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This study examines the relationship between ethnic endogamy and socioeconomic status (SES) within the socioeconomically divergent Jewish and Native-Chilean Mapuche communities of Santiago, Chile. By leveraging the Hispanic naming convention to analyze dual ethnic surnames, we trace endogamy patterns across comprehensive datasets that go back to 1884 up to the present. Our quantile regression analysis reveals that individuals from the lower SES brackets of the Jewish community and the higher brackets of the Mapuche community are more likely to have mixed ethnic backgrounds. This finding shows a nuanced interplay between socioeconomic standing and marital choices, suggesting that these factors significantly influence the persistence and transformation of SES within minority groups. The study introduces the Ecological Model of Ethnic Disaffiliation, providing a theoretical framework that explains how socioeconomic outliers within ethnic groups could lead to a narrowing of their socioeconomic range over generations.
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Aim: Statins are associated with lower risk of gallstones due to anti-inflammatory effects. We assessed whether statins impact circulating inflammation among Chilean women with gallstones. Materials & methods: 200 Mapuche women were matched on statin use and age to 200 non-Mapuche women in the Chile Biliary Longitudinal Study. We analyzed 92 inflammatory biomarkers using multivariable-adjusted regression models, random forests and pathway analyses. Results: Statins were not significantly associated with any inflammation marker when women were analyzed jointly or stratified by ancestry. No significant associations were found through random forest methods and pathway analyses. Discussion: We did not find significant associations between statin use and inflammation markers in women with gallstones, suggesting that statins do not reduce inflammation once gallstones have formed.
Statins are prescribed to lower cholesterol and can also decrease the risk of gallstone formation by reducing inflammation. We assessed whether statin use reduces inflammation among women who have already developed gallstones. We analyzed 92 inflammation markers among 400 women in Chile, including 200 women with Mapuche Amerindian ancestry and 200 women of Latina/European ancestry. We found that statin use was not correlated with inflammation in this group of women overall nor by ancestry. This may mean that statin use does not reduce inflammation in women who already were diagnosed with gallstones.
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BACKGROUND: Pharmacogenomic knowledge as a biomarker for cancer care has transformed clinical practice, however, as current guidelines are primarily derived from Eurocentric populations, this limits their application in Latin America, particularly among Hispanic or Latino groups. Despite advancements, systemic chemotherapy still poses challenges in drug toxicity and suboptimal response. This study explores pharmacogenetic markers related to anticancer drugs in a Chilean cohort, filling a gap in Latin American research. Notably, the influence of native South American Mapuche-Huilliche ancestry. METHODS: To explore pharmacogenetic markers related to anticancer drugs, we utilized an ethnically Admixed Chilean genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset of 1095 unrelated individuals. Pharmacogenomic markers were selected from PharmGKB, totaling 36 level 1 and 2 evidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 571 level 3 SNPs. Comparative analyses involved assessing SNP frequencies across diverse populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Haplotypes were estimated, and linkage disequilibrium was examined. Ancestry-based association analyses explored relationships between SNPs and Mapuche-Huilliche and European ancestries. Chi-square distribution with p ≤ 0.05 and Bonferroni's multiple adjustment tests determined statistical differences between allele frequencies. RESULTS: Our study reveals significant disparities in SNP frequency within the Chilean population. Notably, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) variants (rs75017182 and rs67376798), linked to an increased risk of severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity, exhibit an exceptionally low frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.005). Nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) rs116855232, associated with hematological mercaptopurine toxicity, is relatively common (MAF = 0.062), and is further linked to Mapuche-Huilliche ancestry. Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme (TPMT), implicated in severe toxicity to mercaptopurines, SNPs rs1142345 and rs1800460 of TMPT gene demonstrate higher MAFs in Admixed Americans and the Chilean population (MAF range 0.031-0.057). Finally, the variant in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1A1) rs4148323, correlated with irinotecan neutropenia, exhibits the highest MAF in East Asian (MAF = 0.136) and Chilean (MAF = 0.025) populations, distinguishing them from other investigated populations. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first comprehensive pharmacogenetic characterization of cancer therapy-related SNPs and highlights significant disparities in SNP frequencies within the Chilean population. Our findings underscore the necessity for inclusive research and personalized therapeutic strategies to ensure the equitable and effective application of precision medicine across diverse global communities.
