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OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is higher in people with psychiatric disorders compared to the general population. In addition, patients with severe mental illness are frequently affected by substance abuse, which increases the risk of blood-borne viral infections. Epidemiological studies in samples of hospitalised individuals with chronic mental disorders and dual diagnosis (DD) are lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection in a sample of in-patients with severe mental illness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study. All patients meeting selection criteria admitted to the Medium-Term Psychiatric Unit of the University of Salamanca Health Care Complex between 2007 and 2018 were included. The primary endpoint was the prevalence of HCV infection. The secondary endpoint comprised the characteristics influencing the occurrence of HCV infection in these patients. RESULTS: A total of 497 admissions were included and patients' last admission data were considered for analyses (n=345). The overall prevalence of HCV infection was 3.8% and reached 14.3% among DD patients, who showed a higher prevalence than those without this condition (14.3% versus 3.1%, p=0.009). HCV RNA was detected in 6 individuals at diagnosis who received DAA treatment reaching sustained virological response. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HCV infection in our sample was higher than in the general population, especially among DD patients. Despite the multiple barriers to access healthcare by patients with chronic mental illness, efforts to include this population in screening and treatment are mandatory.
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Hepatite C Crônica , Hepatite C , Transtornos Mentais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Hepacivirus/genética , Prevalência , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , Doença Crônica , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Hepatite C Crônica/epidemiologia , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence and concurrence between depression and substance use. This is known as "dual diagnosis" and is associated with a worse prognosis for patients. OBJECTIVE: To establish the comorbidity between depressive symptoms and substance abuse in patients admitted with acute or chronic diseases to a public hospital. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of prevalence which included 296 patients aged 18-65, to whom the PHQ-9 and ASSIST 3.0 scales were applied to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and substance abuse. Other clinical and sociodemographic variables were also taken into account. RESULTS: 50.7% were women with a median age of 41 and an interquartile range of 27 years. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were found in 27.4% of the patients. Alcohol was the substance with the highest consumption in the previous 3 months with 53.7%, followed by cigarettes (47.6%), marijuana (26.7%) and cocaine (14.5%). A significant association was found between severe depressive symptoms PHQ-9â¯≥â¯20 and problematic use of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine (ASSIST score >26); alcohol (RP 27.30, 95% CI [2.37-314.16], Pâ¯=â¯0.01); marijuana (RP 15.00, 95% CI [3.46-64.96], Pâ¯=â¯0.001) and cocaine (RP 10.65, 95% CI [2.23-51.10], Pâ¯=â¯0.01). DISCUSSION: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and substance use was found in patients hospitalised for non-psychiatric medical conditions, which worsens the prognosis of the underlying medical condition. CONCLUSIONS: To provide better hospital care for patients, we need to give visibility to the problem of dual pathology. This could be achieved by conducting more related research in these clinical scenarios.
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Depressão , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adulto , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudios epidemiológicos muestran una alta prevalencia y concurrencia entre la depresión y el consumo de sustancias, lo cual es denominado «patología dual¼; esta comorbilidad implica un peor pronóstico para los pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar la comorbilidad entre síntomas depresivos y consumo de sustancias en pacientes hospitalizados por enfermedades agudas y crónicas en un hospital público. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de prevalencia con 296 pacientes con edades entre 18 a 65 arios a quienes se les aplicó el PHQ-9 y el ASSIST 3.0 para determinar la preva lencia de síntomas depresivos y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas; además, se tomaron otras variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Resultados: El 50,7% fueron mujeres con una edad mediana de 41 años y rango intercuartílico de 27 años. Se encontraron síntomas depresivos moderados-severos en el 27,4% de los pacientes. El alcohol fue la sustancia de mayor consumo en los últimos 3 meses con un 53,7%, seguido por el cigarrillo (47,6%), la marihuana (26,7%) y la cocaína (14,5%). Se encontró asociación significativa entre síntomas depresivos graves PHQ-9 ≥ 20 y uso problemático de alcohol, marihuana y cocaína (puntuación ASSIST > 26); alcohol (RP 27,30, IC del 95%, 2,37 314,16; p = 0,01); marihuana (RP 15,00 IC del 95%, 3,46-64,96; p = 0,001) y cocaína (RP 10,65, IC del 95%, 2,23-51,10; p = 0,01). Discusión: Se encontró alta prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y uso de sustancias en pacientes hospitalizados por condiciones médicas no psiquiátricas, lo cual empeora el pro nóstico de la condición médica de base. Conclusiones: Para brindar un mejor cuidado hospitalario de los pacientes, se requiere hacer visible el problema de la patología dual, lo cual podría lograrse a partir de más investigación relacionada en estos escenarios clínicos.