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PURPOSE: Compare the safety and efficacy of polyvinyl alcohol particles (PVA) versus trisacryl gelatin microspheres (Embospheres) versus hydrogel microspheres coated with polyzene-F (Embozenes) for prostatic artery embolization (PAE) to treat patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center prospective cohort study from 2019 to 2023, including patients with international prostate symptom score (IPSS) ≥ 15 and/or quality of life score (QoL) ≥ 4. Allocation to embolic agents was performed chronologically: 100-300 µm PVA (n = 53), followed by 300-500 µm Embospheres (n = 50), and finally, 400 µm Embozenes (n = 50). All patients were evaluated at baseline and at 1 and 6 months after PAE with IPSS/QoL; peak urinary flow rate, post-void residual volume, and prostate volume with ultrasound and prostate-specific antigen. Adverse events and the need for prostatic re-interventions were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant baseline differences between the three groups except for patient age (62.5 years PVA; 66.1 years Embospheres and 66.6 years Embozenes; p = 0.019). There were no major adverse events and no differences between groups regarding minor adverse events. All outcome measures improved significantly from baseline, with no significant differences between groups. Mean ± standard deviation IPSS/QoL improvement at 6 months: -10.7 ± 7.9/-2.2 ± 1.7 PVA; -10.4 ± 7.3/-2.0 ± 1.5 Embospheres; -10.4 ± 7.0/-2.2 ± 1.6 Embozenes (p = 0.987). Re-intervention rates after 6 months: 9% (n = 5/53) PVA; 14% (n = 7/50) Embospheres; 8% (n = 4/50) Embozenes (p = 0.591). CONCLUSIONS: PAE with PVA particles, Embospheres, and Embozenes is equally safe and effective in treating BPH-related lower urinary tract symptoms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This is the first prospective study showing equivalence between the most frequently used embolic agents for prostatic artery embolization. KEY POINTS: Different particles can be used interchangeably for prostatic artery embolization. The improvements in measured metrics were the same between groups, with no differences in adverse events. The need for prostatic medication and re-intervention rates were the same at 1 and 6 months after embolization.
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Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir), approved as an anti-influenza drug in Japan in March 2018, can induce reduced therapeutic effectiveness due to PA protein substitutions. We assessed PA substitutions in clinical samples from influenza-infected children and adults pre- and post-baloxavir treatment, examining their impact on fever and symptom duration. During the 2022-2023 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza subtype detected by cycling-probe RT-PCR was A(H3N2) (n = 234), with a minor circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 (n = 10). Of the 234 influenza A(H3N2) viruses collected prior to baloxavir treatment, 2 (0.8%) viruses carry PA/I38T substitution. One virus was collected from a toddler and one from an adult, indicating the presence of viruses with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir, without prior exposure to the drug. Of the 54 paired influenza A(H3N2) viruses collected following baloxavir treatment, 8 (14.8%) viruses carried E23 K/G, or I38 M/T substitutions in PA. Variant calling through next-generation sequencing (NGS) showed varying proportions (6-100 %), a polymorphism and a mixture of PA/E23 K/G, and I38 M/T substitutions in the clinical samples. These eight viruses were obtained from children aged 7-14 years, with a median fever duration of 16.7 h and a median symptom duration of 93.7 h, which were similar to those of the wild type. However, the delayed viral clearance associated with the emergence of PA substitutions was observed. No substitutions conferring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors were detected in 37 paired samples collected before and following oseltamivir treatment. These findings underscore the need for ongoing antiviral surveillance, informing public health strategies and clinical antiviral recommendations for seasonal influenza.
