Comparative Analysis of Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcomes of Urothelial Bladder Cancer Between Young and Older Adults-Experience from a Tertiary Care Center.

The evidence on bladder cancer in the young population remains fragmented due to lack of literature and conflicting results from the existing studies. We aim to elucidate such conflicting data and define the clinicopathologic characteristics, management trends, and outcomes of urothelial bladder carcinoma in young adults as compared to their older counterparts. This was a retrospective, single-center study involving patients with primary urothelial bladder cancer who underwent treatment at our center from March 2017 to March 2022. For analysis, patients were stratified into three subgroups based on age: group A, 18-40 years; group B, > 40 years; and group C, > 60 years. Group A with younger patients was compared with groups B and C. A total of 471 eligible patients (422 males and 49 females) were included in the study with a median age of 44 years. Group A had significantly lower recurrence and progression rates as compared to group B (31% vs 57.1%, p = 0.002 and 9.5% vs 19.2%, p = 0.04, respectively). Group A had significantly more recurrence-free survival (RFS) than group B (5-year-RFS = 68.03% vs 32.58%, p = 0.01). Similarly, group A also had lower recurrence (31% vs 62.6%, p < 0.001) and progression (9.5% vs 28.6%, p = 0.015) rates as compared to group C as well as better RFS (5-year-RFS = 68.03% vs 19.00%, p = 0.04) and progression-free survival (5-year-PFS = 83.1% vs 62.8%, p = 0.03) in comparison to group C. Age and tumor grade were found to be independent predictors of recurrence-free and progression-free survival. We concluded that high-grade disease is more common than low-grade disease both in younger and older patients. Younger patients fare better in terms of recurrence and progression when compared to their older counterparts.

Percutaneous Surgical Treatment of Trigger Finger.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous release therapy for patients with trigger finger. Methods We obtained the hospital records of 120 patients who underwent percutaneous release, and their final status was evaluated by telephone. Results The sample was composed of 84 (70%) female and 36 (30%) male patients, with a mean age of 55.4 (range: 30-79) years, and a mean follow-up of 28.6 (range: 6-74) months. Successful results were obtained in 118 (98.3%) patients. In the first week after the procedure, release was performed through the open surgical method in two patients who had complaints of re-entanglement in their fingers. No limitation to the joint range of motion was detected in any finger. Conclusions Percutaneous release has advantages over the open surgery method in the surgical treatment of trigger finger, due to its low cost, ease of application, performance outside operating room conditions, and similar complication rates.

Multifeature Fusion Method with Metaheuristic Optimization for Automated Voice Pathology Detection.

Voice pathologies occur due to various factors, such as malfunction of the vocal cords. Computerized acoustic examination-based vocal pathology detection is crucial for early diagnosis, efficient follow-up, and improving problematic speech. Different acoustic measurements provide it. Executing this process requires expert monitoring and is not preferred by patients because it is time-consuming and costly. This paper is aimed at detecting metaheuristic-based automatic voice pathology. First, feature maps of 10 common diseases, including cordectomy, dysphonia, front lateral partial resection, contact pachyderma, laryngitis, lukoplakia, pure breath, recurrent laryngeal paralysis, vocal fold polyp, and vox senilis, were obtained from the Zero-Crossing Rate, Root-Mean-Square Energy, and Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients using a thousand voice signals from the Saarbruecken Voice Database dataset. Hybridizations of different features obtained from the voices of the same diseases using these three methods were used to increase the model's performance. The Grey Wolf Optimizer (MELGWO) algorithm based on local search, evolutionary operator, and concatenated feature maps derived from various approaches was employed to minimize the number of features, implement the models faster, and produce the best result. The fitness values of the metaheuristic algorithms were then determined using supervised machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbors. The F1 score, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and other assessment criteria were compared with the experimental data. The best accuracy result was achieved with 99.50% from the SVM classifier using the feature maps optimized by the improved MELGWO algorithms.

