Hidden gems: Scattered knowledge hampered freshwater jellyfish research over the past one-and-a-half centuries.

Freshwater jellyfish (= limnic medusa-budding hydrozoans, FWJ) are a small group of cnidarians found on all continents except Antarctica in temperate to tropical latitudes. Members of this group belong primarily to three genera: Astrohydra, Craspedacusta, and Limnocnida. While Astrohydra and Limnocnida are typically restricted to the islands of Japan, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent, one species or potential species complex, Craspedacusta sowerbii, became globally invasive. Despite research going back about one-and-a-half centuries, little is known about their phylogeny and ecology compared to marine jellyfish. Recent species distribution modelling, however, showed that by 2050, C. sowerbii will potentially extend their distribution ranges due to global warming to high-latitude ecosystems and be present (medusa stage) for an extended time in the seasonal limnic production cycle. An increase in their relative ecological importance with temporal and spatial spreading is hypothesised. Only recently, it has been shown that the trophic roles of polyps and medusae and their prey overlap with other ecosystem members. In addition, medusa behaviour may cause trophic cascades and alter vertical nutrient distributions. However, polyps and other benthic life cycle stages are understudied. In globally, changing freshwater ecosystems that may become more accommodating for FWJ, an improved understanding of their population biology and ecosystem ecology is urgently needed. In this integrative review, we, therefore, explore reasons for the hampered historical research progress, contrast developments with those of marine cnidarians, compile and publish alongside an extensive and unprecedented literature database, and formulate avenues for future directions in FWJ research.

Proximate and ultimate drivers of norms and norm change.

We describe a formal model of norm psychology that can be applied to better understand norm change. The model integrates several proximate drivers of normative behavior: beliefs and preferences about a) material payoffs, b) personal norms, c) peer disapproval, d) conformity, and e) authority compliance. Additionally, we review interdisciplinary research on ultimate foundations of these proximate drivers of normative behavior. Finally, we discuss opportunities for integration between the proposed formal framework and several psychological sub-fields.

Modernizing authorship criteria and transparency practices to facilitate open and equitable team science.

Background: The rapid acceleration of authorship inflation-increasing numbers of authors per publication in collaborative research-has rendered the traditional "substantial contributions" criterion for authorship and the lack of transparency in author contributions increasingly problematic.Methods and results: To address these challenges, a revamped approach to authorship is proposed, replacing the rigid requirement of "substantial contributions" with a more flexible, project-specific criterion of "sufficient contributions," as determined and justified by the authors for each project. This change more accurately reflects and accommodates the proliferation of scientific collaboration ("team science" or "group science"). It broadens the scope and granularity of roles deserving of authorship by integrating the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) and Method Reporting with Initials for Transparency (MeRIT) systems. It mandates in-text documentation of who did what (e.g., who collected what data) and moves beyond the typical binary (all-or-none) classification by assigning a gradated contribution level to each author for each role. Contributions can be denoted using an ordinal scale-either coarse (e.g., lead, equal, and supporting) or fine-grained (e.g., minimal, slight, moderate, substantial, extensive, and full). To support the implementation of the revamped approach, an authorship policy template is provided.Conclusions: Adopting proportional, role-specific credit allocation and explicit documentation of contributions fosters a more transparent, equitable, and trustworthy scientific environment.

Cyanobacterial blooms management: A simulation-based optimization method.

Controlling cyanobacterial blooms is not only an engineering and technical issue but also an optimization problem in environment management. Under budget constraints, a novel simulation-based optimization model for cyanobacterial control is constructed in this study. The simulation model is used for simulating cyanobacteria growth and diffusion processes. The optimization model is utilized to determine the optimal search and treatment path. Through the interactive coupling of simulation modeling and resource allocation optimization, this research provides decision-makers with new operational guidelines for cyanobacterial control. Our test results demonstrate that the initial invasion frequency has a greater economic impact than invasion abundance. The nearby cells to the initial invasion are affected first, and then the influence radiates outward in a diffusion pattern. Using a slow search speed and a treatment frequency of every 10 days can achieve the lowest possible economic losses in most test scenarios. Moreover, we also find that the optimal search and treatment paths revolve around the initial invasion location. This study is a typical interdisciplinary research, which can assist water resource managers in making more accurate decisions regarding cyanobacteria removal paths, removal frequencies, and treatment speeds.

The Australian Frailty Network: Development of a consumer-focussed national response to frailty.

