Patterns and Motivations of Topical Steroid Use for Skin Whitening in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background The use of topical steroids for skin whitening is prevalent in many regions, including Saudi Arabia. This study aims to analyze the patterns, motivations, and demographic factors associated with the use of topical steroids for cosmetic purposes in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted online over three weeks. A structured questionnaire was distributed to adults residing in Jazan, collecting data on demographics, topical steroid use, motivations, and product sources. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Among the 340 participants, 173 (50.9%) reported using topical steroids for skin whitening. The majority of users were female (149, 43.8%) and aged between 20 and 30 years (78, 22.9%). Most participants had used topical steroids for less than a year (127, 73.4%), with usage predominantly in the evening (86, 49.7%). Topical steroids were primarily purchased from pharmacies (70, 40.5%), with significant monthly expenditure variability: 55 participants (31.8%) spent between 50 and 110 SAR, and 62 (35.7%) spent more than 150 SAR. Motivations for use included a preference for lighter skin (49, 28.4%) and treatment of melasma (42, 24.3%). Recommendations from friends (71, 41.0%) and TV advertisements (34, 19.8%) influenced product choice. Conclusion Topical steroid use for skin whitening is widespread among adults in Jazan, with a notable emphasis on cosmetic outcomes and substantial financial investment. There is a critical need for increased public education on the risks associated with topical steroids and enhanced professional guidance to promote safer usage practices.

Motivations and perspectives on the use of corporal punishment at home: A qualitative study of Ghanaian parents.

BACKGROUND: The Convention on the Rights of the Child acknowledges the fundamental rights of children. Despite the adverse effects of corporal punishment, it continues to be prevalent, especially among sub-Saharan African countries, including Ghana. OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether parents ever used corporal punishment on their children at home and their motivations for doing so. It also explored whether parents perceive corporal punishment as a violation of children's rights and their views on continuing or discontinuing corporal punishment at home. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: This study involved (100) parents across the ten regions of Ghana. METHODS: A semi-structured interview guide was used to conduct interviews with parents. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data using the aid of QSR NVivo version 10. RESULTS: All parents reported that they had ever punished their children. Three sub-themes emerged under the motivation of parents to punish their children. These include (a) building a sense of discipline in the child to prevent future misbehaviour, (b) releasing frustrations on children, and (c) toughening up the child to confront life challenges. Also, parents had mixed opinions on whether corporal punishment violates children's human rights and whether corporal punishment should be practiced at home. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that parents perceived corporal punishment as beneficial for their children's development. There is a need for community mobilisation programmes to change parents' and society's attitudes, norms, and beliefs regarding corporal punishment.

What do nurses practising in rural, remote and isolated locations consider important for attraction and retention? A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Nurses play a vital role in the provision of health care in rural, remote and isolated locations. Consequently, the current global nursing workforce shortage has significant and far-ranging implications for these communities where there are enduring issues with workforce maldistribution and shortage, instability, high staff turnover and health disparities. This article provides an analysis of existing literature on what rural, remote and isolated practising nurses view as important for the attraction and retention of this workforce in the Australian context. METHODS: A structured scoping review informed by Arksey and O'Malley's framework for conducting scoping studies was undertaken. Six electronic databases were searched in August 2022. Cosgrave's person-centred retention improvement framework (which includes attraction) for addressing health workforce challenges in rural contexts was used to guide the synthesis and interpretation of information from the included studies. Key themes were identified inductively, conceptualised within Cosgrave's framework and mapped to the overarching lifecycle stages of attraction, retention and resignation, also referred to as turnover or decision to leave. RESULTS: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Six themes related to attraction, retention and resignation were identified: (1) demanding role and scope of practice; (2) values divergence and professional opportunities; (3) continuing professional development and mentoring; (4) social, lifestyle and personal or family; (5) management and organisation; and (6) pay and incentives. The issues articulated within each of these themes overlapped, highlighting the complexities involved. CONCLUSION: Limited empirical research that combines a person-centred and whole-of-lifecycle approach to understanding the rural and remote nursing workforce was found. However, our analysis of existing evidence suggests that such approaches are required to appropriately plan for and target solutions that centre nurses' specific needs and experiences for the future nursing workforce. Relatedly, limited translational research on the nursing workforce that explicitly includes and engages with nurses was found. Such research is fundamentally needed to improve retention outcomes.