Abordagens cirúrgicas para cisto dentígero: revisão de literatura / Surgical approaches for dentigerous cyst: literature review

O objetivo desta revisão integrativa foi elaborar uma avaliação qualitativa da literatura existente sobre as modalidades de tratamento utilizadas para cistos dentígeros em pacientes pediátricos. O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura na qual utilizou-se as bases de dados PubMed, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), LILACS, e SciELO. Como critérios de inclusão estavam os artigos publicados na íntegra, relatos de caso clínico, revisões sistemáticas e de meta-análise publicados nos últimos 10 anos, disponível nos idiomas português ou inglês, que abordassem a temática. Os critérios de exclusão foram: resumos, anais, editoriais, cartas ao editor, reflexão, duplicidade, artigos com detalhamento incompleto. O cisto dentígero é o tipo mais comum dos cistos odontogênicos de desenvolvimento e o segundo mais frequente entre todos que ocorrem nos maxilares, representando cerca de 20% de todos os cistos revestidos por epitélio nos ossos gnáticos. Clinicamente pode estar associado a qualquer dente impactado, porém ele envolve com mais frequência os terceiros molares inferiores. Acomete pacientes entre 10 a 30 anos de idade, com predileção pelo sexo masculino, sendo na maioria dos casos detectados em exames radiográficos de rotina. O tratamento baseia-se nas técnicas de descompressão, marsupialização e enucleação. O prognóstico para os cistos dentígeros é altamente favorável e não há chance de recorrência após a remoção completa. Assim, a decisão terapêutica deve ser tomada de forma adequada para cada caso, levando em consideração a localização anatômica, extensão clínica, tamanho, idade, remoção do dente não irrompido e possibilidades de acompanhamento.

The aim of this integrative review was to carry out a qualitative assessment of the existing literature on the treatment modalities used for dentigerous cysts in pediatric patients. This study is an integrative literature review using the PubMed, VHL (Virtual Health Library), LILACS and SciELO databases. The inclusion criteria were articles published in full, clinical case reports, systematic reviews and meta-analysis published in the last 10 years, available in Portuguese or English, which addressed the subject. The exclusion criteria were: abstracts, annals, editorials, letters to the editor, reflection, duplication, articles with incomplete details. The dentigerous cyst is the most common type of developmental odontogenic cyst and the second most frequent of all those that occur in the jaws, accounting for around 20% of all epithelium-lined cysts in the gnathic bones. Clinically, it can be associated with any impacted tooth, but it most often involves the lower third molars. It affects patients between 10 and 30 years of age, with a predilection for males, and in most cases it is detected during routine radiographic examinations. Treatment is based on decompression, marsupialization and enucleation. The prognosis for dentigerous cysts is highly favorable and there is no chance of recurrence after complete removal. Therefore, the therapeutic decision must be made appropriately for each case, taking into account the anatomical location, clinical extension, size, age, removal of the unerupted tooth and follow-up possibilities.

Angina bolhosa hemorrágica: uma revisão de literatura / Hemorrhagic angina bullosa: a review of the literature

Introdução: A angina bolhosa hemorrágica (ABH) é uma condição rara caracterizada pelo surgimento súbito de bolhas de sangue nas mucosas orais e orofaringe. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como propósito fornecer uma análise abrangente das características clínicas, etiológicas e histopatológicas da angina bolhosa hemorrágica, além de abordar métodos de diagnóstico e opções de tratamento. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma busca por artigos científicos publicados de 2010 a 2023, nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e ScienceDirect. Foram coletados artigos em inglês e português utilizando as palavras-chave "angina bolhosa hemorrágica", "estomatite bolhosa hemorrágica benigna", "hemorrhagic bullous angina" e "benign hemorrhagic bullous stomatitis". Conclusão: A ABH é escassamente documentada na literatura, com muitos dados ausentes ou subnotificados. Embora seja uma condição benigna com rápida evolução espontânea, o procedimento diagnóstico deve ser rigoroso para descartar outras possíveis lesões.

Introduction: Bullous hemorrhagic angina (ABH) is a rare condition characterized by the sudden appearance of blood blisters on the oral mucosa and oropharynx. Objective: This work aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical, etiological and histopathological characteristics of hemorrhagic bullous angina, in addition to addressing diagnostic methods and treatment options. Materials and methods: A search was carried out for scientific articles published between 2010 and 2023, in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and ScienceDirect databases. Articles were found in English and Portuguese using the keywords "hemorrhagic bullous angina", "benign herrhagic bullous stomatitis", "hemorrhagic bullous angina" and "benign herrhagic bullous stomatitis". Conclusion: ABH is scarcely documented in the literature, with many data missing or underreported. Although it is a benign condition with rapid spontaneous evolution, the diagnostic procedure must be rigorous to rule out other possible lesions.