Frailty is an important concept in the care of older adults. Over the past two decades, significant advances have been made in measuring frailty. While it is now well-recognised that frailty status is an important determinant of outcomes from medical illnesses or surgical interventions, frailty measurement is not currently routinely integrated into clinical practice. In the community setting, it is uncommon for general practitioners to deliver frailty-optimised care. In hospitals, there is substantial variability in how people living with frailty are managed. This variability is notable between and even within disciplines. Furthermore, gains from understanding frailty mechanisms and risk factors are not yet applied/implemented at scale to delay the progression of frailty in community-dwellers. The Australian Frailty Network (AFN) is a national collaborative group of researchers, clinicians, non-government organisations, consumers and policymakers, in which the engagement and active involvement of consumers has been embedded from the outset. The AFN aims to generate new knowledge to improve health outcomes, to ensure evidence-based management is translated into clinical practice and to build capacity in multidisciplinary and translational frailty research. Here, we describe the development of the AFN, highlighting important milestones: (i) securing funding for the network and flagship elements; (ii) an inaugural summit to establish the strategic vision, values and scope with end-users; (iii) sabbatical visits to learn from international examples; and (iv) developing the governance structure and an actionable plan encompassing consumer engagement, research, education and policy and practice to maximise impact.

Minimizing the Risk of Diagnostic Errors in Acute Care for Older Adults: An Interdisciplinary Patient Safety Challenge.

Modern healthcare systems are increasingly organized according to diagnosis-specific clinical pathways and treatment protocols. At the same time, the number of patients with complex problems and needs that do not fit the single-diagnosis approach is rising, contributing to a high prevalence of diagnostic errors. In this article, we focus on the risk of diagnostic errors arising from missed or incomplete diagnosis and assessment of older adult patients' care needs in the first hours of acute hospitalizations in EDs. This focus is important for improving patient safety, as clinical decisions made in EDs impact patient safety in the subsequent steps of the process, thereby potentially causing new risks to arise. Based on our discussion of clinical decision-making and diagnostic errors in the acute care context, we propose a more comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to improvements in patient safety that integrates organizational and clinical research and examines where, when, how, and why risks to patient safety arise in and across different clinical-organizational contexts.

Enhancing environmental policy through evidence synthesis: a review of the Environmental Evidence for the Future (EEF) Initiative.

The Environmental Evidence for the Future (EEF) Initiative emerged in response to the challenges and opportunities presented by the UK's decision to leave the European Union and its associated Environmental Frameworks. The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), working closely with the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) and UK stakeholders, developed the initiative to identify and address crucial evidence gaps, offering a long-term vision for environmental policy and sustainability. The EEF Initiative progressed through three stages: strategic priority identification, NERC panel award selection, and the production of Systematic Maps of existing evidence. The first stage involved collaborative workshops across the UK to identify key knowledge gaps in environmental science. The subsequent prioritisation resulted in 65 challenges across 10 thematic areas. The second stage saw NERC initiating, with CEE support, an open call for research proposals emphasising the use of evidence synthesis methodology. The selection process, balancing topic importance and applicant expertise, led to funding for five projects. The final stage involved the production of Systematic Maps of existing evidence based on the CEE Guidelines and Standards, providing a structured overview of existing literature on specific topics. The EEF Initiative demonstrated effective collaboration between UKRI (NERC), an independent non-profit (CEE), academia, and government agencies, addressing critical environmental challenges through rigorous evidence synthesis methodologies. The programme enhanced understanding and utilisation of these methodologies within the research community. Key lessons include the importance of inclusive priority-setting, differentiation between broad policy questions and specific Systematic Map questions, recognition of the value of Systematic Maps, and the role of experience in evidence synthesis teams. As policymakers and researchers navigate environmental policies in a resource-constrained environment, the EEF Initiative highlights the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of systematic mapping and review processes for evidence-based decision-making. The success of funding through NERC sets a precedent for future thematic evidence focused programmes, emphasising the need for continued support in developing synthesis skills among researchers and encouraging direct government commissions for targeted and responsive evidence. The EEF Initiative serves as a model for effective collaboration, providing valuable insights into addressing evidence gaps and shaping evidence-based policymaking in an ever-evolving environmental landscape.

Machine learning misclassification networks reveal a citation advantage of interdisciplinary publications only in high-impact journals.