Understanding the motivations behind deliberate lightening of skin among burkinabe women through a socio-anthropological analysis.

Deliberate lightening of skin among African women is a complex phenomenon that intersects with cultural identity, health, beauty, and societal influence. The scientific literature has scarcely explored a comprehensive approach by interviewing users of skin lightening products. This article aims to analyze, through a comprehensive approach, the motivations underlying the deliberate lightening of skin among Burkinabe women. The research encompasses a narrative literature review and a qualitative field study in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. It targeted 59 women, categorized into current users, former users, and non-users of skin lightening products. Individual interviews and focus groups were utilized to gather qualitative data. The comprehensive approach enabled contextualization of the phenomenon, focusing on personal and collective motivations, while adhering to ethical principles. Participants gived various motivations for deliberate lightening of skin, including the pursuit of beauty, seduction, and social valorization. The majority used fairthese products to achieve a lightly pigmented, equating it with beauty and allure. Some aimed to enhance their seductive capital or improve their social status. Reasons for discontinuing the practice included awareness of health risks, societal pressure, and unmet objectives. Non-users cited reasons such as attachment to their natural skin tone, health concerns, and financial constraints. Deliberate lightening of skin can be viewed as a strategy to increase various forms of capital: aesthetic, seductive, social, and symbolic. This practice reflects socio-cultural dynamics and environmental influences, emphasizing the role of the body as capital in contemporary society. The findings reveal a heightened awareness among women of their body as a multifaceted capital, convertible into other forms of capital under certain conditions.

Understanding what drives adolescent social media behaviours: Informing approaches for interventions.

While much research has explored the impacts of social media use, less is known about what factors drive use. The present study examined the relationships between potential drivers of social media use; namely social media literacy, motivations, and internalisation of appearance ideals, and determined whether they work in combination or individually to predict a range of social media uses and behaviours over time, including intensity, frequency, exposure to fitness and celebrity content, photo editing, appearance comparisons, and types of use. Australian adolescent girls (n = 704) and boys (n = 938) aged 11-16 years completed online surveys at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Bivariate correlations and multiple regressions were performed separately by gender. Results revealed weak associations between drivers and found they uniquely contributed to social media behaviours, though this was dependent on use outcome. Thin- and muscular-internalisation were related to some appearance-focused use (e.g., comparisons, following celebrity and fitness accounts) among girls and boys, respectively. Critical thinking was associated with lower Snapchat use among boys and motivations were related to intensity and type of use (i.e., viewing, posting). These findings suggest multicomponent holistic interventions targeting numerous drivers may be most appropriate in modifying social media behaviours among adolescents.

Motivational factors for participation in mass running events: a comparative study of females and males with physical disabilities.

BACKGROUND: While the motivations of individuals without impairments for participating in mass running events are well-documented, there is a lack of current research exploring why people with physical disabilities engage in these events. This study aims to identify the motives for participation among people with physical disabilities, taking into account factors such as sex, age (emerging adults vs. middle-aged adults), time since injury or illness, and mode of movement during the run (wheelchair vs. standing). METHODS: In total, 119 participants (51.3% male; mean age of 36 years) completed the Polish version of the Motivations of Marathoners Scale questionnaire. The study was carried out using the diagnostic survey method. Online survey forms were sent to 31 organizations from the Greater Poland region, including sports clubs for individuals with disabilities and runners' clubs open to both individuals with and without disabilities. RESULTS: This study uncovered distinct motivational differences based on age and mode of movement during the run. For participants aged under 35 compared to those over 35, significant differences were noted in the motives of recognition (Z = - 2.834, p = 0.005) and affiliation (Z = - 2.534, p = 0.011). Similarly, when comparing wheelchair users with standing participants, notable disparities were observed in motives related to weight (Z = - 5.109, p = < 0.001) and personal goal achievement (Z = - 2.613, p = 0.009). There was also a significant positive relationship between the time since injury or illness and five out of nine subscales of the Motivations of Marathoners Scale (i.e. affiliation: r = 0.256, p = 0.007; recognition: r = 0.239, p = 0.011). The study found no significant differences in the motivations between men and women with physical disabilities for participating in mass running events. CONCLUSIONS: When organizing and promoting running events for people with physical disabilities, it is important to consider factors such as the age of runners, time since injury, and mode of movement during the run. Additionally, it should be noted that no significant differences are found based on gender, indicating that both male and female participants are driven by similar motivations when it comes to participating in these events.