Challenges and improvements in HER2 scoring and histologic evaluation: insights from a national proficiency testing scheme for breast cancer diagnosis in China.

BACKGROUND: In 2022, our team launched the pioneering national proficiency testing (PT) scheme for the pathological diagnosis of breast cancer, rapidly establishing its credibility throughout China. Aiming to continuously monitor and improve the proficiency of Chinese pathologists in breast pathology, the second round of the PT scheme was initiated in 2023, which will expand the number of participating institutions, and will conduct a nationwide investigation into the interpretation of HER2 0, 1+, and 2+/FISH- categories in China. METHODS: The methodology employed in the current round of PT scheme closely mirrors that of the preceding cycle in 2022, which is designed and implemented according to the "Conformity assessment-General requirements for proficiency testing"(GB/T27043-2012/ISO/IEC 17043:2010). More importantly, we utilized a statistics-based method to generate assigned values to enhance their robustness and credibility. RESULTS: The final PT results, published on the website of the National Quality Control Center for Cancer ( http://117.133.40.88:3927 ), showed that all participants passed the testing. However, a few institutions demonstrated systemic biases in scoring HER2 0, 1+, and 2+/FISH- with accuracy levels below 59%, considered unsatisfactory. Especially, the concordance rate for HER2 0 cases was only 78.1%, indicating challenges in distinguishing HER2 0 from low HER2 expression. Meanwhile, areas for histologic type and grade interpretation improvement were also noted. CONCLUSIONS: Our PT scheme demonstrated high proficiency in diagnosing breast cancer in China. But it also identified systemic biases in scoring HER2 0, 1+, and 2+/FISH- at some institutions. More importantly, our study highlighted challenges in the evaluation at the extreme lower end of the HER2 staining spectrum, a crucial area for further research. Meanwhile, it also revealed the need for improvements in interpreting histologic types and grades. These findings strengthened the importance of robust quality assurance mechanisms, like the nationwide PT scheme conducted in this study, to maintain high diagnostic standards and identify areas requiring further training and enhancement.

Cerebral microbleeds in patients with COVID-19: is there an inevitable connection?

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical interplay between systemic infections and neurological complications, notably cerebral microbleeds. This comprehensive review meticulously aggregates and analyses current evidence on cerebral microbleeds' prevalence, pathophysiological underpinnings and clinical implications within COVID-19 cohorts. Our findings reveal a pronounced correlation between cerebral microbleeds and increased severity of COVID-19, emphasizing the role of direct viral effects, inflammatory responses and coagulation disturbances. The documented association between cerebral microbleeds and elevated risks of morbidity and mortality necessitates enhanced neurological surveillance in managing COVID-19 patients. Although variability in study methodologies presents challenges, the cumulative evidence substantiates cerebral microbleeds as a critical illness manifestation rather than mere coincidence. This review calls for harmonization in research methodologies to refine our understanding and guide targeted interventions. Prioritizing the detection and study of neurological outcomes, such as cerebral microbleeds, is imperative for bolstering pandemic response strategies and mitigating the long-term neurological impact on survivors.

Enamel caries lesions, with and without initial cavitation, in relation to anatomical areas of the proximal surface in deciduous molars.