Given a large enough volume of data and precise, meaningful categories, training a statistical model to solve a classification problem is straightforward and has become a standard application of machine learning (ML). If the categories are not precise, but rather fuzzy, as in the case of scientific disciplines, the systematic failures of ML classification can be informative about properties of the underlying categories. Here we classify a large volume of academic publications using only the abstract as information. From the publications that are classified differently by journal categories and ML categories (i.e., misclassified publications, when using the journal assignment as ground truth) we construct a network among disciplines. Analysis of these misclassifications provides insight in two topics at the core of the science of science: (1) Mapping out the interplay of disciplines. We show that this misclassification network is informative about the interplay of academic disciplines and it is similar to, but distinct from, a citation-based map of science, where nodes are scientific disciplines and an edge indicates a strong co-citation count between publications in these disciplines. (2) Analyzing the success of interdisciplinarity. By evaluating the citation patterns of publications, we show that misclassification can be linked to interdisciplinarity and, furthermore, that misclassified articles have different citation frequencies than correctly classified articles: In the highest 10 percent of journals in each discipline, these misclassified articles are on average cited more frequently, while in the rest of the journals they are cited less frequently.

Meeting social welfare legal needs in end-of-life care: co-creation of a system-wide research partnership.

Background: Social welfare legal needs (matters of daily life, such as finances, housing and employment with legal rights, entitlements or protections) are prevalent towards end of life, creating significant difficulties for both patients and carers. Most people do not know where to go, although a range of services provide advice and support for addressing social welfare legal problems. Navigating this complex and fragmented system across health, social care and social welfare legal support is very challenging. Healthcare professionals are often the first contact for social welfare legal needs, although these are often overlooked and their impact on health and well-being unrecognised. Interprofessional learning can increase awareness of social welfare legal needs and build connections between service providers, offering a more holistic and cohesive multiagency response to the complex needs around end of life. The aim of the research was to co-create a robust foundation for cross-agency research investigating the impact of interprofessional learning on social welfare legal needs towards end of life in the North East England region. Objectives: Convene a research partnership group across academics, multiagency service providers and members of the public with lived experience. Consider and agree key issues for successful place-based multiagency research in this area. Co-create a complexity-appropriate research proposal with interprofessional learning as an intervention. Methods: A series of research activities was implemented to convene a multiagency partnership group and consider the key issues for successful place-based multiagency research. Data were collected from two online workshops, an optional reflective workbook, and a modified Delphi technique. Initial participants were selectively recruited from our established stakeholder and patient and public involvement groups. Increasing diversity of the partnership continued throughout the project, using contacts provided by group members. Representation of services supporting underserved groups was a priority. Results: All invited participants were recruited to the partnership, although contribution to research activities was variable. The partnership bridged knowledge gaps between services and united diverse perspectives, expertise and experience. A greater understanding of the barriers and opportunities for place-based multiagency working was generated, such as considering the importance of language in facilitating collaboration and responding to concerns around capacity. A non-hierarchical partnership was meaningful, with both personal and professional insights viewed as equally important. Facilitators to engagement with interprofessional learning were identified including the need for leadership endorsement. A non-traditional, mixed-method approach to interprofessional learning evaluation was favoured, with both qualitative and quantitative measures at three levels: patient and carer, professional learners and organisations. Important outcomes included raising awareness, connectedness and space to reflect. Limitations: The partnership group expanded throughout the course of the project. While this extended diversity, variable participation hindered depth of discussion, with participants engaging at different points and with different understanding levels of the project. Supplementary materials provided some mitigation. Capacity and funding constraints limited engagement for some participants. Conclusions: Convening a multiagency partnership generated insights into the benefits, barriers and facilitators to research co-design and potential measures of success of interprofessional learning. Future work: Learning from this project has informed a complexity-appropriate research proposal to evaluate the impact of interprofessional learning as an intervention across different stakeholders. Funding: This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme as award number NIHR135276.

Social welfare legal issues, such as unsuitable housing, job difficulties and money concerns, are common in the last 12 months of a person's life and they affect carers too. Getting the right help can be difficult as it is hard to know where to go. Organisations and services often work separately from each other. Healthcare professionals are often the first contact for social welfare legal needs, but they may not be able to provide the required support. Interprofessional learning brings professionals together to learn from each other and connect services better. We think this will make it easier for people to get the help they need when the same is required. We set up a group of professionals and four people with personal experience. This partnership group started with people and organisations we knew already but more joined during the project. By the end, 37 different services, representing a range of health, advice and community services, had joined the research group. All services had experience of social welfare legal issues in the last 12 months of life. The group discussed running research together and how interprofessional learning could be tested in our next research project. Research activities were: two online meetings to discuss key questions a workbook which gave time to think about the questions we were asking a survey which asked participants their views about measuring success of interprofessional learning. Group members brought a variety of experiences and opinions. Some had difficulty taking part, mainly because of time. We learnt that professional and personal experiences are as important as each other and that it is important to avoid jargon. Testing if interprofessional learning makes a difference needs to look at people using services, professionals and organisations. We have written a funding application, based on what we have learnt in this project.