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The Mapuche fowl is an autochthonous breed raised in Chile and represents an important zoogenetic resource for the local economy. This study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity, relationship and population structure of 96 local Chilean chickens derived from 3 ecotype of Mapuche fowl (Kollonka, Ketro, and Kollonka de aretes), 2 ecotype Chilean (Trintre, Cogote pelado) and 2 breeds (Light Brahma and Barred Plymouth Rock) using 12 microsatellite markers. In total, 113 alleles were detected in all populations, with a mean of 7.6 alleles per population. In all population chicken breeds, the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 and from 0.69 to 0.79. Furthermore, all populations showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Across each population, the global heterozygosity deficit (FIT) was -0.174, population differentiation index (FST) was 0.073, and the global inbreeding of individuals within breed (FIS) was -0.267. The phylogenetic relationships of chickens were examined using neighbor-joining trees constructed at the level of population. The highest Nei's standard genetic distance value of 0.559 was observed between Barred Plymouth Rock and Light Brahma, whereas the minimum value (0.099) was found between Kollonka and Trintre. The neighbor-joining tree constructed at population level revealed 2 main clusters, with Light Brahma, Barred Plymouth Rock, Ketro and Kollonka de aretes in 1 cluster, and Kollonka, Trintre and Cogote pelado breeds in the second cluster. Based on the results of the STRUCTURE analysis, the most likely number of clustering of the population evaluated was at K = 3, with Light Brahma and Barred Plymouth Rock breeds forming their own distinct clusters, while Kollonka, Ketro, Kollonka de aretes, Trintre and Cogote pelado breeds clustered together. This study represents the first report of genetic diversity in these populations in Chile. These results can be used as baseline genetic information for genetic conservation program, for instance, to control inbreeding and to implement further genetic studies in local Chilean chickens.
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Galinhas , Variação Genética , Humanos , Animais , Galinhas/genética , Chile , Filogenia , Cruzamento , Repetições de MicrossatélitesRESUMO
This article argues that since the recovery of democracy in Chile in the early 1990s, the state has been reshaping the Indigenous socio-political landscape by adopting neoliberal multiculturalism as a governance model. By not posing significant challenges to the state's neoliberal political and economic priorities, Indigenous cultural activity has been carefully channelled to meet state expectations of what constitutes urban indigeneity. Drawing on the minority and multicultural studies literature and ongoing ethnographic fieldwork, this article analyses how Mapuche civil society navigates the complexities of two relational models of state/ethnic minority interaction: ethno-bureaucracy and strategic essentialism. Although Mapuche associations have tried to accommodate their interests within the limits of neoliberal multiculturalism, the article argues that this governance model has established incentives for inclusion and exclusion in the socio-political apparatus, resulting in a fragmentation of the Mapuche associative landscape in urban Chile.
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Etnicidade , Grupos Minoritários , Humanos , Chile , Antropologia Cultural , Diversidade CulturalRESUMO
A strong association between the proportion of indigenous South American Mapuche ancestry and the risk of gallbladder cancer (GBC) has been reported in observational studies. Chileans show the highest incidence of GBC worldwide, and the Mapuche are the largest indigenous people in Chile. We set out to assess the confounding-free effect of the individual proportion of Mapuche ancestry on GBC risk and to investigate the mediating effects of gallstone disease and body mass index (BMI) on this association. Genetic markers of Mapuche ancestry were selected based on the informativeness for assignment measure, and then used as instrumental variables in two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses and complementary sensitivity analyses. Results suggested a putatively causal effect of Mapuche ancestry on GBC risk (inverse variance-weighted (IVW) risk increase of 0.8% per 1% increase in Mapuche ancestry proportion, 95% CI 0.4% to 1.2%, p = 6.7 × 10-5) and also on gallstone disease (3.6% IVW risk increase, 95% CI 3.1% to 4.0%), pointing to a mediating effect of gallstones on the association between Mapuche ancestry and GBC. In contrast, the proportion of Mapuche ancestry showed a negative effect on BMI (IVW estimate -0.006 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.009 to -0.003). The results presented here may have significant implications for GBC prevention and are important for future admixture mapping studies. Given that the association between the individual proportion of Mapuche ancestry and GBC risk previously noted in observational studies appears to be free of confounding, primary and secondary prevention strategies that consider genetic ancestry could be particularly efficient.