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence and concurrence bet ween depression and substance use. This is known as "dual diagnosis" and is associated with a worse prognosis for patients. Objective: To establish the comorbidity between depressive symptoms and substance abuse in patients admitted with acute or chronic diseases to a public hospital. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of prevalence which included 296 patients aged 18 to 65, to whom the PHQ-9 and ASSIST 3.0 scales were applied to determine the pre valence of depressive symptoms and substance abuse. Other clinical and sociodemographic variables were also taken into account. Results: 50.7% were women with a median age of 41 and an interquartile range of 27 years. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were found in 27.4% of the patients. Alcohol was the substance with the highest consumption in the previous 3 months with 53.7%, followed by cigarettes (47.6%), marijuana (26.7%) and cocaine (14.5%). A significant association was found between severe depressive symptoms PHQ-9 ≥20 and problematic use of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine (ASSIST score > 26); alcohol (RP 27.30, 95% CI [2.37-314.16], P = 0.01); marijuana (RP 15.00, 95% CI [3.46-64.96], P = 0.001) and cocaine (RP 10.65, 95% CI [2.23-51.10], P=0.01). Discussion: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and substance use was found in patients hospitalized for non-psychiatric medical conditions, which worsens the prognosis of the underlying medical condition. Conclusions: To provide better hospital care for patients, we need to give visibility to the problem of dual pathology. This could be achieved by conducting more related research in these clinical scenarios.
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INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence and concurrence between depression and substance use. This is known as "dual diagnosis" and is associated with a worse prognosis for patients. OBJECTIVE: To establish the comorbidity between depressive symptoms and substance abuse in patients admitted with acute or chronic diseases to a public hospital. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of prevalence which included 296 patients aged 18 to 65, to whom the PHQ-9 and ASSIST 3.0 scales were applied to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and substance abuse. Other clinical and sociodemographic variables were also taken into account. RESULTS: 50.7% were women with a median age of 41 and an interquartile range of 27 years. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were found in 27.4% of the patients. Alcohol was the substance with the highest consumption in the previous 3 months with 53.7%, followed by cigarettes (47.6%), marijuana (26.7%) and cocaine (14.5%). A significant association was found between severe depressive symptoms PHQ-9 ≥20 and problematic use of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine (ASSIST score>26); alcohol (RP 27.30, 95% CI [2.37-314.16], P=0.01); marijuana (RP 15.00, 95% CI [3.46-64.96], P=0.001) and cocaine (RP 10.65, 95% CI [2.23-51.10], P=0.01). DISCUSSION: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and substance use was found in patients hospitalized for non-psychiatric medical conditions, which worsens the prognosis of the underlying medical condition. CONCLUSIONS: To provide better hospital care for patients, we need to give visibility to the problem of dual pathology. This could be achieved by conducting more related research in these clinical scenarios.
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La comorbilidad entre trastornos del ánimo (TA) y trastornos por uso de sustancias (TUS) es frecuente, empeora el pronóstico de ambos cuadros y dificulta su tratamiento. El reconocimiento y manejo de síntomas anímicos en usuarios de sustancias significa un desafío en la práctica clínica. Si bien existen los trastornos anímicos secundarios a la patología por consumo, la evidencia muestra que la mayor parte de las veces en que ambas patologías coexisten, el trastorno anímico es primario, por lo tanto, el uso de sustancias activo no debiese impedir un tratamiento oportuno del TA, sin descuidar el manejo específico del uso de sustancias, ya que el tratamiento del cuadro afectivo por sí sólo no resuelve el TUS. Existe acuerdo en la necesidad de realizar un tratamiento integrado de ambos trastornos, que incorpore intervenciones farmacológicas y psicoterapéuticas ya validadas para el tratamiento de ambos trastornos por separado, y especialmente aquellas que han mostrado efectividad en la comorbilidad. El tratamiento debe tener un enfoque en la recuperación, que promueva la adherencia y reinserción social. Se requiere mayor investigación sobre el pronóstico y el tratamiento de la comorbilidad entre Trastorno anímicos y por uso de sustancias, y el fortalecimiento de la red de salud general y salud mental en la pesquisa y manejo de estos cuadros.