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Substituição de Aminoácidos , Antivirais , Dibenzotiepinas , Farmacorresistência Viral , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2 , Influenza Humana , Morfolinas , Piridonas , Triazinas , Proteínas Virais , Humanos , Dibenzotiepinas/uso terapêutico , Dibenzotiepinas/farmacologia , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Influenza Humana/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/enzimologia , Triazinas/uso terapêutico , Triazinas/farmacologia , Japão , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Morfolinas/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Criança , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Proteínas Virais/genética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Tiepinas/uso terapêutico , Tiepinas/farmacologia , Lactente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estações do Ano , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/farmacologia , Adulto Jovem , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , IdosoRESUMO
This study evaluated criteria for neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). Kable et al. (Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 55:426, 2022) assessed the validity of this diagnosis in a sample with low exposure to alcohol. The current study expanded this assessment to a sample with a wider age range and heavier alcohol exposure. Data were collected from participants (5-17 years) with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and typically developing controls at six Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders sites using neuropsychological assessment and caregiver reports. Impairment was tested at 1SD, 1.5SD, and 2SD below the normative average and a modification of the adaptive functioning requirement was tested. Testing impairment at 1SD resulted in the highest endorsement rates in both groups. Our findings replicated the study by Kable et al. and show that current criteria captured a high rate of those with PAE and that requiring fewer adaptive functioning criteria resulted in higher sensitivity to PAE.
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BACKGROUND: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can result in lifelong disabilities known as foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and is associated with childhood growth deficiencies and increased bone fracture risk. However, the effects of PAE on the adult skeleton remain unclear and any potential sexual dimorphism is undetermined. Therefore, we utilised a murine model to examine sex differences with PAE on in vitro bone formation, and in the juvenile and adult skeleton. METHODS: Pregnant C57BL/6J female mice received 5% ethanol in their drinking water during gestation. Primary calvarial osteoblasts were isolated from neonatal offspring and mineralised bone nodule formation and gene expression assessed. Skeletal phenotyping of 4- and 12-week-old male and female offspring was conducted by micro-computed tomography (µCT), 3-point bending, growth plate analyses, and histology. RESULTS: Osteoblasts from male and female PAE mice displayed reduced bone formation, compared to control (≤ 30%). Vegfa, Vegfb, Bmp6, Tgfbr1, Flt1 and Ahsg were downregulated in PAE male osteoblasts only, whilst Ahsg was upregulated in PAE females. In 12-week-old mice, µCT analysis revealed a sex and exposure interaction across several trabecular bone parameters. PAE was detrimental to the trabecular compartment in male mice compared to control, yet PAE females were unaffected. Both male and female mice had significant reductions in cortical parameters with PAE. Whilst male mice were negatively affected along the tibial length, females were only distally affected. Posterior cortical porosity was increased in PAE females only. Mechanical testing revealed PAE males had significantly reduced bone stiffness compared to controls; maximum load and yield were reduced in both sexes. PAE had no effect on total body weight or tibial bone length in either sex. However, total growth plate width in male PAE mice compared to control was reduced, whilst female PAE mice were unaffected. 4-week-old mice did not display the altered skeletal phenotype with PAE observed in 12-week-old animals. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence herein suggests, for the first time, that PAE exerts divergent sex effects on the skeleton, possibly influenced by underlying sex-specific transcriptional mechanisms of osteoblasts. Establishing these sex differences will support future policies and clinical management of FASD.
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to a set of lifelong cognitive, behavioural, and physical disabilities known as foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). FASD is a significant burden on healthcare, justice and education systems, which is set to worsen with rising alcohol consumption rates. FASD children have an increased risk of long bone fracture and adolescents are smaller in stature. However, sex differences and the long-term effects of PAE on the skeleton have not been investigated and was the aim of this study. Using a mouse model of PAE, we examined the function and gene expression of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts). We then analysed the skeletons of male and female mice at 12-weeks-old (adult) and 4-weeks-old (juvenile). PAE reduced osteoblast bone formation in both sexes, compared to control. Differential gene expression was predominantly observed in PAE males and largely involved genes related to blood vessel formation. High resolution x-ray imaging (micro-CT) revealed PAE had a detrimental effect on the inner trabecular bone component in 12-week-old male mice only. Analysis of the outer cortical bone revealed that whilst both male and female PAE mice were negatively affected, anatomical variations were observed. Mechanical testing also revealed differences in bone strength in PAE mice, compared to control. Interestingly, 4-week-old mice did not possess these sex differences observed in our PAE model at 12 weeks of age. Our data suggest PAE has detrimental and yet sex-dependent effects on the skeleton. Establishing these sex differences will support future policies and clinical management of FASD.