OBJECTIVE: proximal enamel caries lesions (PEC) are believed to initiate and progress to cavitation below the proximal contact area (PCA), but no evidence exists on the location of initial carious cavitation on the proximal surface with functional PCA. This study aimed to test the association of anatomical areas of the proximal surface with the severity of PEC and the frequency of cavitation in PEC in primary molars DESIGN: laboratory, observational, transversal study. Exfoliated primary molars (n = 33) with functional PCA (biofilm-free PCA surrounded by biofilm) had their proximal surfaces (one/tooth) divided anatomically into up to nine areas: 3 areas based on the occlusal/cervical PCA boundaries (areas I, II, and III; occluso-cervically) and 3 areas based on the bucco/lingual PCA boundaries (A, B, and C), with area IIB representing the PCA and area IIIB as the sub-PCA (below the PCA). PEC (ICDAS scores 1 and 2-3) and cavitation in PEC were quantified in all areas using stereomicroscopy and microCT. PEC volume was quantified in areas IIB and IIIB under microCT RESULTS: PEC severity increased occluso-cervically. PCA and sub-PCA presented different PEC severities (higher in sub-PCA) and similar PCE volumes, but the odds of carious cavitation were much higher (Odds ratio = 197.4; 95 % CI: 8.7/4480.7) in the PCA than in the sub-PCA (no cavitation). CONCLUSION: PCA presented lower PEC severity and similar PEC volume compared to sub-PCA, but PCA concentrated all cavitations in PEC, supporting a new model for the pathogenesis of PEC.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast: A rare breast tumor mimicking a cutaneous lesion.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon soft tissue tumor which generally affects people from the second to the fifth decades of life, with the same incidence in both sexes. DFSP can appear as a slow-growing, flesh-colored or erythematous plaque or nodule, often becoming protuberant if untreated. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two cases of DFSP. The first case regards a 22-year-old woman with a 1.5-centimeter, mobile nodule of hard-elastic consistency in the left breast initially suspected to be a sebaceous cyst. Ultrasound and MRI suggested benign features, but histopathological examination post-excision confirmed DFSP. The second patient come to our attention is a 54-year-old woman with a 6 mm erythematous lump in the right breast, which reached 22 mm after two years. Mammography and histological examination post-excision confirmed DFSP. Both patients underwent to wide local excision and after four years of follow-up no recurrence or complications are observed. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: DFSP is a soft tissue sarcoma with low metastatic potential but requires early diagnosis and surgical excision to avoid malignant transformation. There are no standardized guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Imaging techniques, including ultrasound, CT, and MRI, are crucial to define tumor extension and planning surgical intervention. Surgical excision with clear margins is the primary treatment, but there are also emerging treatments as Mohs micrographic surgery or Imatinib Mesylate therapy for unresectable cases. CONCLUSION: Our cases highlight the importance of an accurate diagnostic evaluation and effective surgical management to achieve favorable outcomes.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Not Obesity, Triggers Postpartum Brain Inflammation and Premature Aging in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Previous studies showed that women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are susceptible to cognitive dysfunction. We investigated the effects of GDM on brain pathologies and premature brain aging in rats. Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) after two weeks of acclimatization. On pregnancy day 0, HFD-treated rats received streptozotocin (GDM group) or vehicle (Obese mothers). ND-treated rats received vehicle (ND-control mothers). On postpartum day 21, brains and blood were collected. The GDM group showed increased inflammatory and premature aging markers, mitochondrial changes, and compensatory increases in the blood-brain barrier and synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. GDM triggers maternal brain inflammation and premature aging, suggesting compensatory mechanisms may protect against these effects.

Small cell colorectal cancer: a rare tumour with an aggressive course.

A relatively healthy male patient in his 60s presented with chest pain and shortness of breath in addition to a history of significant weight loss over the preceding months. He was admitted to the hospital and investigated with a CT pulmonary angiogram, which did not demonstrate a pulmonary embolus, but he subsequently went on to have an ultrasound and CT scan because of abnormal findings. His CT demonstrated some thickening of the mid-transverse colon, and, in addition, large volume liver metastases described as innumerable and probably replacing most of the liver.Initially, his liver function tests were only mildly deranged at the presentation. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was performed, and a transverse colonic malignancy was identified and biopsied, which demonstrated an extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC). He was admitted for urgent chemotherapy for newly diagnosed metastatic small-cell colonic cancer; he developed tumour lysis syndrome following his first dose of chemotherapy. He continued to decline following this and died soon after his admission. Metastatic small-cell colonic cancer is a rare diagnosis which is challenging to manage due to the lack of trial evidence to drive treatment strategies. The management largely follows the pulmonary small cell cancer pathway. We, therefore, present a colonic EPSCC case outlining the diagnostic and treatment strategies for this disease.

Updates in non-neoplastic orthopaedic pathology: what you don't know can hurt you!