Comorbidity between Mood Disorders (MD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD) are common and it worsens the prognosis of both conditions. The recognition and management of mood symptoms in SUD patients is a usual challenge in clinical practice. As opposed to the usual belief, most mood disorders in TUS patients are primary disorders and therefore the use of active substances should not prevent timely treatment of MD, without neglecting the specific management of substance use, since that the treatment of the affective condition alone does not resolve your SUD. There is agreement on the need to perform an integrated treatment of both disorders, which incorporates pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions already validated for the treatment of both disorders, and especially those that have shown effectiveness in comorbidity. Treatment should have a focus on recovery, which promotes adherence and social reintegration. More research is required on the prognosis and treatment of comorbidity between mood and substance use disorders, and the strengthening of the general health and mental health network in the research and management of these conditions.
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Humanos , Transtornos do Humor/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Transtornos do Humor/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Humor/terapia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapiaRESUMO
Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 53 años que padece dos cuadros clínicos, un trastorno por consumo de sustancia (TUS) y un cuadro de depresión mayor con riesgo suicida lo cual en la actualidad se denomina patología dual. Se dedican dos sesiones a la evaluación diagnóstica y funcional y el tratamiento se desarrolla de manera individual y grupal. Se utilizan técnicas de corte cognitivo-conductual: psicoeducación, mindfulness, técnicas cognitivas y de detección del pensamiento o también llamadas de bloqueo. Tras las sesiones de tratamiento los niveles de craving disminuyen, implementa técnicas de bloqueo y cesa el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Se mantienen sesiones de seguimiento mensual, que tiene por finalidad objetivar el mantenimiento de los logros terapéuticos. Se observa a lo largo de estas sesiones de seguimiento la remisión de total del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y depresión. Se sigue trabajando actualmente en la búsqueda de actividades placenteras que llenen su tiempo libre (uso adecuado de su tiempo libre).
We present the case of a 53-year-old patient who suffers two clinical disorders, a disorder for consumption of substance and a major depression with suicidal risk, which at present is named a dual pathology. We dedicate two sessions to the diagnostic and functional evaluation and the treatment develops in an individual way and grupal. We use cognitive - behavioral technologies: psychoeducation, mindfulness, cognitive technologies and of thought detection or blockade. After the treatment sessions the levels of craving diminish, we implement technologies of blockade, and patient stops the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. There are kept meetings of monthly follow-up, which has for purpose the maintenance of the therapeutic achievements. Is observed along these meetings of follow-up the total remission of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and of depression. We continue working nowadays at the search of pleasant activities that fill his free time (suitable use of his free time).
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapia , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/terapia , Tabagismo , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , Depressão/complicações , Atenção PlenaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/efeitos adversos , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/psicologia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/complicações , Alcoolismo/complicações , Alcoolismo/prevenção & controle , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/métodos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Alcoolismo/psicologiaRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Dual disorders (DD) are defined as the co-occurrence of substance use disorders with other psychiatric disorders across the lifespan. DD represent a diagnostic dimension with clinical peculiarities and specific healthcare needs, which raises the need to implement integrative treatment algorithms. However, worldwide, most programs address this condition through serial or parallel approaches. In Latin America, as in the rest of the world, there is no health care network that adequately addresses this problem. Objective: To describe the development of the initiative for the integral treatment of DD in Latin America. Method: The Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Pan American Health Organization), together with other collaborating organizations, implemented a three-stage plan for developing a regional initiative: 1. meeting of DD experts, 2. review of the literature on DD, and 3. identification of services for DD care in Latin America. Results: The creation of the Iniciativa Iberoamericana para la Patología Dual (Ibero-American Initiative for Dual Disorders) seeks to implement four lines of action to improve of public services: a) build a theoretical-conceptual consensus on DD, b) propose a treatment model, c) develop skills-based training, and d) create collaborative networks for research on DD. Discussion and conclusion: The following actions include the formation of working groups to create a regional collaborative network, discuss the role of participating organizations and establish guidelines for the implementation of the initiative.
