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1.
Rev Mal Respir ; 40(7): 572-603, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37365075

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In health care, measures against cross-transmission of microorganisms are codified by standard precautions, and if necessary, they are supplemented by additional precautions. STATE OF THE ART: Several factors impact transmission of microorganisms via the respiratory route: size and quantity of the emitted particles, environmental conditions, nature and pathogenicity of the microorganisms, and degree of host receptivity. While some microorganisms necessitate additional airborne or droplet precautions, others do not. PROSPECTS: For most microorganisms, transmission patterns are well-understood and transmission-based precautions are well-established. For others, measures to prevent cross-transmission in healthcare facilities remain under discussion. CONCLUSIONS: Standard precautions are essential to the prevention of microorganism transmission. Understanding of the modalities of microorganism transmission is essential to implementation of additional transmission-based precautions, particularly in view of opting for appropriate respiratory protection.


Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Infecções Respiratórias , Humanos , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Atenção à Saúde
2.
J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can ; 7(2): 108-116, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36337356

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Among hospitalized patients, a 48-hour window from time of hospitalization defines nosocomial infections and guides empiric antibiotic selection. This time frame may lead to overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Our primary objective was to determine the earliest and median time since hospital admission to acquire antibiotic-resistant pathogens among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of an academic, tertiary care hospital. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted for adult patients admitted to the ICU from home or another hospital within the same health authority in 2018, to identify the time to acquisition of hospital-associated pathogens: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, non-ESBL ceftriaxone-resistant Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Patients transferred from hospitals outside the health authority, admitted to ICU after 14 days of hospitalization, who were solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients, or who were otherwise immunocompromised were excluded. RESULTS: In 2018, 1,343 patients were admitted to this ICU; 820 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 121 (14.76%) acquired a hospital-associated pathogen in the ICU. The probability of isolating a hospital-associated pathogen by 48 hours of hospital admission was 3%. The earliest time to isolate any of these pathogens was 29 hours, and the median was 9 days (interquartile range [IQR] 3.8-15.6 days). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients (85.3%) in this ICU never acquired a hospital-associated pathogen. The median time to acquire a hospital-associated pathogen among the remaining patients suggests that initiating empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics on the basis of a 48-hour threshold may be premature.


HISTORIQUE : Chez les patients hospitalisés, une fenêtre de 48 heures après le moment de l'hospitalisation définit les infections nosocomiales et oriente la sélection d'antibiotiques empiriques. Cette période peut favoriser la surutilisation d'antibiotiques à large spectre. L'objectif primaire de l'étude visait à déterminer la période la plus courte et la période médiane à compter de l'admission pour que les patients admis en soins intensifs à partir d'un hôpital universitaire de soins tertiaires contractent des agents pathogènes antibiorésistants. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont procédé à un examen rétrospectif des dossiers des patients adultes admis en soins intensifs à partir de la maison ou d'un autre hôpital de la même autorité sanitaire en 2018, afin de déterminer la période avant de contracter des agents pathogènes associés au milieu hospitalier : Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline, entérocoque résistant à la vancomycine, Enterobacterales producteurs de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi (BLSE), Enterobacterales résistant à la ceftriaxine non producteurs de BLSE, Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Ont été exclus les patients transférés d'un hôpital hors de l'autorité sanitaire, admis en soins intensifs plus de 14 jours après l'hospitalisation, receveurs d'un organe plein ou de moelle osseuse ou autrement immunodéprimés. RÉSULTATS: En 2018, 1 343 patients ont été admis en soins intensifs, dont 820 respectaient les critères d'inclusion. De ce nombre, 121 (14,67 %) ont contracté un agent pathogène en soins intensifs. La probabilité d'isoler un tel agent dans les 48 heures suivant l'admission en milieu hospitalier s'élevait à 3 %. Ces agents pathogènes ont été isolés au plus tôt 29 heures après l'hospitalisation, et au bout d'une période médiane de neuf jours (plage interquartile [PIQ] 3,8 à 15,6 jours). CONCLUSIONS: La plupart des patients (85,3%) de cette unité de soins intensifs n'ont jamais contracté d'agent pathogène associé au milieu hospitalier. Selon la période médiane avant d'acquérir un tel agent pathogène chez les autres patients, il serait prématuré d'entreprendre une antibiothérapie à large spectre au seuil de 48 heures.