What if we consider research teams as teams?

Research teams are an important means by which knowledge is generated in Health Professions Education (HPE). Although funding agencies encourage the formation of interdisciplinary and interprofessional research teams, we know little about how our interdisciplinary and interprofessional research teams are functioning, nor how best to ensure their success. Indeed, while HPE Scholarship Units and research environments have been the object of study, little work has been focused on research teams themselves. In this article, the authors propose that research teams should be studied as unique instantiations of teams where several individuals work together towards a common goal. Considering research teams as a team can encourage attention to how effective teams are built, supported, and celebrated, it can acknowledge that competent individuals may form incompetent teams, and it opens important avenues for future research. Turning our attention to better understanding how and when research teams thrive should support the development of more effective teams; resulting in reduced waste and redundancy, better mobilization of team members' time and skills, and enhanced knowledge generation. Considering research teams as teams, encourages an understanding that these teams require care, commitment, and effort to sustain them, and it acknowledges that pursuing research in a team context is both a collaborative and a social endeavour.

Let's get biophysical - How to get your favorite protein's digits.

In these days of information overload and high-throughput analysis, it is easy to lose focus on the study of individual proteins. It is our conjecture that such investigations are still crucially important and offer uniquely penetrative insights. We thus present a discussion of biophysical methods to allow readers to get to know their protein of interest better. Although this perspective is not written with the expert in mind, we hope that for interdisciplinary scientists, or researchers who do not routinely perform biophysical analyses, the content will be helpful and inspiring.

Advances in Gene and Cellular Therapeutic Approaches for Huntington's Disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the Huntingtin gene (HTT) located on chromosome 4. It is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner and is characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and emotional disturbances. To date, there are no curative treatments for HD have been developed; current therapeutic approaches focus on symptom relief and comprehensive care through coordinated pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to manage the diverse phenotypes of the disease. International clinical guidelines for the treatment of HD are continually being revised in an effort to enhance care within a multidisciplinary framework. Additionally, innovative gene and cell therapy strategies are being actively researched and developed to address the complexities of the disorder and improve treatment outcomes. This review endeavours to elucidate the current and emerging gene and cell therapy strategies for HD, offering a detailed insight into the complexities of the disorder and looking forward to future treatment paradigms. Considering the complexity of the underlying mechanisms driving HD, a synergistic treatment strategy that integrates various factors-such as distinct cell types, epigenetic patterns, genetic components, and methods to improve the cerebral microenvironment-may significantly enhance therapeutic outcomes. In the future, we eagerly anticipate ongoing innovations in interdisciplinary research that will bring profound advancements and refinements in the treatment of HD.

Automatic Identification of Hate Speech - A Case-Study of alt-Right YouTube Videos.

Background: Identifying hate speech (HS) is a central concern within online contexts. Current methods are insufficient for efficient preemptive HS identification. In this study, we present the results of an analysis of automatic HS identification applied to popular alt-right YouTube videos. Methods: This essay describes methodological challenges of automatic HS detection. The case study concerns data on a formative segment of contemporary radical right discourse. Our purpose is twofold. (1) To outline an interdisciplinary mixed-methods approach for using automated identification of HS. This bridges the gap between technical research on the one hand (such as machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, NLP) and traditional empirical research on the other. Regarding alt-right discourse and HS, we ask: (2) What are the challenges in identifying HS in popular alt-right YouTube videos? Results: The results indicate that effective and consistent identification of HS communication necessitates qualitative interventions to avoid arbitrary or misleading applications. Binary approaches of hate/non-hate speech tend to force the rationale for designating content as HS. A context-sensitive qualitative approach can remedy this by bringing into focus the indirect character of these communications. The results should interest researchers within social sciences and the humanities adopting automatic sentiment analysis and for those analysing HS and radical right discourse. Conclusions: Automatic identification or moderation of HS cannot account for an evolving context of indirect signification. This study exemplifies a process whereby automatic hate speech identification could be utilised effectively. Several methodological steps are needed for a useful outcome, with both technical quantitative processing and qualitative analysis being vital to achieve meaningful results. With regard to the alt-right YouTube material, the main challenge is indirect framing. Identification demands orientation in the broader discursive context and the adaptation towards indirect expressions renders moderation and suppression ethically and legally precarious.