Resumen Introducción: La patología dual (PD) se define como la coocurrencia de trastornos por uso de sustancias con otros trastornos psiquiátricos a lo largo del ciclo vital. La PD representa una dimensión diagnóstica con peculiaridades clínicas y necesidades asistenciales específicas, lo que implica la necesidad de implementar algoritmos de tratamiento integrativos. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los programas en el mundo ofrecen sólo modelos que atienden de forma serial o paralela esta condición. En Latinoamérica, como en el resto del mundo, no se cuenta con una red de atención sanitaria que aborde correctamente esta problemática. Objetivo: Presentar el desarrollo de la iniciativa para el abordaje integral de la PD en Latinoamérica. Método: La Organización Panamericana de la Salud, junto con otras organizaciones colaboradoras, implementó un plan de trabajo de tres etapas para generar una iniciativa regional: 1. reunión de expertos en PD, 2. revisión de la literatura sobre PD, y 3. identificar los servicios para atender la PD en Latinoamérica. Resultados: Se generó una Iniciativa Iberoamericana para la Patología Dual. Ésta pretende implementar cuatro líneas de acción para mejorar los servicios públicos: a) generar un consenso teórico-conceptual sobre PD, b) proponer un modelo de tratamiento, c) desarrollar un entrenamiento basado en competencias, y d) crear redes de colaboración para la investigación en PD. Discusión y conclusión: Las siguientes acciones incluyen la conformación de grupos de trabajo para crear una red colaborativa regional, discutir el rol de las organizaciones participantes y establecer lineamientos para la implementación de la iniciativa.
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Abstract: Introduction: Descriptive data about co-occurrence of alcohol and cocaine consumption is scarce, despite its important prevalence. Dual disordes shows high prevalence in clinical samples, and patients report worse evolution and need more health services. Objective: To compare psychopathology in patients in treatment with lifetime alcohol and cocaine (Alc + Coc) substance use disorder (SUD) with subjects with alcohol but not cocaine (Alc) lifetime SUD and cocaine but not alcohol (Coc) SUD. Method: The sample consisted of 837 outpatients from Madrid, Spain, under treatment in substance misuse or mental health units. Two analyses were made: we compared subjects in the Alc + Coc (n = 366) to the Alc group (n = 162), and then to the Coc group (n = 122). Socio-demographic variables were addressed by interview. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to evaluate Axis I disorders and the Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ) to evaluate Personality Disorders (PD). Results: Compared to Alc group, patients in the Alc + Coc group were younger, had different socio-demographic characteristics, had more proportion of cannabis and opioid SUD, had less proportion of major depressive disorder, obsessive and depressive PD, more proportion of antisocial PD and lower suicide risk. Compared to the Coc group, they had more cannabis SUD and lower opioid SUD, showed higher prevalence of bipolar disorder, general anxiety disorder, paranoid, histrionic and dependent PD. Discussion and conclusion: We present a cross-sectional study describing comorbidity of dual disordes on treatment-seeking concurrent alcohol and cocaine problematic users. This concurrence showed different dual disordes prevalence profile than single users in some specific mental disorders.
Resumen: Introducción: La patología dual presenta una alta prevalencia en muestras clínicas. Estos pacientes sufren mayor comorbilidad y requieren más servicios. Existen escasos datos de comorbilidad por alcohol y cocaína. Objetivo: Valorar datos sociodemográficos, prevalencias de trastorno por uso de sustancias (TUS), trastorno mental y trastornos de personalidad en pacientes con trastorno por uso de alcohol y cocaína frente a pacientes con uno de los dos TUS. Método: La muestra incluyó 837 pacientes procedentes de Centros de Salud Mental y Centros de Atención a Drogodependientes. Se realizaron dos análisis: se comparó el grupo de alcohol y cocaína (Alc + Coc, n = 366) con el grupo de alcohol (Alc, n = 162), y posteriormente con el grupo de cocaína (Coc, n = 122). Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y sobre TUS mediante entrevista, diagnósticos de trastorno mental del eje I mediante la entrevista estructurada Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inerview (MINI) y los trastornos de personalidad mediante el Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ). Resultados: Los pacientes del grupo Alc + Coc frente al grupo Alc presentaban diferencias sociodemográficas significativas, mayor prevalencia de TUS asociados, riesgo más alto de suicidio y mayor proporción de trastorno antisocial de personalidad. Además, tenían menor prevalencia de trastornos depresivos. Frente al grupo Coc presentaron mayor prevalencia de trastorno por consumo de cannabis, pero menor de opioides y mayor prevalencia de trastorno bipolar, trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y trastornos de personalidad. Discusión y conclusión: Los pacientes comórbidos para alcohol y cocaína presentaron un distinto perfil de prevalencia de algunos trastornos mentales específicos.