Even though the average surgical pathologist reviews far more non-neoplastic orthopaedic pathology on a daily basis, most current research focuses on rare tumours and their even less frequent molecular events. Our experiences among consults and focused conferences strongly suggest that there remains a practice gap regarding knowledge and diagnosing specific non-neoplastic orthopaedic conditions. One of the most frequent intraoperative consultations performed in the USA, among both academic and private institutions, relates to revision arthroplasty and the determination of infection in periprosthetic joints. Pathologists play a critical role in this algorithm, helping determine intraoperatively whether patients require antibiotic spacers prior to reimplantation. Many pathology departments have abandoned the examination of arthroplasty specimens because they (and their surgeons) mistakenly believe there is little clinically relevant information to be gained by thorough pathological examination. However, recent literature has challenged this concept, emphasising the importance of distinguishing avascular necrosis (from osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease with secondary osteonecrosis), subchondral insufficiency fracture, septic arthritis (from so-called 'sterile' osteomyelitis/pseudoabscesses), underlying crystalline diseases and incidental/occult neoplasia. Histological evaluation of historically insignificant orthopaedic specimens, such as tenosynovium from carpal tunnel syndrome/trigger finger, is now seen as valuable in early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Not infrequently, orthopaedic conditions like haemosiderotic synovitis, osteocartilaginous loose bodies or rheumatoid nodules, may histologically mimic bona fide neoplasms, notably diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumour, synovial chondromatosis and epithelioid sarcoma, respectively. Here is a review of the more common non-neoplastic orthopaedic conditions, those likely to be examined by the practising surgical pathologist, with updates and guidelines for establishing clinically relevant diagnoses.

Clinical, imaging and pathological features of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and radiological features of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas (EMC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our pathology database was queried for cases of EMCs. Tumor location, size, imaging appearance, presence of metastases, disease recurrence, and clinical outcome were documented. Imaging studies were evaluated in consensus by a musculoskeletal radiologist and an orthopedic oncologist. RESULTS: Thirty subjects met the inclusion criteria (mean age 52.7 ± 16.2 years; 19 male, 11 female), 17 (56.7%) of which had pre-operative imaging. Tumors occurred most often in the lower extremities (20/30; 66.7%). All cases presented as a soft-tissue mass without mineralization on XR or CT. On MRI, tumors were typically hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences (14/14; 100%) and had a chondroid matrix appearance (12/14; 85.7%). Tumor invasion was observed in 11 out of 16 (68.9%) patients and necrosis in 2 out of 11 subjects (18.2%). All subjects had their tumors examined by pathology, and 20 (66.7%) subjects also had descriptive information in addition to the diagnosis (tumor invasion, mitotic rate, and necrosis) noted in the pathology reports. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.4 ± 7.5 (1.0 - 29.6) years. At the last follow-up, 14 out of 28 (50%) subjects were disease-free, 6 out of 28 had persistent metastatic disease and 8 out of 28 had died. CONCLUSIONS: EMC is a rare sarcoma that commonly presents as lower extremity soft tissue mass with chondroid appearance on MRI. Unlike conventional chondrosarcomas, EMC do not demonstrate mineralization on XR or CT.

Microtubules and cardiovascular diseases: insights into pathology and therapeutic strategies.

Microtubules, complex cytoskeletal structures composed of tubulin proteins in eukaryotic cells, have garnered recent attention in cardiovascular research. Investigations have focused on the post-translational modifications of tubulin, including acetylation and detyrosination. Perturbations in microtubule homeostasis have been implicated in various pathological processes associated with cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and arrhythmias. Thus, elucidating the intricate interplay between microtubule dynamics and cardiovascular pathophysiology is imperative for advancing preventive and therapeutic strategies. Several natural compounds have been identified to potentially modulate microtubules, thereby exerting regulatory effects on cardiovascular diseases. This review synthesizes current literature to delineate the roles of microtubules in cardiovascular diseases and assesses the potential of natural compounds in microtubule-targeted therapies.

The digital revolution in veterinary pathology.

For the past two centuries, the use of traditional light microscopy to examine tissues to make diagnoses has remained relatively unchanged. While the fundamental concept of tissue slide analysis has stayed the same, our interaction with the microscope is undergoing significant changes. Digital pathology (DP) has gained momentum in veterinary science and is on the verge of becoming a vital tool in diagnostics, research and education. Many diagnostic laboratories have incorporated DP as a critical part of their workflows. Innovations in DP and whole slide image technology have made telediagnosis (the process of transmitting digital clinical data using telecommunication networks for distant diagnosis) more accessible, leading to improved patient care through streamlining of workflows and greater accessibility of second opinions. The integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence and human-in-the-loop protocols for DP workflows will further the development of computer-aided diagnosis and prognostic tools. Despite its present weaknesses, DP will progressively aid veterinary clinicians and pathologists in delivering more accurate and reliable diagnoses. Consistent incorporation of DP frontline advancements into routine veterinary diagnostic pipelines will assist in improving current tools and help prepare pathologists for the progression of digitalization in the field.