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Ethical discussions around ancient DNA (aDNA) research predate the technological breakthroughs that led to the accelerated generation of ancient genomic data, revealing a long-due need to address these aspects in the field. Given the diverse conflicts that genomics has raised towards the communities associated with the Non-living Human Ancestors under study, it has been suggested that the ethical and legal implications of genetically studying present-day and ancient human populations should be considered case-by-case. Nevertheless, the discussions have focused on US and European perspectives. To contribute from a local and Latin American position to the problem, we present the history of consensus and disagreement of the relationships between scientists and Indigenous communities of the Atlantic coast of the central Argentinian Patagonia. We describe how these relationships resulted in the approval of a groundbreaking provincial law that acknowledges the Indigenous community's right to be involved in decision-making concerning their Ancestors. In addition, we emphasize how these established relationships allowed the development of aDNA studies. With this background, we address the main ethical concerns of genomic studies of Ancestors identified in the reference literature and commit to applying some of the recommendations suggested in those ethical guidelines. Then, we reflect on possible negative consequences of ongoing research and propose some suggestions based on personal experiences that will contribute to moving the ethical field towards a more contextualized science with a local perspective.
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Genômica , Humanos , ArgentinaRESUMO
The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.
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Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst (D.C) G. Gray, var. chilensis (canelo) is an endemic tree from Chile. Since pre-Columbian times, it has produced a fruit known as the canelo pepper, (pimienta de canelo) or Foye pepper, which can be used as a spice. The chemical and biological analysis of canelo fruits is reported for the first time in this study, that is, its phenolic fingerprinting by UHPLC-PDA- Q-orbitrap MS, the antioxidant activity, the enzymatic inhibitory activity, and its relaxation effects on rat aorta. The proximal composition and the mineral content (Ca: 1.45 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Mg: 7.72 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Fe: 4.54 ± 0.21 mg/100 g; Zn: 2.99 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; Mn: 1.08 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Cu: 0.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; K: 53.03 ± 0.20 mg/100 g; Na: 0.087 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) are also reported. The canelo fruits showed a total phenolic content of 57.33 ± 0.82 mg GAE/g dry weight. In addition, the total flavonoid content was 38.42 ± 1.32 mg equivalent of QE/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by employing DPPH and ABTS methods (IC50 of 6.65 ± 0.5 and 9.5 ± 0.05 µg/mL, respectively), ORAC (25.33 ± 1.2 µmol Trolox/g dry plant) and FRAP (45.56 ± 1.32 µmol Trolox/g dry plant). The enzymatic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase (IC50: 1.94 ± 0.07, 2.73 ± 0.05, and 9.92 ± 0.05 µg extract/mL, respectively) is also reported. Canelo extract led to an 89% relaxation of rat aorta. Our results confirm that D. winteri fruits are a rich source of secondary metabolites and can inhibit enzymes associated with neurodegenerative diseases; the results also suggest that canelo may induce a potentially hypotensive effect in rat aorta. The study demonstrates the medicinal properties of canelo fruit and spice.
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Madia sativa remains important to the traditional culture of many first peoples of Chile and is being studied for its biological abilities by medical researchers. The used of this specie in Chile is researched through a series of retrospective analysis. This research indicated the use this plant populations mapuche a long time ago.
Madia sativa sigue siendo importante para la cultura tradicional de muchos pueblos originarios de Chile y está siendo estudiada por sus capacidades biológicas por investigadores médicas. El uso de esta especie en Chile se investiga a través de una serie de análisis retrospectivos. Esta investigación indica el uso de esta planta en poblaciones mapuche desde hace mucho tiempo.
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Plantas Medicinais , Asteraceae , Medicina Tradicional , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Chile , EtnobotânicaRESUMO
El pueblo mapuche es uno de los grupos originarios de mayor importancia y nivel de conocimiento público en los países del Cono Sur de América del Sur, tanto en Chile como en Argentina, con crecientes conflictos con propietarios privados y algunos niveles estatales. Nos proponemos abordar las movilizaciones y repercusiones públicas de este pueblo a partir del accionar de sus movimientos y comunidades asentados en la zona del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi y áreas aledañas, en la región cordillerana de las provincias de Neuquén y Río Negro, en la Patagonia argentina. Daremos cuenta del recorrido en este periodo de 1992 hasta el presente, en el cual el pueblo mapuche se va transformando en un sujeto social y político. Analizaremos estos aspectos a la luz de las diversas transformaciones socioeconómicas y los efectos de la aplicación de las diferentes políticas públicas y legislaciones.