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ABSTRACT Objectives A few Brazilian researches correlate personality disorders (PD) and substance related disorders (SRD). The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between them, to evaluate the PD frequency among chemical dependents inpatients, this comorbidity association with social and demographic characteristics, used drug of choice, its impact on clinical evolution until the moment of their committal, the frequency of relapse, self-help group – and psychotherapic adherence among SRD patients six months following committal. Methods A 101 inpatients sample of chemical dependents was enrolled in 2 hospitals. The following instruments were applied: a questionnaire for social and demographic characteristics identification and drug use pattern, some questions from the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6), the SCID-II questionnaire and specific questions concerning psychotherapic and self-help groups participation, and medication use. Results From these 101 patients, 55.4% were diagnosed with PD, being avoidant (14.9%), borderline (11.9%) and antisocial (8.9%) the more frequent ones found. PD patients had an earlier crack use in life (p = 0.038) and had also more previous treatments than the ones without PD (p = 0.005). Borderline PD patients were less worried to substance use problem (p = 0.003). After 6-months follow-up, no statistical significance was found between patients with and without PD regarding drug use or treatment adherence. Conclusion A high PD diagnosis was found in drug use inpatients. Patients diagnosed with SRD and PD need the identification of this comorbidity and of their personality characteristics in order to plan a more comprehensive and effective treatment.
RESUMO Objetivos Poucos estudos brasileiros correlacionam transtornos de personalidade (TP) com transtorno por uso de substâncias (TUS). O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a associação entre eles, avaliar a frequência dos TP na população de dependentes químicos internados, correlacionar com características sociodemográficas, drogas de escolha, frequência de recaída, aderência a grupos de autoajuda e psicoterapia em até seis meses após a alta hospitalar. Métodos Uma amostra de 101 pacientes internados em dois hospitais foi selecionada. Os seguintes instrumentos foram aplicados: um questionário para identificação de características sociodemográficas e padrão de uso de drogas, algumas questões da sexta versão do ASI-6 (Addiction Severity Index), o SCID-II e algumas questões específicas sobre participação em grupos de autoajuda e em psicoterapia, bem como o uso de medicações. Resultados Destes 101 pacientes, 55,4% foram diagnosticados com TP, sendo evitativa (14,9%), limítrofe (11,9%) e antissocial (8,9%) as mais frequentemente encontradas. Pacientes com TP demonstraram ter feito uso mais precoce de crack na vida (p = 0,038) e também tinham mais tratamentos anteriores do que aqueles sem TP (p = 0,005). Pacientes com TP limítrofe estavam menos preocupados com o problema de abuso de substâncias (p = 0,003). Após seis meses de seguimento, nenhuma diferença estatística significativa foi encontrada entre pacientes com e sem TP acerca do uso de drogas ou aderência ao tratamento. Conclusão Uma alta prevalência de TP foi encontrada em pacientes internados por TUS. Pacientes diagnosticados com TP e TUS necessitam a identificação da comorbidade e das características de sua personalidade, a fim de planejar um tratamento mais abrangente e eficaz.
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La comorbilidad entre un trastorno por uso de sustancias y otros trastornos psiquiátricos o patología dual (PD) se caracteriza por la dificultad en su abordaje terapéutico, recaídas constantes e ingresos hospitalarios. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer la prevalencia de PD en un centro psiquiátrico de Arequipa-Perú. Es un estudio descriptivo-epidemiológico basado en el análisis de 445 historias clínicas (HC) de pacientes ingresados durante el lapso de tres años (periodo 2011-2013). Se establecieron características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los sujetos comparando entre quienes presentaron un diagnóstico de PD, con aquellos que solo tuvieron diagnóstico por consumo de sustancias psicótropas. Los resultados evidencian una prevalencia de patología dual de 49%. Las edades promedio fueron de M = 31.45, DE = 15.59 en el grupo con patología dual (CPD) y M = 33.93, DE = 15.48 en el grupo sin patología dual (SPD); la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias SPD fue del 51%. El alcohol fue la sustancia más consumida, seguida de cannabis, marihuana y la pasta básica de cocaína (PBC). Se evidencia la vulnerabilidad socio-familiar e individual de la población en cuanto a protección o resistencia frente a la enfermedad ment
Comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders or dual diagnosis (PD) is characterized by difficulty in their therapeutic approach, constant relapses and hospital admissions, as well as higher violent and criminal behavior. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of PD in individuals treated at a psychiatric center in Arequipa, Peru. It is a descriptive epidemiological study based on analysis of 445 case histories (HC) of patients admitted during the period of three years (2011-2013). Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects by comparing those who had a diagnosis of PD, with those who had a diagnosis just by consuming psychotropic substances were established. The results show a prevalence of dual diagnosis in 49%. The average ages were M = 31.45, DS = 15.59 in the with dual diagnosis group CPD and M = 33.93, DS = 15.48 in the without dual diagnosis group SPD; the prevalence of substance use was 51% SPD. Alcohol was the most used substance, followed by cannabis marijuana and cocaine base (PBC). The socio-family and individual vulnerability of the population is evidence for protection or resistance to mental illness, as well as the lack of implementation of effective policies in mental health care for dual disorders, showing worse prognosis and indexes every time higher.