Genetics Affecting the Prognosis of Dental Treatments.

Genetics plays a significant role in determining an individual's susceptibility to dental diseases, the response to dental treatments, and the overall prognosis of dental interventions. Here, the authors explore the various genetic factors affecting the prognosis of dental treatments focusing on dental caries, orthodontic treatment, oral cancer, prosthodontic treatment, periodontal disease, developmental disorders, pharmacogenetics, and genetic predisposition to faster wound healing. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of dental health can help personalize treatment plans, predict outcomes, and improve the overall quality of dental care.

Fatal acute lemborexant Poisoning: An autopsy case report.

A 50-year-old male was found dead in a park. Postmortem analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed lemborexant concentrations of 1.651 µg/mL in blood from the right heart, 0.236 µg/mL in the urine, and 58.642 µg/mL in the stomach contents. Based on the autopsy findings and postmortem analyses, the cause of death was identified as acute lemborexant poisoning due to an overdose. Although lemborexant is generally considered safe, its excessive ingestion can be fatal. Since no lethal concentration of lemborexant has been reported, the blood levels in this case can serve as a reference. Despite its widespread clinical use, lemborexant is not detected by the rapid urine drug screening tests currently available in Japanese investigative agencies. Forensic pathologists must be vigilant in order not to overlook acute lemborexant poisoning.

Global bibliometric mapping of the research trends in artificial intelligence-based digital pathology for lung cancer over the past two decades.

Background and Objective: The rapid development of computer technology has led to a revolutionary transformation in artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted healthcare. The integration of whole-slide imaging technology with AI algorithms has facilitated the development of digital pathology for lung cancer (LC). However, there is a lack of comprehensive scientometric analysis in this field. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 197 publications related to digital pathology in LC from 502 institutions across 39 countries, published in 97 academic journals in the Web of Science Core Collection between 2004 and 2023. Results: Our analysis has identified the United States and China as the primary research nations in the field of digital pathology in LC. However, it is important to note that the current research primarily consists of independent studies among countries, emphasizing the necessity of strengthening academic collaboration and data sharing between nations. The current focus and challenge of research related to digital pathology in LC lie in enhancing the accuracy of classification and prediction through improved deep learning algorithms. The integration of multi-omics studies presents a promising future research direction. Additionally, researchers are increasingly exploring the application of digital pathology in immunotherapy for LC patients. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive knowledge framework for digital pathology in LC, highlighting research trends, hotspots, and gaps in this field. It also provides a theoretical basis for the application of AI in clinical decision-making for LC patients.

Enhancing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Placental Pathology by Using the Amsterdam Consensus Criteria.

Background and objective Standardizing placental pathology diagnoses is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and clinical communication. The Amsterdam Consensus Criteria were developed to address inconsistencies in diagnosing significant placental pathologies. This study aimed to assess the application and effectiveness of the Amsterdam Consensus Criteria in diagnosing placental pathologies, with a focus on improving the reliability and precision of placental pathology reports. Methods A retrospective review of 100 consecutively archived placental pathology samples was performed at a tertiary care hospital. These samples, gathered from January through December 2021, were reassessed according to the Amsterdam criteria. The revised diagnoses were then compared with the original descriptive diagnoses. Results Significant changes were noted in all principal diagnoses, including maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM), fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM), chronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), and acute chorioamnionitis (ACA). This evaluation led to a recategorization of several cases. Frequently, parenchymal infarcts were reported without adequate information to ascertain their association with MVM. Additionally, there was a noticeable lack of understanding of FVM and VUE among pathologists. ACA was the condition most consistently documented. However, detailed grading and staging were often not included. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the need to use standardized diagnostic criteria, such as the Amsterdam criteria, to enhance diagnostic accuracy and facilitate communication between pathologists and clinicians. This will ultimately lead to improved patient care outcomes. It also underlines the necessity of continuous education and calibration for pathologists to mitigate interobserver variability. There is a demand to modify these criteria to ensure universal applicability and relevance in various clinical settings.