The Mapuche people are one of the most important and publicly known indigenous groups in the Southern Cone countries of South America, both in Chile and Argentina, and they have increasingly taken part in conflicts with private landowners and some levels of government. This article addresses the mobilizations and public repercussions of the actions of the Mapuche people, looking into their movements and communities set in the Nahuel Huapi National Park and surrounding areas, in the mountainous region of the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro, in Argentine Patagonia. We will account for the period between 1992 and the present, during which the Mapuche people become a social and political subject. We will analyze these aspects in the light of the various socioeconomic transformations and the effects of the application of different public policies and legislations.
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This research aimed to understand the role of after-school sports programs in social inclusion processes in culturally diverse contexts through a multicase study within two locations. The first location was in Spain where immigrant and Spanish students were enrolled, and the other was in Chile with Mapuche-Huilliche students, immigrant and Chilean students. The implemented programs at both sites were similar in their educational focus on socio-educational values, and teaching models (hybridization of teaching games for understanding and cooperative learning) that enhance social inclusion. Using individual and group interviews with teachers, sports coordinators, parents, and students, a qualitative approach was used to identify the factors that facilitate or hinder the social inclusion processes. In addition, the researchers used qualitative observations of the programs over six months using "notes logbook" to record their impressions during the observation process. Results indicated that the implemented sports programs successfully facilitated social inclusion processes, enabling the development of interpersonal skills and relationships between students from different cultural backgrounds. The previous training and experiences of teachers in culturally diverse contexts, and incorporation of traditional sporting games from all cultures, seems to be an important facilitator factor for the inclusion potential of the implemented programs.
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BACKGROUND: There are no studies of potential zoonotic diseases in Mapuche communities' horses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in horses of the Mapuche communities. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Faecal samples from 100 randomly selected horses (n = 100) were taken from rural Mapuche communities from four municipalities from the Araucanía Region. These samples were processed with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and grouped by sex, age and municipality. RESULTS: The general prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 67.0% (n = 67). The prevalence was 51.0% (n = 51) in males and 49.0% (n = 49) in females, and there is no gender association to the presentation of Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence by municipality was 60.0%, 80.0%, 64.0% and 64.0% in Curarrehue, Lonquimay, Padre las Casas and Teodoro Schmidt, respectively. The above shows no significant association between the sector and the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence by age was 95.4% of horses tested positive for Cryptosporidium between birth and 6 years of age. About 27.3% of horses were tested positive in the age group between 7 and 10 years. There was no presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the age group older than 11 years, showing a significant relationship between the age of the animal and the presence of Cryptosporidium (P Ë 0.05). MAIN LIMITATIONS: The sample analysis did not specifically identify the type of Cryptosporidium, and it was not possible to evaluate the zoonotic risk in the Mapuche communities. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptosporidium spp. is present in working horses in Mapuche communities, with a 67.7% general prevalence, and there is a significant association between this parasite and the age of the horses, being higher in the age group between 0 and 6 years, with a prevalence of 95.4%. There may be a potential zoonotic risk in the Mapuche communities.
HISTORIAL: No hay estudios sobre enfermedades potencialmente zoonoticas en caballos de las comunidades Mapuche. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium en caballos de las comunidades Mapuche. DISEÑO DEL ESTUDIO: Estudio transversal. MÉTODOS: Muestras fecales de cien caballos (n = 100) seleccionados al azar, fueron recolectadas en comunidades Mapuche de cuatro municipalidades de la Región de la Araucanía. Estas muestras fueron procesadas con la técnica de tinción Ziehl-Neelzen modificada y agrupadas por sexo, edad y municipalidad. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general de Cryptosporidium spp fue de 67.0% (n = 67). La prevalencia fue 51.0% (n = 51) en machos y 49.0% (n = 49) en hembras, y no hay asociación de genero con la presentación de Cryptosporidium spp. La prevalencia por municipalidad fue de 60.0%, 80.0%, 64.0%, 64.0% en Curarrehue, Lonquimay, Padre las Casas y Teodoro Schmidt respectivamente. Lo presentado arriba muestra ninguna asociación significativa entre el sector y la presencia de Cryptosporidium spp. La prevalencia por edad fue de 95.4% en caballos que resultaron ser positivos a Cryptosporidium entre nacimiento y seis años de edad. 27.3% resultaron ser positivos entre siete y diez años. No hubo presencia de Cryptosporidium spp en el grupo mas grande de caballos mayores a once años, mostrando una relación significativa entre la edad del animal y la presencia de Cryptosporidium (P < 0.05). LIMITACIONES PRINCIPALES: El análisis de muestras no fue especifico para poder identificar el tipo de Cryptosporidium, y no fue posible evaluar el riesgo zoonotico en la comunidades Mapuche. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio concluyeron que existe la presencia de Cryptosporidium spp en caballos de trabajo en las comunidades Mapuche; con un 67.0% de prevalencia, y que hay una asociación significativa entre este parasito y la edad de los caballos, siendo mayor en el grupo etario entre 0 y 6 años, con una prevalencia de 95.4%. Estos resultados pueden inferir que podría haber un riesgo zoonotico potencial en las comunidades Mapuche.