Political violence, racial violence, and new gun ownership: results from the 2023 National Survey of Gun Policy.

BACKGROUND: U.S. firearm sales surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, with many purchases by first-time firearm owners. The 2023 National Survey of Gun Policy sought to understand the public health implications of this surge by comparing the purchasing motivations and firearm policy views of pandemic-era first-time purchasers to prior gun owners. METHODS: We fielded a nationally representative public opinion survey of U.S. adults (n = 3096) from 1/4/23 to 2/6/23. We oversampled for gun owners and Black, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. Survey weights were applied to generate representative estimates. New gun owners were identified through affirmative responses to: "Have you bought any guns since January 1, 2020?" and "Did you buy your first gun after January 1, 2020?" Recent purchasers were additionally asked whether concerns of 1) political or 2) racial violence motivated their purchase. Purchase motivations and gun policy support were examined among new and prior gun owners (n = 1002) and compared using logistic regression and predictive probabilities. RESULTS: Overall, 11% of respondents reported purchasing a gun since 1/1/20, 35% for the first time. Among recent purchasers, larger proportions of Democrat, Black, Asian, and Hispanic respondents were new gun owners than Republican or white respondents. Compared to prior owners, odds were 4.5-times higher that new gun owners' recent purchase was motivated by racial violence and 3.2-times higher for political violence. Majority support was found for protective gun policies, with few differences by purchase recency or motivations. The only policy for which support by new and prior gun owners differed significantly was the permit-to-purchase policy (76% v. 63%, respectively). Similarly, few significant differences in support were observed when stratifying by purchase motivation. Notably, both those who reported recent purchase motivations of racial violence and of political violence expressed significantly higher support for a "stand-your-ground" policy compared to those who did not report such motivations. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and political violence appear to be larger concerns among new gun owners, motivating purchasing among demographic groups with traditionally lower gun ownership rates. These findings suggest a need for safety assurances amid racial and political tensions and growing gun ownership. Gun owners' support for such policies remains strong.

Childhood sexual abuse and technology-facilitated sexual violence on dating apps: The moderating role of motivations for use.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to investigate the potential link between a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and the experience of technology-facilitated sexual violence on dating apps (TFSV), considering distinct motivations for app usage among CSA survivors. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between CSA and TFSV on dating apps, while also examining the potential moderating role of motivations for app usage and differences based on sexual orientation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The study utilized an online survey among 534 dating app users in Israel. METHODS: Participants completed an online survey assessing history of CSA, experiences of TFSV on dating apps, and motivations for app usage. RESULTS: The study found that individuals with a history of CSA experienced more TFSV on dating apps. Survivors of CSA showed lower motivation for love and higher motivation for self-worth validation, ease of communication, and thrill of excitement. Differences between heterosexual and LGBTQ+ participants were observed, with LGBTQ+ individuals reporting higher levels of CSA prevalence and TFSV on dating apps. Motivations for app usage and sexual orientation were found to moderate the association between CSA history and TFSV on dating apps. Among LGBTQ+ participants, those who experienced CSA had a higher likelihood of encountering TFSV on dating apps, regardless of their motivations. Heterosexual individuals with a history of CSA were more prone to TFSV on dating apps if they had a strong motivation for love. CONCLUSIONS: This study shed light on unique vulnerabilities among individuals with a history of CSA, including increased susceptibility to TFSV on dating apps.

E-mmortal: Death Anxiety is Related to Selfie Behaviors.