3.
Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique ; 69(2): 88-95, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33642130

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections are a major source of morbidity and mortality in neonatology. Our aim was to describe the epidemiology of Healthcare-associated infections in neonatology (frequency, associated factors and prognosis). METHODS: Articles were searched in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. We included observational studies describing prevalence, incidence or mortality among new-born babies having developed infections more than 48hours after hospitalization. The pooled prevalence, incidence and mortality estimates were analysed using the random effects model. Publication bias was analysed using the funnel plot and Egger's test statistics. Data analysis was carried out using R Studio software v1.2. RESULTS: Among the initially identified 137 studies, ten articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the metanalysis. They mainly concerned Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Pooled incidence was 10% (95% CI [4%-18%]) and overall mortality was 49% (95% CI [33%-66%]). Heterogeneity between studies was significantly high, with rates of 98% and 90% respectively. CONCLUSION: This review underlined a need to undertake more large-scale multicentric surveys and studies on monitoring systems and the attitudes and practices of relevant caregivers, the objective being to better understand the realities of healthcare-associated infections in Greater Maghreb neonatology units.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde , Argélia , Humanos , Incidência , Recém-Nascido , Prevalência , Tunísia
4.
Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) ; 69(6): 415-417, 2020 Dec.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33067005

RESUMO

Nosocomial infections in interventional cardiology are rare, but their extreme severity is responsible for medico-legal issues. By the will of the legislator, it should be understood that, as soon as the nosocomial nature of an infection has been recognized, the victims will almost systematically obtain compensation. The payer will be determined by the level of seriousness of the infection and the existence or not of a possible fault. To avoid a conviction, the care teams must compel themselves to respect the recommendations of the professional societies, but also to ensure a perfect traceability of the prophylactic measures. Particular attention must be paid to the management of the vascular approach. Finally, it is essential to inform patients and all those involved in the healthcare chain of the need to get in touch with the intervention team if suspicious signs of an infection appear, to allow for specialized cares.


Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Responsabilidade Legal , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/legislação & jurisprudência , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/normas , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/normas
5.
Mali Med ; 35(1): 35-38, 2020.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37978752

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare-associated infections or nosocomial infections are a public health problem due to their frequency, severity and economic impact. They cause an increase of the morbidity, the mortality, the hospital stay and the expenses of taking care of the patients. According to the WHO, 7.1 million people are affected each year, of which about 100,000 die. AIM OF STUDY: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of healthcare-associated infections in the Neurosurgery Department of Gabriel Touré University teaching Hospital and to identify the risk factors associated with these infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was an epidemiological, descriptive, analytic, cross-sectional and prospective study lasting 6 months from May 29 to November 30, 2016. The study focused on patients who stayed more than 48 hours in the Neurosurgical department Gabriel Touré teaching hospital. The collected data focused on the clinical and biological characteristics of the patients during their hospitalization. The maximum size of the sample was 200 patients. A sample was taken for each type of infection. The criteria used for the diagnosis of Healthcare-associated infections were those of the CDC (Center for Disease Control) and the realization of a thick drop in our context. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of qualitative variables and Kruskal Wallis and Anova for quantitative variables. The materiality threshold has been set to a value of p less than 0.05. RESULTS: At the end of our study, we had 34 infected patients out of 200, a rate of 17%. The significant risk factors found in our study were: high age (p = 0.04), ASA class (p = 0.002), pre-surgical shaving (p = 0.02), long duration surgical intervention (p = 0.002) and long hospital stay (p = 0.004). The types of infections associated with the care found were: urinary in 18 (53%) cases, respiratory in 9 (26%) cases, operative site in 6 (18%) cases and 1 (3%) cases of bacteremia. The bacterial spectrum of these infections was dominated by Negative Gram Bacilli, among which Escherichia coli in 11 (32.3%) cases. The clinical course of patients treated for these infections was marked by healing in 31 (91.2%) cases, complications in 2 (5.9%) cases, and death in 1 (2.9%) case. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Healthcare-associated infections in our department remains high compared to that found in developed countries. This study allowed us to identify the main risk factors associated with these infections. A stricter adherence to the rules of hygiene and prevention of Healthcare-associated infections is needed to reduce this rate.