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Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Humanos , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Chile/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Povos IndígenasRESUMO
Resumen (analítico) Presentamos una iniciativa y proponemos una metodología transdisciplinaria para cultivar la memoria biocultural, basada en los procesos de participación y materialización en comunidades de práctica (educativas). Presentamos el proyecto «Escuchando a los abuelos¼, que buscó facilitar diálogos intergeneracionales en tres escuelas mapuche (~ 90 niños y niñas) en Wallmapu, Chile. «Escuchando a los abuelos¼ utilizó a las aves como protagonistas de narrativas locales sobre el territorio. Cocreamos un ciclo de cinco pasos para promover la participación y la materialización. Los niños y niñas desarrollaron un ejercicio de abstracción para dar significado a las narrativas que ellos mismos recopilaron para crear memes positivos sobre las aves. Estos memes fueron comunicados dentro y más allá de sus comunidades. Concluimos que la experiencia de los abuelos debe ser honrada para contrarrestar la actual extinción de la experiencia biocultural.
Abstract (analytical) This article presents an initiative and proposes a transdisciplinary methodology to cultivate biocultural memory based on the processes of participation and materialization in (educational) communities-of-practice. We implemented the project "Listening to elders" that sought to facilitate intergenerational dialogues in three mapuche schools (with approximately 90 children) in Wallmapu, Chile. Listening to elders used birds as the basis of constructing local narratives about the territory. We co-created a 5-Step cycle to promote participation and materialization. The children participated in an abstraction exercise to give meaning to the narratives they constructed themselves to create positive memes involving birds. These memes were communicated within and beyond their communities. The authors conclude that the experiences of elders must be honored in communities to counter the current dynamic involving the extinction of biocultural experience.
Resumo (analítico) Apresentamos uma iniciativa e propomos uma metodologia transdisciplinar para o cultivo da memória biocultural, baseada nos processos de participação e materialização, em comunidades de prática (educacionais). Apresentamos o projeto «Escutando os avós¼ que buscou facilitar o diálogo intergeracional em três escolas mapuche (~ 90 crianças) em Wallmapu, Chile. «Ouvir os avós¼ usou os pássaros como base para as narrativas locais sobre o território. Co-criamos um ciclo de cinco passos para promover a participação e materialização. As crianças desenvolveram um exercício de abstração para dar sentido às narrativas que elas próprias coletaram para criar memes positivos sobre pássaros. Esses memes foram comunicados dentro e fora de suas comunidades. Concluímos que a experiência dos avós deve ser honrada para conter a atual extinção da experiência biocultural.
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Resumen (analítico) El Estado chileno ha ejercido violencia contra el pueblo mapuche por generaciones, promoviendo la construcción de imaginarios en pichikeche (niños y niñas), lo que impacta en la expresión política de los movimientos sociales. Para analizar dicho impacto se usó una metodología cualitativa con diseño etnográfico. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante observación participante, entrevistas y dibujos. Participaron pichikeche de 5 a 12 años de edad, pertenecientes a cinco familias mapuche, respaldados por loncos (dirigentes) de su comunidad. Los resultados muestran que los imaginarios de dolor e incomprensión frente a la violencia, racismo y crueldad por parte del Estado pueden promover la generación de movimientos sociales que incluyen respuestas similares en colectivos de personas que carecieron de estrategias para la contención y resignificación de tales eventos traumáticos. A esto se le denomina «rebelión incubada¼.