Given the widespread phenomenon of selfies, numerous studies are examining the motivations behind taking and sharing selfies. The current paper suggests an additional possible motivation, namely, decreasing death anxiety. People are motivated to decrease their death anxiety by preserving a fake feeling of immortality. One known way to achieve this goal is by using photography. Therefore, we suggest that selfie behaviors are a way to fulfill the need to remain immortal. A hundred undergraduate students (Mage = 22.33) answered self-reported questionnaires regarding selfie motivations, selfie-taking frequency, selfie-sharing frequency, and death anxiety. All of those selfie measurements were indeed positively related to death anxiety. Moreover, many previous studies suggested that narcissism motivates selfie behaviors. In an exploratory approach, we examined whether death anxiety mediates this relationship. Indeed, death anxiety fully mediated the relationships between narcissism and selfie motivations and between narcissism and selfie-taking frequency, suggesting that the well-documented association between selfie behaviors and narcissism might be driven by death anxiety. Those preliminary results indicate that death anxiety is associated with selfie behaviors, opening new avenues for understanding the motivations underlying selfie behaviors.

Investigating the role of social inhibition in enduring involvement in online synchronous exercise classes: A use and gratification perspective.

With the advancement of communication technology, online synchronous exercise courses become more common in recent years due to their ability to transcend time and space. Based on uses and gratifications theory (U&G), this study proposes a conceptual model for online synchronized exercise classes and examines the relationships among social inhibition, motivation, satisfaction, and continued involvement. After 322 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed by partial least squares (PLS), this study confirmed the significant positive effects of hedonic, identified, and integrative motivation on online synchronous exercise satisfaction and the significant negative effect of social inhibition on online synchronous exercise satisfaction. Moreover, online synchronous exercise satisfaction has a positive effect on enduring involvement. This study not only contributes by extending the application of U&G theory to dynamic online synchronized exercise and addressing the interaction and pressure of online users in cyberspace but also provides novel marketing strategies for fitness and sports organizations.

Exploring the Intention to Engage in Policy Practice: The Role of Values and Career Motivations.

This study expands knowledge on what motivates engagement in policy practice (PP) by exploring the place of personal values, which reflect individuals' general motivations and context-specific motivations-the motivations to study social work-in predicting the intention to incorporate PP into their practice. The sample of this cross-sectional study comprised 280 BSW students in Israel, and the study employed the Portrait Values Questionnaire-Refined, Social Work Career Influence Questionnaire, and the PP Intention Scale. Path analysis showed that personal values were associated with PP intention both directly and indirectly through the motivations to study social work. However, the mechanisms differ for self-transcendence versus self-enhancement and openness to change versus conservation values. A stronger PP intention was associated with a higher preference for openness to change versus conservation values mediated by the social change motivation to study social work. The total effect of the preference for self-enhancement versus self-transcendence values on PP intention was nonsignificant. This resulted from the contradiction between the negative direct and positive indirect effects (through the social change motivation) of these values on PP intention. The study results underscore the place of personal values and motivations to study social work in explaining PP intention.

Deciphering dynamic interactions among multidimensional psychological motivations, academic performance, and sociocultural adjustment: The critical influence of excessive WeChat use.

As the preeminent mobile social media platform in Mainland China, WeChat's meteoric expansion has revolutionized the dynamics of interpersonal communication and the modalities of mutual interaction among individuals. Despite the escalating significance of mobile social media in the cross-cultural adaptation of international students, existing scholarly works have largely neglected the underlying relationship between psychological motivations, excessive WeChat use, academic performance, and sociocultural adaptation of these students. Anchored in uses and gratifications theory and cross-cultural adaptation paradigm, the primary objectives of this study are to devise a theoretical model and to scrutinize differential psychological motivations propelling international students' WeChat usage, its association with excessive WeChat use, and impacts on academic performance and sociocultural adjustment. The proposed model undergoes meticulous evaluation through data amassed online from 598 Chinese international students studying in Germany. Sequential analytical techniques, especially Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling, were employed to elucidate the dynamic interplay among key variables. The final results validate the path effect suggesting that both hedonic and social motivations are positive predictors of excessive WeChat use. Moreover, excessive WeChat use is negatively correlated with academic performance and sociocultural adjustment. However, utilitarian motivation is not significantly related to excessive WeChat use. By demystifying the driving factors and consequences of excessive WeChat use, these findings not only accentuate the pivotal role of mobile social media in the cross-cultural adaptation of international students but also enrich the theoretical landscape and enhance the strategic approaches for educators and academic institutions.