INTRODUCTION: Les infections associées aux soins (IAS) ou infections nosocomiales constituent un problème de santé publique par leur fréquence, leur gravité et leur retentissement économique. Elles causent une augmentation de la morbidité, la mortalité, le séjour hospitalier et les frais de prise en charge des malades.Selon l'OMS, 7,1 millions de personnes seraient affectées par les IAS chaque année parmi lesquelles environ 100000 meurent de suites de ces ISA. BUT: Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la fréquence des infections associées aux soins dans le service de Neurochirurgie du CHU Gabriel Touré et d'identifier les facteurs de risque associés à ces infections. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective d'une durée de 6 mois allant du 29 Mai au 30 Novembre 2016. L'étude a porté sur les patients ayant séjourné plus de 48 heures dans le service de Neurochirurgie du CHU Gabriel Touré.Les données collectées ont porté sur les caractéristiques cliniques et biologiques des patients au cours de leur hospitalisation.La taille maximum de l'échantillon a été de 200 malades. Un prélèvement a été fait pour chaque type d'infection.Les critères utilisés pour le diagnostic de l'IAS étaient ceux du CDC (Center for Disease Control) d'Atlanta ainsi que la réalisation d'une goutte épaisse dans notre contexte.Le test de khi2 a été utilisé pour la comparaison des variables qualitatives et Kruskal Wallis et Anova pour les variables quantitatives. Le seuil de signification a été fixé à une valeur de p inférieure à 0,05. RÉSULTATS: Au terme de notre étude nous avons eu 34 patients infectés sur 200, soit un taux de 17%. Les différents facteurs de risque significatifs retrouvés dans notre étude ont été : l'âge élevé (p=0,04), la classe ASA (p=0,002), le rasage pré-chirurgical (p=0,02), la longue durée de l'intervention chirurgicale (p=0,002) ainsi que la longue durée d'hospitalisation (p=0,004). Les types d'infections associées aux soins retrouvés ont été : urinaires dans 18 (53 %) cas, respiratoires dans 9 (26%) cas, site opératoire dans 6 (18%) cas et 1 (3%) cas de bactériémie. Le spectre bactérien de ces infections était dominé par les Bacilles Gram Négatifs parmi lesquels l'Escherichia coli dans 11 (32,3%) cas.L'évolution clinique des patients traités pour ces infections a été marquée par la guérison dans 31 (91,2%) cas, les complications dans 2 (5,9%) cas et le décès dans 1(2,9%) cas. CONCLUSION: La prévalence des infections associées aux soins dans notre service reste élevée par rapport à celle retrouvée dans les pays développés. Cette étude nous a permis d'identifier les principaux facteurs de risque associés à ces infections. Une observance plus stricte des règles d'hygiène et de prévention des IAS s'impose pour faire baisser ce taux.

6.
Mali Med ; 35(1): 39-42, 2020.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37978754

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To study health care-associated infections (HCAI) in teaching hospital Gabriel TOURE. METHODOLOGY: This was a prospective study of 6 months (from April to September 2016) which included patients admitted to the General Surgery Department, operated or not, except those who had undergone a necrosectomy. The criteria used for the diagnosis of the infection were those of the CDC of Atlanta. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Twenty one patients developed IAS that is a frequency of 10.5%. There were 11 men and 10 women with a mean age of 37.7 years with a standard deviation of 17.6 years. Surgical site infection was the most common HCAI (77.3%) followed by urinary tract infection (13.6%) and burn infection (9.1%). The influencing factors were those related to the patients (nutritional status p = 0.004, anemia RR = 3.1 IC p = 0.003 and diabetes), those related to the surgical intervention (the duration of the intervention ≥ 2H, p = 0,0001, the Altemeier class 3 and 4, RR = 4.24, IC p = 0.005, the number of interveners in the blocks ≥7, p = 0.000, the NNISS score 1 and 2 p = 0.0009), invasive procedures (bladder catheter ≥ 4 days p = 0.0000). Escherichia coli was the most isolated microorganism (31.2%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia and A baumannii (18.7%). The treatment was local (twice-daily dressing with antiseptics), surgical (necrosectomy 16% and re-intervention 10%) and general (adapted to the antibiogram). The consequences of HCAI were an extension of total hospital stay (greater than 7 days) with p = 0.0000, morbidity 3% and mortality 5%. CONCLUSION: HCAI remains a concern in our country and globally. They prolong the hospital stay. The implementation of a prevention, control and surveillance program will improve the quality of care by significantly reducing HCAI.


