynes 1955 paper describing investigations of the independence principle, with the expectation that there is much students and educators can learn from such exercises, most notably how the authors applied their diverse skill set to tackling the numerous obstacles that the study presented. The paper encompasses three of the physiology core concepts; cell membranes, flow down gradients and scientific reasoning, which were recently assigned to the classes The Biological World, The Physical World and Ways of Looking at the World, respectively. Thus, analysis of such a paper illuminates the relationships that exist between distinct concepts and encourages a holistic approach to understanding physiology. In depth analysis of the paper allows us to follow the authors' thought processes from their realisation that previous methods lacked the resolution to answer a fundamental question relating to ion movement across membranes, to the application of a more sensitive technique and ultimately the development a novel model describing ion flux. This paper was the culmination of work started in the mid 1930s, strongly supported the ionic theory of nervous conduction proposed by Hodgkin and Huxley, and predicted the presence of ion channels as narrow pores through which ions moved sequentially four decades before these characteristics were convincingly demonstrated.

The rise of advanced practice provider independence bills: a misguided attempt to address the physician shortage.

In the past decade, the rise of state legislation that allows for advanced practice provider (APP) independence has grown steadily across the country. Most recently, Montana has enacted House Bill 313, which allows for physician assistant independent practice in primary care services. This is a concerning trend because there is a multitude of studies that demonstrate worsened patient outcomes and increased healthcare expenditures for care delivered by nonphysicians. There are also many unintended consequences that are likely to occur due to this inappropriate expansion of scope of practice for APPs. In this commentary, we outline the ramifications that are likely to occur in states such as Montana that enact legislation that expands the scope of practice for nonphysicians.

Apathy in subarachnoid hemorrhage: study protocol for a 1-year follow-up study.

Introduction: Apathy is a frequent and debilitating condition among subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors. Few studies have evaluated apathy in SAH, and none have examined the course of the condition, predictors of persistent apathy, or its impact on functional outcomes. The proposed study will examine, for the first time, the 12-month course of apathy and its impact on functional outcomes in the largest cohort of SAH survivors to date. Methods and analysis: The current study is designed as a prospective cohort study with a duration of 36 months. We will recruit 240 participants. A trained research assistant will assess apathy using the Apathy Evaluation Scale 3 months after SAH. Patients' level of functioning, comorbidity, global cognitive functioning, and depressive symptoms will be assessed. All SAH patients will participate in follow-up assessments of apathy and functioning at 9 (T2) and 15 months (T3) post-SAH or at 6 and 12 months after the first assessment. Predictors of persistent apathy and the impact of apathy on functional outcomes will be examined. Discussion: This will be the first large-scale 1-year follow-up study of apathy in SAH survivors. The findings will provide valuable data to advance our understanding of the clinical course of apathy in this population. Moreover, the results will have clinical relevance by providing essential information to patients, caregivers, and clinicians; promoting the evaluation of apathy; and facilitating the development of prevention strategies, rehabilitation programs, and therapeutic options. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong-New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CREC Ref. No.: 2023.339) on 3 October 2023. The findings of this study will be shared through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presentations at relevant conferences, and dissemination through social media platforms.

"It means almost forgetting that you've got a disease": An OMERACT study to define independence in the context of rheumatoid arthritis remission from the patient perspective.

AIMS: Our previous work identified pain, fatigue, and independence as missing from the ACR/EULAR rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remission criteria from the patient perspective. Validated measures exist for pain and fatigue, but not for independence. As a first step towards developing such a measure, this study aimed to understand 'Independence' in the context of RA remission from the patient perspective. METHODS: International qualitative research study comprising five focus groups of 19 participants with RA. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five overarching themes were identified, underpinned by a construct of "stages of independence". Independence means at least being 'physically and functionally able' but may go beyond this and enable 'participation beyond function', 'cognitive independence', and 'having or taking control'. There was no agreement on whether assistance is an aid to independence or undermines ability to achieve independence ('assistance is complicated'). The construct "Stages of independence" acknowledges that Independence may mean different things to different patients and there may be other factors beyond disease activity that hold patients in each of these stages. CONCLUSION: These novel data suggest a desirable definition of independence includes full active participation without the need to consider or work around disease activity, and cognitive independence from thoughts of RA. Independence in RA remission is a complex concept and next steps will be to seek patient and professional agreement on the most important issues raised in these focus groups to take forward to developing a measure for independence in the context of RA remission from the patient perspective.

Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for walking independence in hospitalized older adults with a vertebral compression fracture.

OBJECTIVE: No reports on factors or Clinical prediction rules (CPRs) associated with walking independence among patients with vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are available. Evidence regarding epidemiological walking independence rates is also sparse. Here, we sought to (i) obtain epidemiological data on the probability of inpatients with VCFs achieving walking independence, and (ii) develop and validate a CPR to determine walking independence in hospitalized patients with VCFs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional observational study of patients aged ≥60 years who were hospitalized for VCF at four hospitals in Japan in 2019-2022. The outcome was walking independence at discharge. We performed a binomial logistic regression analysis to assess predictors of walking independence. Five independent variables were entered: age, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, cognitive function, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 10-m walking test. Among the independent variables that were significant, we converted the continuous variables to binary data by calculating cut-off values and then created the CPR. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as the measure of the CPR's diagnostic accuracy, and internal validation was conducted by bootstrapping. RESULTS: Of the 240 patients, 188 (78.3%) achieved walking independence. Cognitive function and the BBS score (with a cut-off of 45 points) were identified as significant predictors. We created a CPR using these two items (0-2 points). The CPR's AUC was 0.92 (0.874-0.967), and internal validation by bootstrapping yielded a mean AUC of 0.919 with a slope of 0.965. CONCLUSION: The walking independence rate of patients with a VCF during hospitalization was 78.3%, with cognitive function and BBS being predictors. The developed CPR performed well enough to retrospectively predict walking independence in VCF patients. The BBS cut-off value and the CPR may serve as useful indicators for clinicians to predict VCF patients' walking independence.