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Etanol , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Osteoblastos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Caracteres Sexuais , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Gravidez , Etanol/toxicidade , Etanol/farmacologia , Osteoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
It is crucial to discover novel antimicrobial drugs to combat resistance. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of halicin (SU3327), an AI-identified anti-diabetic drug, against 13 kinds of common clinical pathogens of animal origin, including multidrug-resistant strains. Employing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assessments, halicin demonstrated a broad-spectrum antibacterial effect. Time-killing assays revealed its concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (E. coli ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (S. aureus ATCC 29213), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae S6 (APP S6) after 4 h of treatment at concentrations above the MIC. Halicin exhibited longer post-antibiotic effects (PAEs) and sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs) for E. coli 25922, S. aureus 29213, and APP S6 compared to ceftiofur and ciprofloxacin, the commonly used veterinary antimicrobial agents, indicating sustained antibacterial action. Additionally, the results of consecutive passaging experiments over 40 d at sub-inhibitory concentrations showed that bacteria exhibited difficulty in developing resistance to halicin. Toxicology studies confirmed that halicin exhibited low acute toxicity, being non-mutagenic, non-reproductive-toxic, and non-genotoxic. Blood biochemical results suggested that halicin has no significant impact on hematological parameters, liver function, and kidney function. Furthermore, halicin effectively treated respiratory A. pleuropneumoniae infections in murine models. These results underscore the potential of halicin as a new antibacterial agent with applications against clinically relevant pathogens in veterinary medicine.
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BACKGROUND: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are associated with neurodevelopmental challenges leading to difficulties with everyday life tasks. The Families Moving Forward (FMF) Program teaches caregivers to use positive behavior support (PBS), integrated with other techniques. However, it is unknown how caregivers retain and use these PBS strategies after the intervention. METHODS: About 4.5 months after completing the FMF Program, twenty-three caregivers of children with FASD aged 4-12 were interviewed about problem behaviors targeted during the FMF Program and their continued use of PBS strategies. Interviews were recorded and coded thematically by a five-coder team. Higher-level pattern codes were developed to facilitate themes across descriptive codes. RESULTS: Caregivers commonly targeted task incompletion and rule breaking, and problem behaviors were often complex or combined. Caregivers identified environmental and interpersonal triggers for problem behavior. They used many accommodations to prevent problem behaviors, most often related to task or environment simplification. Caregivers also used consequence-based strategies. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to characterize caregivers' use of PBS strategies for children with FASD using mixed methods. Problem behaviors such as rule breaking were more difficult to target. Caregivers found most success when using a combination of multiple different accommodations per problem behavior. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: This is the first study to use mixed methods to characterize how caregivers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) use positive behavior support (PBS) strategies to target problem behavior after completion of the empirically validated Families Moving Forward (FMF) Program. Among other techniques involved in the FMF Program, PBS strategies are taught to caregivers and are used to target two distinct, caregiver-identified problem behaviors. This data provides essential information about behaviors responsive to PBS supports, for children with FASD, to inform clinical intervention and research. Notably, multiple problem behaviors often occurred together, emphasizing complexity of behavior challenges in this population and the resulting need for individualized supports. This study is the first to describe commonly observed triggers (antecedents) and commonly used supports (accommodations) from the perspective of caregivers of children with FASD. Importantly, results indicate that use of a wide variety of accommodations, or antecedent-based strategies, are effective in supporting behavior in children with FASD. However, success was most common when caregivers used multiple accommodations for any given concerning behavior. Findings represent 'real-world' strategies caregivers use to support adaptive behavior in their children several months after completion of the FMF Program, suggesting these strategies are applicable to clinical practice.