Unveiling the heart of disaster nursing: A qualitative study on motivations, challenges, and lessons from the devastating 2023 Turkey earthquakes.

BACKGROUND: Turkey has faced a notable escalation in earthquake disasters in the last two decades. Despite initiating a health and disaster management system, nurses' pivotal roles and experiences in handling such crises have been disregarded. AIM: This qualitative study analyzed nurses' experiences before, during, and after deployment in response to the 2023 Turkey earthquakes to enhance disaster-response efforts. METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted between March and May 2023 using semistructured interviews with 15 nurses purposively  sampled among those who volunteered to work in the earthquake zone. The MIRACLE and COREQ guidelines were followed for reporting qualitative research. FINDINGS: The analysis exposed five main themes for pre-tasking: moral obligation, motivation, insufficient experience, balancing responsibilities, and preparation challenges. The peri-task themes include responsibilities, skills, bravery and characteristics, workload management, teamwork, and outcomes. Post-tasking has three themes: competence assessment, career goals and aspirations, and support. Training and coping with anxiety and stress are common themes for all phases. CONCLUSIONS: Disaster relief requires a comprehensive and coordinated response from healthcare organizations, government agencies, and support systems. Providing adequate training, ensuring safety protocols, offering mental health support, and fostering a fair and supportive work environment are crucial steps in mitigating the adverse effects on nurses and, by extension, the patient care process in earthquake-affected areas. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Nurse training in disaster preparedness should cover various response methods and involve multiple disciplines. Managers can help by arranging drills, simulations, online courses, and workshops and promoting partnerships for improved collaboration. Psychological support should be included to address emotional challenges. Regularly updating response policies based on past experiences is crucial for preparedness and efficiency.

Can Positive Play Deficits Explain the Associations Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Gambling Motives, and Problem Gambling? Results of a National U.S. Sample.

Past research has demonstrated a consistent connection between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problematic gambling in both general and clinical United States (U.S.) populations. Little is known, however, about the mediating role that responsible gambling practices related to positive play might have in the relationships between symptoms of PTSD, problem gambling (PG) severity, and different motives for gambling. Therefore, using mediation analysis, this study investigated these associations within a census-matched national sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,806). Results indicated PTSD symptoms and PG often co-occur in this population (r = .43, p < .01), and coping motives for gambling were the key mechanism connecting PTSD symptoms to PG severity rather than deficits in positive play practices or other gambling motives. Moreover, it was found that the average gambler who had sought treatment for gambling in the past not only had more severe PTSD symptoms and PG but also had the strongest gambling motives, the largest deficits in positive play, and was more likely to be younger than 50 years old. In this sample, approximately 1 in 10 people who gambled in the past year were classified as problem gamblers, 1 in 5 met criteria for a provisional PTSD diagnosis, and 1 in 33 sought out gambling treatment previously. These findings provide further evidence for the relationship between symptoms of posttraumatic stress and problematic gambling behaviors in the U.S. population and offer critical insights into the explanatory roles of coping motives and positive play practices in this connection.

Schrödinger's Cat-Parallel experiences: exploring the underlying mechanisms of undergraduates' engagement and perception in online learning.