Blockchain in clinical trials: Bibliometric and network studies of applications, challenges, and future prospects based on data analytics.

This study conducts a comprehensive analysis on the usage of the blockchain technology in clinical trials, based on a curated corpus of 107 scientific articles from the year 2016 through the first quarter of 2024. Utilizing a methodological framework that integrates bibliometric analysis, network analysis, thematic mapping, and latent Dirichlet allocation, the study explores the terrain and prospective developments within this usage based on data analytics. Through a meticulous examination of the analyzed articles, the present study identifies seven key thematic areas, highlighting the diverse applications and interdisciplinary nature of blockchain in clinical trials. Our findings reveal blockchain capability to enhance data management, participant consent processes, as well as overall trial transparency, efficiency, and security. Additionally, the investigation discloses the emerging synergy between blockchain and advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and federated learning, proposing innovative directions for improving clinical research methodologies. Our study underscores the collaborative efforts in dealing with the complexities of integrating blockchain into the areas of clinical trials and healthcare, delineating the transformative potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing these areas by addressing challenges and promoting practices of efficient, secure, and transparent research. The delineated themes and networks of collaboration provide a blueprint for future inquiry, showing the importance of empirical research to narrow the gap between theoretical promise and practical implementation.

Breaking down silos: The Gastroenterology Immunology Neuroscience (GIN) Discovery Program - a new model for research.

The Gastroenterology Immunology Neuroscience (GIN) Discovery Program represents a new model for research that overcomes the limitations imposed by traditional "research silos" in science. By uniting these three fields, the GIN Program aims to enhance the understanding and treatment of chronic conditions through a system-wide perspective focusing on the gut-immune-brain axis. Key initiatives include monthly interdisciplinary seminars, an annual symposium, and GINnovate, a commercialization and entrepreneurship event. Additionally, the program offers a seed grant competition for early and mid-career researchers, promoting advancements in gut-immune-brain axis research through the power of collaboration. The GIN Program in a short period of time has facilitated the formation of a vibrant community, captivating attention from both national and international institutions. This effort to break down barriers in research aims to inspire similar models that prioritize open communication, mutual respect and a commitment to impactful science.

Establishing consensus on patient- and family-centered care in adult intensive care units: A Delphi survey.

PURPOSE: To establish consensus between intensive care unit (ICU) experts on concrete patient- and family-centered care statements for adult patients and relatives in the ICU. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We did a three-round Delphi survey with a panel of ICU health care professionals from 23 ICUs in Denmark. In round 1, participants answered 20 open-ended questions, based on existing evidence. Analysis of their responses generated close-ended statements, which participants primary rated on a five-point-Likert-scale, from very important to not important at all. In rounds 2 and 3., consensus was predefined as ≥75% of participants rating a statement important. RESULTS: Sixty-nine participated: 38 nurses, 24 physicians, and four occupational and physiotherapists. In total 96%, 90% and 72% answered the first, second, and third rounds, respectively. In round 1, participants answers resulted in >3000 statements that were analyzed into 82 condensed statements. After participants rated the statements in round 2 and 3, 47 statements reached consensus as important. CONCLUSIONS: The 47 statements rated to be important included interdisciplinary approaches to systematic information sharing and consultations with patients and family-members, with the aim being to accommodate patients and family-members´ individual needs throughout the ICU stay.

[DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECTOR of R&D development in Russian HIGHER medical education in digitization conditions].

The article considers results of study of the R&D sector directions development in system of Russian medical higher education in the context of digitization. The analysis made it possible to substantiate timeliness and importance of solving problems of improving medical services quality against the background of necessity for medical workers to systematically master breakthrough digital technologies in current medical practice. This conditions importance to ensure efficiency of R&D in Russian higher medical education in the context of digitization. The main models of organization of activities in the field of R&D are characterized, taking into account sources of financing and staffing. Based on on-line surveys of students in Google docs about their attitude to their further participation in R&D during education and after graduation, weak motivation to be engaged in R&D during their university education was revealed that is justified by non-obviousness of prospects of financial remuneration. Along with this, study established high degree of interest among students to mastering breakthrough digital technologies in order to further apply them in medical practice together with the latest medical technologies.