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Cuidadores , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal , Comportamento Problema , Humanos , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal/psicologia , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal/reabilitação , Feminino , Cuidadores/psicologia , Masculino , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comportamento Problema/psicologia , Seguimentos , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , AdultoRESUMO
Introduction: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders include a variety of physical and neurocognitive disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Although their overall prevalence is around 0.77%, FASD remains underdiagnosed and little known, partly due to the complexity of their diagnosis, which shares some symptoms with other pathologies such as autism spectrum, depression or hyperactivity disorders. Methods: This study included 73 control and 158 patients diagnosed with FASD. Variables selected were based on IOM classification from 2016, including sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics. Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis test for quantitative factors, Chi-square test for qualitative variables, and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for predictions. Results: This study explores the application ML in diagnosing FASD and its subtypes: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), partial FAS (pFAS), and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND). ML constructed a profile for FASD based on socio-demographic, clinical, and psychological data from children with FASD compared to a control group. Random Forest (RF) model was the most efficient for predicting FASD, achieving the highest metrics in accuracy (0.92), precision (0.96), sensitivity (0.92), F1 Score (0.94), specificity (0.92), and AUC (0.92). For FAS, XGBoost model obtained the highest accuracy (0.94), precision (0.91), sensitivity (0.91), F1 Score (0.91), specificity (0.96), and AUC (0.93). In the case of pFAS, RF model showed its effectiveness, with high levels of accuracy (0.90), precision (0.86), sensitivity (0.96), F1 Score (0.91), specificity (0.83), and AUC (0.90). For ARND, RF model obtained the best levels of accuracy (0.87), precision (0.76), sensitivity (0.93), F1 Score (0.84), specificity (0.83), and AUC (0.88). Our study identified key variables for efficient FASD screening, including traditional clinical characteristics like maternal alcohol consumption, lip-philtrum, microcephaly, height and weight impairment, as well as neuropsychological variables such as the Working Memory Index (WMI), aggressive behavior, IQ, somatic complaints, and depressive problems. Discussion: Our findings emphasize the importance of ML analyses for early diagnoses of FASD, allowing a better understanding of FASD subtypes to potentially improve clinical practice and avoid misdiagnosis.
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an estimated 2-5% of North Americans. FASD is induced by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during pregnancy and while there is a clear genetic contribution, few genetic factors are currently identified or understood. In this study, using a candidate gene approach, we performed a genetic variant analysis of retinoic acid (RA) metabolic and developmental signaling pathway genes on whole exome sequencing data of 23 FASD-diagnosed individuals. We found risk and resilience alleles in ADH and ALDH genes known to normally be involved in alcohol detoxification at the expense of RA production, causing RA deficiency, following PAE. Risk and resilience variants were also identified in RA-regulated developmental pathway genes, especially in SHH and WNT pathways. Notably, we also identified significant variants in the causative genes of rare neurodevelopmental disorders sharing comorbidities with FASD, including STRA6 (Matthew-Wood), SOX9 (Campomelic Dysplasia), FDG1 (Aarskog), and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (TBX1). Although this is a small exploratory study, the findings support PAE-induced RA deficiency as a major etiology underlying FASD and suggest risk and resilience variants may be suitable biomarkers to determine the risk of FASD outcomes following PAE.
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Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal , Tretinoína , Humanos , Feminino , Tretinoína/metabolismo , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal/genética , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal/metabolismo , Gravidez , Masculino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
AIMS: To examine the relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and children's behavioural and emotional development in a large generalizable sample of women and their children in Aotearoa New Zealand. METHODS: Using data from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal cohort, we investigated the relationship between maternal PAE and behavioural and emotional development in 8-year-old children. We explored secondary outcomes including measures of language, executive function, academic achievement, and adaptive behaviour. RESULTS: We found no significant differences in the measures of behavioural and emotional development in children 8 years old based on alcohol consumption. No significant differences in behavioural and emotional development were found based on amount of PAE and when PAE occurred, despite controlling for a range of potential confounding factors, such as neighbourhood deprivation and maternal health measures. PAE was associated with significantly higher scores for parent-rated oral language indicating better oral language. In Maori mothers, PAE was significantly associated with an increased risk of higher scores on two of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire subscales. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find an association between PAE and behavioural and emotional development in children aged 8 years. PAE and behavioural and emotional development are difficult to measure accurately, and the moderating variables between them are complex. Future analyses will require larger cohorts of mothers and their children using precise measures of PAE and outcomes to enable more precise estimates of association.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Comportamento Infantil , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Emoções , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Humanos , Feminino , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Criança , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/psicologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Masculino , Estudos Longitudinais , Emoções/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Comportamento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Função Executiva/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Phthalate esters are known to be endocrine disrupting chemicals and are documented to pollute environments. Enzymatic degradation of PAEs is a potential bioremedial strategy to manage contamination. Thermostable bioremedial enzymes have advantages in enzyme manufacturing and storage. In this study, we identified, overexpressed, and characterised a moderately thermostable para-nitrobenzyl esterase from whole genome sequencing of a Bacillus velezensis NP05 from the Great Artesian Basin, capable of sequential 2-step hydrolysis of diisobutyl phthalate. The pnbA enzyme has a molecular weight of 55.14 kDa and pI of 5.31. It preferentially degrades para-nitrophenyl butanoate and has an optimal pH of 7-8. The pnbA esterase has an optimal temperature of 55 °C with a half-life of 4 h. Using HPLC we found that pnbA (0.122 U) can hydrolyse 0.83 mM of DIBP within 25 min. Lastly, pnbA is potentially a more economically viable candidate for enzymatic bioremediation of diisobutyl phthalate as a free enzyme.