Background: The emergence of e-learning had an intense, immediate, and disruptive transformation in the education system. While education aims to seek more interactions and learning engagement between teachers and students, it turns out that it takes lots of work to achieve the goal in the online classroom. Aims: This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms and implications that emerge from the influence of the new features of online learning, drawing on students' real-life experiences, to construct a comprehensive theoretical model. Sample: From July 2023 to October 2023, 56 undergraduates, including 18 male and 38 female, participated in the data collection process either face-to-face or online. Methods: The study constructs a substantive theoretical model by employing the approaches of The Grounded Theory, three level-coding constant comparative method, theoretical sampling, core category distillation and storyline collation. Results: (1) The elements involved in the process of online learning exhibit underlying logical correlations, driven by profound underlying factors, ultimately resulting in a parallel experience akin to Schrödinger's Cat. (2) Online features lead to students' motivation mainly depending on whether they are self-regulated. (3) Teacher-student interactions and self-regulation shape different learning contexts and types by being moderated by internal and external effects. Conclusions: Students had a parallel experience similar to that of Schrödinger's Cat: they were constantly dissatisfied with "rational" learning and "perceptually" satisfied with online learning. The variation in the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs necessities college students in online learning leads to parallel experiences.

Factors Influencing Physical Activity Level in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: Exercise is a recommended component of type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment because high physical activity levels improve health outcomes. However, many people with T1D do not meet physical activity recommendations. Our aim in this study was to identify factors influencing physical activity levels in people with T1D. METHODS: This questionnaire-based study included adults with T1D from 1 outpatient clinic in the United Kingdom and 2 clinics in Denmark. Exercise characteristics, motivators, and barriers were assessed. Physical activity level was measured using the Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale. Respondents were categorized into 3 activity groups: inactive, light active, and moderate-to-vigourous active. RESULTS: Of the 332 respondents, 8.4% rated themselves as inactive, 48% as light active, and 43% as moderate-to-vigourous active. Seventy-eight percent of inactive and light active repondents expressed a desire to become more physically active. Fifty-three percent of respondents had received guidance concerning exercise/physical activity from their diabetes team. Being male and having received guidance were associated with a higher physical activity level. The major motivators for exercising/being physically active were improved mental and physical health and glycemic control, whereas the most frequent barriers were busyness with work/private life and lack of motivation. Worries about glucose excursions, costs, lack of knowledge, and health-related reasons were more prevalent barriers in the least active groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that 78% of inactive and light active respondents reported wishing to become more physically active. Receiving guidance about exercise/physical activity was associated with a higher physical activity level, but only 53% of respondents had received support from their diabetes team.

A typology of internationally qualified dentists in the United Kingdom.

Introduction: The Global Strategy for Human Resources for Health 2030, requires member states to half their dependency on an international workforce by 2030. In order to design policies towards that goal, country-specific research on migration motivations of the health workforce is required. The United Kingdom (UK) is a net importer of health professionals and whilst there is a body of research on doctors' and nurses' migration, there is no research on the migration motivations of migrant dentists in the UK. This research explored the migration motivations of internationally qualified dentists (IQDs) in the UK and presents a typology to understand the global migration of dentists in the context of oral health workforce. Methods: The paper presents qualitative data from semi-structured interviews conducted between August 2014 and October 2017, of IQDs working in the United Kingdom. The topic guide for interviews was informed by the literature, with new themes added inductively. A phenomenological approach involving an epistemological stance of interpretivism, was used with framework analysis. Results: A total of 38 internationally qualified dentists (M = 18, F = 20), migrating from the five World Health Organization regions, and working in general practice, NHS hospitals and in community dental services across the four nations of the UK were interviewed. Seven types of internationally qualified dentists were identified working in the UK. They were livelihood migrants, career-orientated migrants, dependant migrants, backpacker migrants, commuter migrants, undocumented migrants, and education-tourist migrant. The categories were based on their migration motivations, which were complex, multifactorial, and included personal, professional, national, and international drivers. The typology, based on their migration motivations, offered a structured, comprehensive understanding of the migrant dental workforce. This typology involving dentists provides additional dimensions to commuter and undocumented migrants described in the context of other health professionals. The education-tourist migrant is a new category proposed as an extension to existing typology in health professional migration. Conclusions: The typology of internationally qualified dentists has congruency with other health professionals' typology in categories previously described and demonstrates that each of these categories are complex, fluid and change in response to policy changes. The new category of education-tourist migrant along with oral health dimensions of commuter and undocumented migrants adds to the existing typology in health professional migration.