Une infection est dite associée aux soins (IAS) si elle survient au cours ou au décours d'une prise en charge. L'OBJECTIF ÉTAIT: d'étudier les infections associées aux soins en chirurgie générale du CHU Gabriel Touré. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective de 6mois (d'avril à septembre 2016) intéressant les malades hospitalisés dans le service de chirurgie générale opérés ou non, sauf ceux ayant subi une nécrosectomie. Les critères utilisés pour le diagnostic de l'infection ont été ceux du CDC d'Atlanta. RÉSULTATS: Au total 200 malades ont été inclus dans l'étude. Vingt un patients ont développé des IAS soit une fréquence de 10,5%. Il s'agissait de 11 hommes et 10 femmes ayant un âge moyen de 37,7 ans avec un écart type de 17,6 ans. L'infection du site opératoire a été la plus fréquente des IAS (77,3%) suivie par l'infection urinaire (13,6%) et l'infection des brûlures (9,1%). Les facteurs influençant ont été ceux liés aux malades (état nutritionnel p=0,004 ; anémie RR=3,1 IC p=0,003 et diabète), ceux liés à l'intervention chirurgicale (la durée de l'intervention sup ≥2H p=0,0001 ; la classe d'Altemeier 3 et 4 ; RR=4,24 ; IC p=0,005 ; le nombre d'intervenants au blocs ≥7 ; p=0,000 ; le score de NNISS 1et 2 p=0,0009), les actes invasifs (sondage vésical ≥ 4 jours p=0,0000). Escherichia coli a été le germe le plus isolé parmi les micro-organismes (31,2%) suivi de Klebsiella pneumonia et A baumannii (18,7%). Le Traitement a été local (pansement biquotidien avec des antiseptiques), chirurgical (nécrosectomie 16% et ré-intervention 10%) et général (adapté à l'antibiogramme). Les conséquences des IAS ont été le prolongement de la durée totale d'hospitalisation (supérieur à 7 jours) avec p= 0,0000, la morbidité 3% et la mortalité 5%. CONCLUSION: Les IAS demeurent préoccupantes dans notre pays comme à l'échelle mondiale. Elles prolongent le séjour hospitalier. La mise en œuvre d'un programme de prévention, de contrôle et de surveillance permettra d'améliorer la qualité des soins en réduisant considérablement les IAS.

7.
Mali Med ; 35(1): 43-49, 2020.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37978759

RESUMO

OBJECTIF: the purpose of this work was to study the infections associated with the care in the department of gynecology - obstetrics of the University Hospital Center Gabriel Touré (CHU G. Touré). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an epidemiological, descriptive, and analytical study carried out in the gynecology-obstetrics department of G. Touré University Hospital, from April 11, 2016 to August 29, 2016 (4 monthset 18 days), with a prospective collection of data that focused on the characteristics clinical and laboratory-based care-associated infections in patients during their hospitalization. Included in the study were all hospitalized patients (operated or not) in the gynecology obstetrics department, who agreed to participate in the study. The criteria used to diagnose the infection associated with care were those of the CDC Atlanta and making a thick drop in our context. Operative wound monitoring was performed until the 30th postoperative day. RESULTS: We recorded 200 patients, including 138 operated and 62 nonoperated patients, of which 30 patients developed a care-associated infection at a rate of 15%. The mean age of the patients who presented an infection was 32.52 years ± 13.36 years against 29.36 years ± 10.28 years for the patients who did not present the infection. Seven point five percent of the evacuees had an infection associated with care. The most common types of infections were surgical site infection with 56.60% followed by malaria with 23.30% and urinary tract infection with 20.00%. Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumaniiwere the most recovered germs. Isolated organisms were 100% resistant to Amoxicillin, 88.88% were resistant to Ciprofloxacin and 77.77% were resistant to Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid. The average duration of hospitalization for patients who developed the infection was 14.70 days with extremes of 5 and 46 days. The mortality rate was 1.50%. The average cost of management of patients who developed the infection was 119837 FCFA; the extremes were 17750 and 825750 FCFA and the standard deviation of 174998 CFA francs. CONCLUSION: the infections associated with the care remain frequent in our service and dominated by the infections of the operating site. The isolated organisms were all 100% resistant to Amoxicillin in 88.88% Ciprofloxacin.