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Prenatal alcohol exposure is responsible for increasing chronic disease risk in later life, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. Alcohol drinking may compromise endogenous antioxidant capacity, causing an increase in free radicals and reactive oxygen species in the newborn. Excessive reactive oxygen species could attack the cellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to cellular dysfunction. Moreover, oxidative stress could play a crucial role in the altered synthesis and release of neurotrophins and progressive mitochondrial modifications with uncontrolled apoptosis. This narrative review aims to underline the important role of alcohol abuse in oxidative stress events and consequent metabolic and neurocognitive impairments in children exposed to alcohol during gestational life.
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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are high production volume chemicals used extensively as plasticizers, to increase the flexibility of the main polymer. They are reported to leach into their surroundings from plastic products and are now a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Phthalate levels have been determined in several environmental matrices, especially in water. These levels serve as an indicator of plasticizer abuse and plastic pollution, and also serve as a route of exposure to different species including humans. Reports published on effects of different PAEs on experimental models demonstrate their carcinogenic, teratogenic, reproductive, and endocrine disruptive effects. Therefore, regular monitoring and remediation of environmental water samples is essential to ascertain their hazard quotient and daily exposure levels. This review summarises the extraction and detection techniques available for phthalate analysis in water samples such as chromatography, biosensors, immunoassays, and spectroscopy. Current remediation strategies for phthalate removal such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, and microbial degradation have also been highlighted.
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Ésteres , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Ésteres/análise , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Plastificantes/análise , Água/análise , Dibutilftalato , ChinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). There are many documented barriers to FASD diagnostic assessment, including a limited number of trained clinicians. This study aimed to establish baseline levels of Australian psychologists' knowledge and practices in FASD assessment to develop training and improve future diagnostic capacity. METHODS: An online survey was completed by 106 Australian psychologists. The survey elicited respondents' demographics, knowledge about FASD, confidence in various aspects of assessment and perceived future training needs. RESULTS: Respondents reported a broad understanding of the FASD diagnostic term and potential harm of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). However, most respondents were not confident in their ability to conduct the psychometric assessments that provide a diagnostic assessment of FASD or ask about PAE. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of correct knowledge items and the psychologists' confidence in conducting FASD assessments. The clinical neuropsychologists demonstrated significantly greater knowledge and confidence in applying FASD diagnostic criteria and assessing PAE than school, clinical, and other psychologists. Most psychologists were more confident in their ability to apply the diagnostic criteria for other neurodevelopmental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of FASD is growing in Australia, however, further work is required to improve clinicians' understanding of and confidence in completing FASD assessments. Most participants indicated a preference for online training to learn more about FASD assessment.