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INTRODUCTION: Although impairment in the quality of life is common among cocaine dependent patients, there are but a few researches about the interaction between addiction and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To study different parameters of quality of life in a sample of cocaine dependent patients and to compare patients with or without dual diagnosis. Also, to promote the importance of subjectivity in the quality of life and to propose to incorporate patients' self-perception into their treatment. METHOD: Three diagnostic interviews were administered (SCID-I, SCID-II and PRISM) and a quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) was applied between two different patient groups: Group I (cocaine dependent patients) and Group II (cocaine dependent patients with other mental disorder). RESULTS: Patients diagnosed with dual disorders (Group II) showed broader differences in perceptions of their quality of life in comparison with their clinicians. The perception of quality of life may vary depending on the presence and severity of mental disorders, and these different appreciations may explain the difficulties that clinicians face in understanding their patients' expectations and motivations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A systematic evaluation of the subjective quality of life should be included in the management of cocaine dependent patients in order to more accurately understand the patients' perception of their treatment, motivations and expectations.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La calidad de vida de los pacientes dependientes a la cocaína se encuentra alterada y hay poca información acerca de cómo interactúa la dependencia a sustancias y la calidad de vida. OBJETIVO: Estudiar los diferentes parámetros de calidad de vida en pacientes dependientes a la cocaína con o sin diagnóstico de patología dual. Asimismo, señalar la importancia de la subjetividad en la calidad de vida y proponer la incorporación de la autopercepción de los pacientes en su tratamiento. MÉTODO: Se realizaron tres entrevistas diagnósticas (SCID-I, SCID-II y PRISM) y un cuestionario de calidad de vida (SF-36) entre dos grupos diferentes de pacientes: Grupo I (pacientes con dependencia a la cocaína solamente) y Grupo II (pacientes dependiente a la cocaína con otro trastorno mental). RESULTADOS: Los pacientes diagnosticados con patología dual (Grupo II) mostraban amplias diferencias en la percepción de la calidad de vida comparada con la percepción de sus terapeutas. La percepción de la calidad de vida podría variar dependiendo de la presencia y gravedad de los trastornos mentales asociados. Además, estas diferentes apreciaciones podrían explicar las dificultades que tiene el clínico para entender las expectativas y motivaciones del paciente de cara a su tratamiento. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes dependientes a la cocaína debería realizarse de forma sistemática una evaluación de la calidad de vida subjetiva con el fin de conocer con mayor precisión la percepción que tienen los pacientes de su tratamiento, así como sus motivaciones y expectativas.