LE BUT: de ce travail était d'étudier les infections associées aux soins dans le département de gynécologie ­obstétrique du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré (CHU G. Touré). PATIENTES ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude épidémiologique, descriptive, analytique réalisée dans le département de gynécologie ­obstétrique du CHU G. Touré, allant du 11 Avril 2016 au 29 Août 2016 (4 mois et 18 jours) à collecte prospective des données qui a porté sur les caractéristiques cliniques et biologiques des infections associées aux soins chez les patientes au cours de leur hospitalisation. Etaient incluses dans l'étude toutes les patientes hospitalisées (opérées ou non) dans le service de gynécologie obstétrique, et qui ont accepté de participer à l'étude.Les critères utilisés pour le diagnostic de l'infection associée aux soins étaient ceux du CDC d'Atlanta et la réalisation d'une goutte épaisse dans notre contexte. Une surveillance des plaies opératoires a été faite jusqu'au 30ème jour post-opératoire. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons enregistrés 200 patientes dont 138 opérées et 62 non opérées parmi lesquelles 30 patientes ont développé une infection associée aux soins soit un taux de 15%. L'âge moyen des patientes ayant présenté une infection a été 32,52 ans ±13,36 ans contre 29.36 ans ±10,28 ans pour les patientes n'ayant pas présenté l'infection. Sept virgule cinq pourcent des patientes évacuées ont présenté une infection associée aux soins. Les types d'infections les plus retrouvés étaient l'infection du site opératoire avec 56,60% suivie du paludisme avec 23,30% et l'infection urinaire avec 20,00%. L'Escherichia coli et l'Acinetobacterbaumanii ont été les germes les plus retrouvés. Les germes isolés étaient dans 100% des cas résistants à l'Amoxicilline, dans 88,88% des cas résistants à la Ciprofloxacine et dans 77.77% des cas résistants à l'Amoxicilline +Acide clavulanique. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation des patientes ayant développé l'infection a été 14,70 jours avec des extrêmes de 5 et 46 jours.Le taux de mortalité a été de 1,50%. Le coût moyen de prise en charge des patientes ayant développé l'infection a été 119837 FCFA ; les extrêmes ont été 17750 et 825750 FCFA et l'écart type de 174998 francs CFA. CONCLUSION: les infections associées aux soins restent fréquentes dans notre service et dominées par les infections du site opératoire. Les germes isolés étaient tous résistants dans 100% cas à l'Amoxicilline dans 88,88% cas à la Ciprofloxacine.

8.
Med Mal Infect ; 49(1): 17-22, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30029968

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The morbi-mortality related to infective endocarditis (IE) remains high as the epidemiology has changed over the last years: ageing of patients, comorbidity and healthcare-associated infections. To optimize IE management, a weekly endocarditis multidisciplinary meeting (EMM) was set up at our facility. We present the activity report of the EMM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients hospitalized for IE who were presented at the weekly EMM between January 2013 and June 2017 were prospectively included. The main objective was to assess the impact of the EMM on the management of community-acquired IE and healthcare-associated IE by analyzing in-hospital case fatality. RESULTS: Of the 1139 cases reported during the EMM for suspicion of IE, 493 (86% were definite cases) were selected for the study: 262 patients had community-acquired IE and 231 had healthcare-associated IE; 43% of IEs involved a valvular prosthesis. Following the EMM, infections were documented in 92% of cases: staphylococci in 45% of healthcare-associated IEs and streptococci in 44% of community-acquired IE cases. A septic embolism was diagnosed in 57% of cases. Finally, 49% of patients underwent surgery. The in-hospital case fatality was 12% with no significant difference between community-acquired IEs and healthcare-associated IEs. Case fatality was also significantly higher in elderly patients, in the absence of surgical treatment, initial heart failure, or Staphylococcus aureus IE. CONCLUSION: The weekly EMM allows our facility to follow the European Society of Cardiology guidelines and to adapt the management of each patient to improve IE prognosis.