Abstract (analytical) The Chilean State has committed violence against the Mapuche people for generations, promoting Mapuche children's construction of imaginary realities. This situation has an impact on the political expression of social movements. A qualitative methodology based on an ethnographic design was used. Data generation techniques included participant observation, interviews and pichikeche's drawings. The participants in this study were pichikeche (children) between 5 and 12 years of age from five Mapuche families supported by loncos (leaders) from their community. The results suggest that imaginary pain and misunderstanding caused by excessive and unjustified violence, racism and cruelty carried out by the State against Mapuche communities has promoted the generation of social movements. This could provoke a similar response among people who lack strategies for the containment and defining of these traumatic events, which is known as an incubated rebellion.
Resumo (analítico) O Estado chileno exerce violência contra o povo mapuche há gerações, promovendo a construção de imaginários em pichikeche (meninos e meninas), o que tem impacto na expressão política dos movimentos sociais. Para analisar esse impacto, foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa com desenho etnográfico. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante, entrevistas e desenhos. Participaram Pichikeche de 5 a 12 anos, pertencente a cinco famílias Mapuche, apoiados por loncos (lideranças) de sua comunidade. Os resultados mostram que os imaginários de dor e incompreensão frente à violência, racismo e crueldade por parte do Estado podem favorecer a geração de movimentos sociais que incluam respostas semelhantes em grupos de pessoas que careciam de estratégias para contê-los e ressignificá los eventos traumáticos. Isso é chamado de rebelião incubada.
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This paper compares the development of the tourism industry in two different Latin American locations: a municipality of Chile's Araucanía and Venezuela's Gran Sabana. In both locations, part of the indigenous population shows interest in the development of this industry, which presents potential as a source of locally generated income. This comparison focuses on examining how property rights and relations shape and are reshaped by the expansion of tourist activities in these locations, shedding light on two additional questions: first, the socioeconomic conditions that help explain the increasing participation of the indigenous population in the expansion of tourism in these regions; second, a cultural phenomenon that this expansion stimulates: the circulation of discursive representations of local environments as permanently inscribed with a particular form of collective labor. This paper will conceptualize this labor as "cultural labor" and, drawing from theorizations of the fetishism of commodities, will argue that the widespread appeals to this labor constitute a (paradoxical) form of discursive defetishization that is fostered by the logic of the tourist industry. This form of defetishization discursively subverts the principle of concealment that pervades commodity fetishism as theorized by Marx, but it is nonetheless a functional part of a social process that reinscribes and rearticulates capital as a social relation among the populations of these regions.
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The current social and political scenario in Chile has opened up the debate on two centuries of usurpation and discrimination towards the Mapuche people. Educational centers are not oblivious to the social exclusion faced by indigenous children and young people, and this forms part of the phenomenon of school violence. This study explores the differences in perception between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students regarding school violence. The issue is the lack of knowledge regarding cultural variations in the perception of school violence in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context. This study describes the characteristics of school violence perceived by students in relation to differences based on ancestry and characterizes the variations in perception. A total of 1404 students participated from urban schools in the city of Temuco, Chile, aged 10 to 13 (M = 11.4; SD = 1.1) who completed the CENVI questionnaire. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the total sample and categories provides indexes that fit the proposed model. The omega coefficients provide internal reliability guarantees. This study tests configural, metric and scalar invariance for all the categories explored, and statistically significant differences are found between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in the perception of physical and verbal violence, where the Mapuche student perceives more violence. Results are discussed based on existing research on education in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context, with research into elements that can help explain the findings.
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Instituições Acadêmicas , Estudantes , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , Chile , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Violência , PercepçãoRESUMO
Resumen Este estudio describe experiencias y percepciones sobre interculturalidad en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) desde la perspectiva de trabajadores/as y usuarios/as de salud mapuche. Se realizó una sistematización cualitativa de experiencias de un Programa de Salud Intercultural en APS en una comuna urbana de Chile. Participaron 19 usuarios/as y 13 trabajadores/as en entrevistas individuales y tres entrevistas grupales, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis de contenido semántico. Para los participantes, la salud mapuche es percibida positivamente, los/as usuarios/as la asimilan al concepto de interculturalidad, mientras que los/as trabajadores/as señalan que, si bien se respeta, no se promueve un trabajo integrado. Los/las participantes identifican como barreras aspectos administrativos, falta de integración y cuestionamientos científicos. Se requiere reconocimiento de la salud indígena y mayor formación de trabajadores/as sobre salud indígena e interculturalidad.