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This study evaluated criteria for Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE). Kable et al. (2022) assessed the validity of this diagnosis in a sample with low exposure to alcohol. The current study expanded this assessment to a sample with a wider age range and heavier alcohol exposure. Data were collected from participants (5-17y) with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and typically developing controls at six Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders sites using neuropsychological assessment and caregiver reports. Impairment was tested at 1SD, 1.5SD, and 2SD below the normative average and a modification of the adaptive functioning requirement was tested. Testing impairment at 1SD resulted in the highest endorsement rates in both groups. Our findings replicated the study by Kable et al. and show that current criteria captured a high rate of those with PAE and that requiring fewer adaptive functioning criteria resulted in higher sensitivity to PAE.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Youth with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are under-recognised in the justice system, warranting improved identification. This study aimed to compare neuropsychological profiles of adolescents, with and without PAE and identify neuropsychological tasks predictive of PAE-group membership. It was hypothesised that participants with PAE would score significantly lower on neuropsychological tests. METHODS: Participants included 85 young people sentenced to detention (mean 15.7 years, 78 males), 46 with PAE. A one-way-multivariate analysis of variance tested differences in neuropsychological functioning between PAE/No-PAE groups, while logistic regression determined tests predictive of PAE. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in test scores emerged between groups, and regression was not indicative of any models predictive of PAE-group membership. Neuropsychological profiles were characterised by both strengths and weaknesses, with lower verbal and mathematical skills. CONCLUSION(S): While no statistically significant differences were found between the groups, the results provided a unique insight into the neurocognitive profile of Australian youth in detention. Routine screening assessments were recommended for young people sentenced to detention.
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Delinquência Juvenil , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Masculino , Gravidez , Austrália Ocidental , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive for benign prostatic obstruction (LUTS/BPO) are one of the most frequent diseases in men and can have a significant impact on quality of life. Instrumental therapies are common, and many patients seek minimally invasive treatment options. OBJECTIVE: Presentation and evidence-based evaluation of the minimally invasive therapy for benign prostatic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Summary and overview of chapters 11-13 on minimally invasive therapies for LUTS/BPO of the current long version of the German S2e guideline. RESULTS: In case of absolute indication for surgery or after unsatisfactory or undesired medical therapy, minimally invasive treatments such as UroLift® (Neotract Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA), Rezá¿¡m™ (Boston Scientific, Malborough, MA, USA), iTIND™ (Olympus America Inc., Westborough, MA, USA), and prostatic artery embolization (PAE) can be considered. These indirect/delayed ablative therapies offer lower morbidity and the possibility of performing them under local anesthesia, but they are inferior to direct ablative/resective techniques in terms of effectiveness and sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: The updated German S2e guideline summarizes evidence-based recommendations for new minimally invasive therapies for LUTS/BPO, which present alternative treatment options for selected patients.
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Embolização Terapêutica , Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior , Hiperplasia Prostática , Obstrução Uretral , Masculino , Humanos , Hiperplasia Prostática/cirurgia , Próstata/irrigação sanguínea , Embolização Terapêutica/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Vida , Resultado do Tratamento , Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior/etiologia , Obstrução Uretral/etiologiaRESUMO
This paper presents the phthalate esters (PAEs), nonylphenol (NPs), and microplastics (MPs) in river sediments. Results showed that sediments near residential areas were mainly composed of fine particles, potentially influencing the adsorption of PAEs and NPs in the area. The concentrations of Σ10 PAEs in the sediments ranged between 2448 and 63,457 µg/kg dw, dominated by DEHP and DnOP. Microplastics were detected in all samples, with higher abundances found in sediments near residential areas dominated by polypropylene. Toxicological risk assessment indicated potential risks to sensitive aquatic organisms exposed to the sediments. Correlations between MPs, PAEs, and NPs suggest that MPs may serve as possible sources of PAEs in the sediments. Principal component analysis explained 95.4 % of the pollutant variability in the sediments. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of monitoring and understanding the presence and interactions of PAEs and MPs in river sediments to assess their potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
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Dietilexilftalato , Fenóis , Ácidos Ftálicos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Dibutilftalato/análise , Plásticos , Microplásticos , Rios , Ecossistema , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Ésteres/análise , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , China , Dietilexilftalato/análiseRESUMO
The current small study utilised prospective data collection of patterns of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure (PAE and PTE) to examine associations with structural brain outcomes in 6-year-olds and served as a pilot to determine the value of prospective data describing community-level patterns of PAE and PTE in a non-clinical sample of children. Participants from the Safe Passage Study in pregnancy were approached when their child was â¼6 years old and completed structural brain magnetic resonance imaging to examine with archived PAE and PTE data (n = 51 children-mother dyads). Linear regression was used to conduct whole-brain structural analyses, with false-discovery rate (FDR) correction, to examine: (a) main effects of PAE, PTE and their interaction; and (b) predictive potential of data that reflect patterns of PAE and PTE (e.g. quantity, frequency and timing (QFT)). Associations between PAE, PTE and their interaction with brain structural measures demonstrated unique profiles of cortical and subcortical alterations that were distinct between PAE only, PTE only and their interactive effects. Analyses examining associations between patterns of PAE and PTE (e.g. QFT) were able to significantly detect brain alterations (that survived FDR correction) in this small non-clinical sample of children. These findings support the hypothesis that considering QFT and co-exposures is important for identifying brain alterations following PAE and/or PTE in a small group of young children. Current results demonstrate that teratogenic outcomes on brain structure differ as a function PAE, PTE or their co-exposures, as well as the pattern (QFT) or exposure.