Assuntos
Endocardite/terapia , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Idoso , Comorbidade , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Infecção Hospitalar/terapia , Endocardite/diagnóstico , Endocardite/mortalidade , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Endocardite Bacteriana/mortalidade , Endocardite Bacteriana/terapia , Feminino , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/microbiologia , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/organização & administração , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/normas , Prognóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/mortalidade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/terapia
9.
Rev Prat ; 67(2): 206-210, 2017 02.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30512859

RESUMO

Epidemiology and prevention of health care associated infections. Nosocomial infections (NI) are infections contracted in a healthcare facility. This definition has become unsuited to current care practices where initially the distinguishing criterion was the place of acquisition of infection (nosocomial versus community). It has therefore been updated in November 2007 and was integrated more broadly within healthcare associated infections. The prevalence of nosocomial infections (NI) in France is located in the lower limits of other countries in Europe around 5.3%. The most frequent infections are urinary tract infections, pneumonia, surgical site infection and bloodstream infection. These NI are favored by the presence of invasive devices or invasive procedures. Bacteria represent the most frequently microorganisms isolated in NI. The most commonly involved are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The major problem of these bacteria is the multidrug resistance (eg, S. aureus resistant to methicillin). NI prevention is based on greater respect for hygiene precautions. The NI remains a public health major concern both in terms of morbidity and mortality cost.


Épidémiologie et prévention des infections associées aux soins. Les infections nosocomiales sont des infections contractées dans un établissement de santé. Cette définition est devenue inadaptée aux pratiques de soins actuelles où initialement le critère discriminant était le lieu d'acquisition de l'infection (communautaire versus nosocomiale). Elle a donc été actualisée en novembre 2007 et a été intégrée de façon plus générale au sein des infections associées aux soins. Le taux de prévalence des infections nosocomiales en France se situe dans les limites basses des autres pays d'Europe, autour de 5,3 %. Les infections les plus fréquentes sont l'infection urinaire, la pneumopathie, l'infection du site opératoire et la bactériémie/ septicémie. Ces infections nosocomiales sont favorisées par la présence de dispositifs invasifs ou de procédures invasives. Les bactéries représentent trois quarts des micro-organismes isolés dans les infections nosocomiales. Les plus souvent en cause sont Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus et Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Certaines de ces bactéries posent le problème majeur de la multirésistance aux antibiotiques (par exemple : S. aureus résistant à la méticilline). La prévention des infections nosocomiales repose entre autres sur un meilleur respect des précautions d'hygiène. Les infections nosocomiales restent une préoccupation majeure en santé publique tant en termes de morbidité que de mortalité et de coût.


Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas , Infecção Hospitalar , Infecções Urinárias , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Europa (Continente) , França , Humanos , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/prevenção & controle
10.
Rev Prat ; 67(2): 211-217, 2017 02.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30512860

RESUMO

Multidrug resistant bacteria and emerging antibiotic resistance traits. Since the 1990s, the dissemination of extended spectrum ß-lactamase producing-Enterobacteriaceae that are resistant to a wide variety of common antimicrobials is serious global health concern. Carbapenems have rapidly become the treatment of choice of severe infections due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, but carbapenem- resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been increasingly reported in France and worldwide. These bacteria are mainly found in feacal carriage but the number of clinically-relevant infections is increasing. In that context, we observe a renewed interest for old drugs like temocillin, tigecyclin or polymyxins. When susceptible, aminoglycosides are also often used to treat infections due to multiresistant bacteria. Unfortunately, in addition to significant risks of toxicity, the use of these last resort drugs can be compromised due to the emergence of new mechanisms of resistance.


Bactéries multirésistantes et nouvelles émergences de résistance chez les entérobactéries. L'émergence des entérobactéries productrices de bêtalactamase à spectre étendu depuis le début des années 1990 a favorisé la consommation d'antibiotiques à très large spectre comme les carbapénèmes. Malheureusement, leur utilisation semble de plus en plus compromise avec l'émergence de bactéries devenues résistantes aux carbapénèmes, notamment par production de carbapénémases. Les entérobactéries productrices de carbapénémase sont essentiellement retrouvées en portage digestif, mais le nombre d'infections induites par ces germes extrêmement résistants en France et dans le monde ne cesse d'augmenter. Ainsi, pour traiter les patients infectés par ces entérobactéries productrices de carbapénémase, on assiste à un regain d'intérêt pour des anciennes molécules comme la témocilline, la tigécycline, ou encore les polymyxines. Les aminosides, lorsqu'ils sont sensibles, font également partie des options thérapeutiques. Cependant, en plus d'un risque de toxicité souvent non négligeable chez l'homme, nous observons également l'émergence de la résistance à ces antibitiotiques de dernier recours qui constituaient le dernier rempart contre la panrésistance.


Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Enterobacteriaceae , beta-Lactamases , Antibacterianos , Carbapenêmicos , França
11.
Rev Prat ; 67(2): 217-222, 2017 02.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30512861

RESUMO

Prudent antibiotic use in response to the antimicrobial resistance challenges. Appropriate antimicrobial use and hospital infection control are the two pillars on which control of antimicrobial resistance relies. Components of prudent antimicrobial prescribing in the hospital setting include : 1) an accurate microbiological diagnosis of the infection treated using appropriate microbiological samplings before initiating therapy, while avoiding treatment of patients only colonised ; 2) reappraisal of therapy at 48 to 72 h, considering de-escalation and considering PK/PD parameters; 3) reappraisal of therapy in between the 5th and 7th day, giving consideration to shortening the duration of therapy to the minimum effective length. Local epidemiology is also important to consider, especially in high-risk units. Antimicrobial stewardship teams have an important role to play in the overall fight against antimicrobial resistance in hospitals, notably regarding good prescribing of "critically important" antibiotics.


Le bon usage des antibiotiques en réponse aux défis des résistances bactériennes. Le bon usage des antibiotiques et l'hygiène hospitalière sont les deux piliers complémentaires et indispensables à la lutte contre l'antibiorésistance. Les éléments du bon usage en milieu hospitalier comprennent : 1) la définition aussi précise que possible de l'infection à traiter à l'aide de prélèvements microbiologiques adéquats préalables au traitement, et l'abstention de traitement des colonisations ; 2) la réévaluation des traitements à 48-72 heures permettant une désescalade, et en portant attention aux éléments de pharmacocinétique/pharmacodynamie ; 3) la réévaluation entre le 5e et le 7e jour, et la réduction des durées de traitement au minimum nécessaire. Les données épidémiologiques locales sont à prendre en compte, notamment dans les services à risque. Les équipes mobiles d'infectiologie et les référents antibiotiques fournissent une aide précieuse en milieu hospitalier et contribuent au meilleur usage des antibiotiques, notamment des antibiotiques dits « critiques ¼.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Anti-Infecciosos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Hospitais , Humanos
13.
Med Mal Infect ; 46(1): 14-9, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26654322

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Compliance with advanced isolation precautions (IPs) is crucial to reduce healthcare-associated infections. Our aim was to evaluate physician's knowledge and attitudes related to IPs. METHODS: An online questionnaire was sent to our hospital's physicians (attending physicians and residents). RESULTS: A total of 111 physicians completed the questionnaire: 60 (54%) attending physicians and 51 (46%) residents. Overall, respondents had a poor knowledge of the three types of IPs, especially droplet precautions (13 correct answers, 11.7%) and airborne IP (17 correct answers, 16.3%). We observed a statistically significant difference between attending physicians and residents for the type of IP to prescribe to a patient presenting with multidrug-resistant urinary infection: 44 residents (86%) gave the correct answer vs 42 attending physicians (70%), P=0.04. Physicians (both residents and attending physicians) who were already familiar with the dedicated webpage available on the hospital's intranet (n=40) obtained a score of 4.75/10 (±2.0) compared with 4.03/10 (±1.7) for those who had never used that tool (n=71). The difference was statistically significant (P=0.04). The average score for both residents and attending physicians was 4.3/10 (±1.9, range: 1-10). Attending physicians' and residents' scores were 4/10 (±1.8) and 4.5/10 (±1.9), respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.14). CONCLUSION: Physicians' knowledge of IPs was insufficient. Improvement in medical training is needed. The use of a dedicated webpage on hospitals' intranet could help physicians acquire better knowledge on that matter.


Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Educação Médica Continuada , Internato e Residência , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/educação , Isolamento de Pacientes/métodos , Aerossóis , Redes de Comunicação de Computadores , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Avaliação Educacional , França , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Comportamento de Busca de Informação , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Precauções Universais
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