Abstract This study describes experiences and perceptions on interculturality in Primary Health Care (PHC) from the perspective of health workers and Mapuche health users. For this purpose, a qualitative systematization of these experiences was carried out in a PHC Intercultural Health Program at an urban commune in Chile. Data were collected by means of individual and group interviews, respectively, with 19 users and 13 professionals. The semantic content analysis was performed. While service users perceive Mapuche health positively, assimilating it to the concept of interculturality, health workers reported that Mapuche health is respected but no integrated work is promoted. As barriers, participants cited administrative aspects, lack of integration, and scientific issues. In conclusion, recognition of indigenous health and greater occupational training on indigenous health and interculturality is necessary.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Diversidade Cultural , Saúde de Populações Indígenas , Antropologia Cultural , Área UrbanaRESUMO
El concepto de salud y bienestar es cultural, social e históricamente dependiente, y al mismo tiempo obedece a diversos enfoques socio-políticos. Lo que se considera sano, enfermo, o en buenas condiciones generales de salud depende de los valores y expectativas que se tiene de las personas y sus cuerpos en las diversas culturas. En nuestro país la infancia mapuche se encuentra en una interfaz entre valores de la modernidad y aquellos propias del mundo mapuche; así sus cuidadores velan por la protección y traspaso de valores culturales esenciales. Este estudio, se propone indagar en los conceptos de salud, bienestar y enfermedad asociados al desarrollo y crianza de niños y niñas mapuche desde la perspectiva de sus cuidadores, familiares y autoridades ancestrales. Es un diseño cualitativo basado en Teoría Fundamentada; los datos se recolectaron mediante entrevistas en profundidad y observaciones dirigidas hacia el cuidado infantil en el propio ambiente familiar. El análisis se realizó en el programa Atlas ti.8, mediante segmentación, codificación y elaboración de categorías. Los resultados indican que salud y bienestar se traduce en el concepto küme mongen, küme felen (estar bien, en armonía con todo). Así, estar sano es crecer conforme al entorno, como una planta que se alimenta naturalmente, los niños/as tienen ganas de nutrirse, no tienen enfermedades y sus cuerpos son firmes y fuertes. Niños y niñas deben demostrar la adquisición de destrezas especialmente autonomía, caerse y levantarse sin llorar, no ser temerosos, ser activos, atentos a mirar y escuchar lo que ocurre a su alrededor e interesados en aprender.
The concept of health and well-being is culturally, socially and historically dependent, and at the same time is dependent of various socio-political approaches. What is considered healthy or sick, depends on the values and expectations that people have in different cultures. In our country, Mapuche childhood is at in the interface between the values of modernity and those of the Mapuche world. Thus, their caregivers ensure the protection and transfer of essential cultural values. This study aims to investigate the concepts of children health and well-being, from their caregivers, relatives, and ancestral authorities' perspectives. It is a qualitative design based on Grounded Theory; the data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations. The analysis was carried out in the Atlas ti.8 program, through segmentation, coding and categories construction. The results indicate that health and well-being correspond to the mapuche concept of küme mongen, küme felen (means to be well, being in harmony with everything). Thus, to be healthy is to grow according to the environment and spiritual context, like a plant that feeds naturally children want to nourish themselves, their bodies must be firm and strong. Boys and girls must demonstrate the acquisition of certain skills especially autonomy, for example, to be strong, active and attentive to look and listen to what is happening around them and interested in learning.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Família/psicologia , Saúde da Criança , Cuidadores , Características Culturais , Promoção da Saúde , População Rural , Chile , Enfermagem Transcultural , Teoria FundamentadaRESUMO
The Araucaria araucana kernels are a traditional food in southern Chile and Argentina. The aim of this work was to determine the composition of the phenolic-enriched extracts (PEEs) of the boiled kernels as well as their antioxidant capacity, inhibitory activity on metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes and effect on postprandial oxidative stress in a simulated gastric digestion model. The PEEs composition was assessed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. The main PEEs constituents were catechin and epicatechin in the unbound form, while hydroxybenzoic acids occurred mainly in the bound form. The unbound phenolics from boiled kernels showed significant correlations with DPPH, FRAP, TEAC (Pearson's r of 0.481, 0.331 and 0.417, respectively) and lipid peroxidation (r = 0.381) and were more active than the bound phenolics. The extracts were highly active against α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.33-3.15 µg/mL) and reduced lipoperoxidation. Traditional processing increases the flavan-3-ol content. Our results suggest that this traditional food has potential health promoting properties.