Genetic tests as the strongest motivator of cooperation between participants and biobanks-Findings from cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The development of the scientific potential linked with biobanking and research on human biological material is highly dependent on the willingness of potential donors to cooperate with entities that collect the material. For this reason, it is crucial to identify the circumstances and factors that may encourage potential participants to donate their biological material. In particular, knowledge of the motivational factors that can be modified by the persons managing a biobank may prove notably important for shaping the organizational and communication policy of the biobank and other scientific institutions. Material and methods: The research was carried out on a group of 1,100 people over 18 years of age representing the adult population of Poland in 2021. Results: More than half of the respondents declared their willingness to donate a blood sample for research purposes to a biobank (57.8%). The most often indicated incentives among the factors supporting the donation of biological material were offers of: obtaining the results of genetic tests predicting the risk of diseases (77.1%), blood tests (71.3%), the possibility of obtaining a small remuneration (64.6%) and the carrying out of genetic ancestry tests (60.4%). Conclusion: Offering the possibility of performing additional diagnostic tests, especially genetic tests, may significantly increase the willingness of potential donors to cooperate with biobanks and other entities collecting human biological material for the purpose of scientific research. However, attention should also be paid to the challenges and risks linked with respecting the privacy and autonomy of research participants.

Reasons for multiple tobacco product and cannabis co-use among Texas young adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines differences in reasons for e-cigarette, cigarette, and cannabis use across exclusive, dual, co-, and poly co-users. METHODS: Participants were 645 young adults who reported past 30-day (P30D) use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, or cannabis at wave 14 (Fall, 2021) of the Texas Adolescent Tobacco Marketing and Surveillance System (TATAMS). Exclusive users reported P30D use of one product, dual users reported P30D use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, co-users reported use of cannabis and one tobacco product, and poly co-users reported P30D use of all three products. Participants were asked if they agreed with a series of reasons for using their respective products. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between reasons for use and pattern of use, controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and lifetime product use. RESULTS: 26.36 % of P30D users reported cannabis and tobacco use. Poly co-users were more likely to report using e-cigarettes because their friends do than e-cigarette co-users (aRRR = 2.64; 95 %CI = 1.19-5.83) and dual tobacco users (aRRR = 5.11; 95 %CI = 1.73-15.12). Poly co-users were more likely to smoke cigarettes while drinking alcohol (aRRR = 4.68; 95 %CI = 1.06-20.72) or to experience a pleasurable buzz (aRRR = 5.48; 95 %CI = 1.62-18.57) than exclusive cigarette users. Poly co-users more often reported using cannabis for taste (aRRR = 3.13; 95 %CI = 1.51-6.51), because their friends use it (aRRR = 2.19; 95 %CI = 1.08-4.42), and while drinking alcohol (aRRR = 2.13; 95 %CI = 1.03-4.41) than exclusive cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS: Given that reasons for use differ significantly among types of multiple product users and exclusive users, interventions should be tailored to address the specific tobacco and cannabis use practices of young adults.

Parental executive functions and motivations unveil variations in young children's screen media use.

BACKGROUND: The increased screen media use among children aged 3 to 5, particularly in the post-COVID era, is concerning. Despite several organizations' recommendation of a one-hour screen limit for young children, actual usage often exceeds this guideline. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the influence of parental characteristics such as self-efficacy, motivation, socioeconomic status, and cognitive abilities on children's screen time habits. METHODS: Employing a feature selection model, 251 caregivers answered an online survey, presenting data from themselves and on-screen usage for 126 girls and 125 boys. We found that the caregiver's executive functions, including cognitive flexibility, initiation, task monitoring, and material organization, significantly impact children's screen time. RESULTS: Our analysis highlighted the vital role of caregivers' self-efficacy in moderating children's screen usage. Family net income, children's age and gender, and motivations related to children's desires and behavioral control were also significant contributors to usage patterns. CONCLUSION: This study offers insights into interventions and effective parenting strategies in the digital age, highlighting the importance of addressing socio-demographic factors in understanding this complex issue.