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Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Criança , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Projetos Piloto , África do Sul , Encéfalo/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Animal models have confirmed the toxic effects of PAE on the kidneys and urinary tract, yet the evidence from human studies is contradictory. The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence of renal and urinary tract anomalies (RUTA), impaired kidney function, and hypertension among patients with FASD. METHODS: Children from the FASD Diagnostic Center with FASD diagnosis (FAS, pFAS, or ARND) were offered participation in the study. The control group consisted of patients from the Gastroenterology Department of the same hospital. The patients underwent renal and urinary tract ultrasound examination. The serum creatinine level was also evaluated and the blood pressure was taken twice. Polish OLAF charts were used to determine the percentiles of blood pressure. RESULTS: The incidence of kidney and urinary tract defects in the study group was significantly higher than in the control group (OR: 2.64 [1.60-4.34]). The kidney size among FASD patients was significantly lower (73 mm [60-83] vs. 83 mm [70-96]; p < .001) when compared to the control group. No differences were observed in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. In the study group, significantly lower systolic blood, diastolic blood pressure, percentile of systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure were observed. CONCLUSIONS: RUTA occurred more frequently among patients with FASD compared to the control group, and decreased kidney size was also demonstrated among patients with FASD. However, impaired kidney function and the risk of hypertension were not observed.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal , Hipertensão , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Criança , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal/diagnóstico , Incidência , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , RimRESUMO
PURPOSE: Prostate artery embolisation (PAE) is a key treatment for the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Common cardiovascular risk factors might be associated with suboptimal outcomes and thus influence patient treatment selection. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether cardiovascular comorbidities affect PAE outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective subset analysis of the UK Registry of Prostate Artery Embolisation (UK-ROPE) database was performed with patients who had a full documented past medical histories including hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes and smoking status as well as international prostate symptom score (IPSS) at baseline and at 12 months. Multiple regression was performed to assess for any significant predictors. RESULTS: Comorbidity data were available for 100/216 patients (mean age 65.8 ± 6.4 years), baseline IPSS 20.9 ± 7.0). Regression analysis revealed that the presence of hypertension (53.7% IPSS reduction vs. absence 51.4%, p = 0.94), diabetes (52.6% vs. absence 52.1%, p = 0.6), CAD (59.2% vs. absence 51.4%, p = 0.95), no comorbidities (49.8% vs. any comorbidity present 55.3%, p = 0.66), smoking status (non-smoker, 52.6%, current smoker, 61.5%, ex-smoker, 49.8%, p > 0.05), age (p = 0.52) and baseline Qmax (p = 0.41) did not significantly impact IPSS reduction at 12 months post-PAE. Baseline prostate volume significantly influenced IPSS reduction (≥ 80 cc prostates, 58.9% vs. < 80 cc prostates 43.2%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence of cardiovascular comorbidities/smoking history does not appear to significantly impact PAE symptom score outcomes at 12 months post procedure. Our findings suggest that if the prostatic artery can be accessed, then clinical success is comparable to those without cardiovascular comorbidities.