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Los trastornos psiquiátricos son una de las principales causas de morbilidad mundial, y la respuesta insuficiente de los servicios de salud mental viene siendo objeto de estudios científicos.Surge así la necesidad de actualizar la información epidemiológica de nuestros servicios y compararla con estudios previos.La impresión clínica lleva a plantearnos la hipótesis de un aumento en la frecuencia delos trastornos por consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y violencia, lo cual requiere objetivar estos datos.Es un estudio descriptivo observacional transversal de la población asistida en la sala de salud mental del Hospital Maciel durante un año. La internación en sala cumple actualmente con una asistencia de corta estadía, multidisciplinaria,con criterios geográficos y clínicos, de amplio espectro nosológico, predominando los trastornos por consumo de sustancias.Algunos puntos objetivados son: patología dual 40,82 %, no compensación 15 % (egresos sin alta médica y derivaciones) y el 12,24 % de reinternaciones en el período analizado.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Usuários de Drogas/psicologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Fatores Sociológicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Humor/epidemiologia , UruguaiRESUMO
Justificación y objetivos: la heterogeneidad clínica del trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I constituye uno de los principales desafíos en el diagnóstico de dicha enfermedad. Se necesitan múltiples fuentes de información que permitan definir el perfil clínico, demográfico y comorbilidad con otras enfermedades psiquiátricas. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las características clínicas, sociodemográficas y curso del trastorno, en familias costarricenses con uno o más miembros afectados. Métodos: se estudió a 167 pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I, los cuales provenían de diferentes familias de Costa Rica. El diagnóstico clínico se llevó a cabo mediante el proceso de mejor estimado diagnóstico y caracterización clínica dimensional a través de la vida. El análisis estadístico incluyó regresión logística, así como curvas de sobrevivencia de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: 93 sujetos (55,7%) fueron mujeres. La edad promedio al momento de la entrevista fue de 43,25 (DE=13,90). De los probandos con edad de inicio de enfermedad posterior a 20 años, 24 (14,0%) familiares de primer grado tenían trastorno bipolar tipo I (x²=3,56, p=0,05); OR=1,7; 95% CI=1,2-2,7. La edad promedio de inicio para el trastorno por uso de sustancias en varones, fue 17 años (DE=0,4), versus 23 años (DE=3,2) para mujeres (x²=3.90, p=0.04). Varones con trastorno bipolar tipo y uso comórbido de sustancias presentaron menor edad de inicio de cualquier síntoma psiquiátrico, que aquellos sin TUS (x²=8,99, p=0,003). Conclusiones: el trastorno por uso de sustancias seguido por los trastornos de ansiedad, constituyen las condiciones comórbidas más frecuentes en el trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I. La edad de inicio más temprana de trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I en probandos, se asocia con mayor número de afectados por dicho trastorno en familiares de primer grado.
Explanation and objectives: Clinical heterogeneity is one of the main challenges to diagnose bipolar disorder type I. Multiple sources of information are required to define comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, as well as the clinical and demographic characteristics of this mental disorder. The objective of this study is to analyze the socio-demographic, clinical and course characteristics of bipolar disorder type I in Costa Rican families with more than one member affected. Methods: A sample of 167 individuals with bipolar disorder type I from different families in Costa Rica was studied. The clinical diagnosis was carried out through a best estimate diagnostic procedure and a characterization of lifetime clinical dimensions. Logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Ninety-three subjects (55.7%) were females and the mean age at the time of the interview was 43.25 (SD=13.90). In the case of probands with age of onset for bipolar disorder type I after age 20 years, 24 (14.0%) first-degree relatives had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I (x2=3.56, p=0.05); OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.2-2.7. The median for age of onset of substance use disorder in males was 17 (SE=0.4) compared to 23 (SE=3.2) in females (x2=3.90, p=0.04). Bipolar disorder type I males with comorbid substance use disorder reported earlier age of onset of any psychiatric symptom than those without substance use disorder (x2=8.99, p=0.003). Conclusions: Substance use disorder, followed by anxiety disorders are the most prevalent comorbid conditions in bipolar disorder type I. Early onset of bipolar disorder type I in probands was associated with higher number of relatives suffering from bipolar disorder type I.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno Bipolar , Costa Rica , Família , Relações FamiliaresRESUMO
La patología dual es una problemática en la que se observa la coexistencia de un trastorno psiquiátrico y un trastorno por consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Es de difícil diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se observa en los estados depresivos, trastornos de ansiedad, esquizofrenia, trastorno bipolar y trastornos de conducta. El abordaje debe ser integral e incluir tratamiento psicofarmacológico, psicoterapéutico cognitivo-conductual, psicoterapia grupal y orientación familiar. Es necesario, asimismo, lograr el compromiso del paciente, los familiares y los amigos en el cumplimiento estricto del tratamiento. El tratamiento puede realizarse en forma ambulatoria, en hospital de día, con internación breve para la desintoxicación o en comunidades terapéuticas. La elección dependerá del tipo de patología psiquiátrica y del nivel bajo, medio o alto de consumo de sustancias concomitante.
Dual pathology is an issue that reflects the coexistence of a psychiatric disorder and a disorder that results from the consumption of psychoactive drugs. Its diagnosis and treatment is hard to establish. It manifests itself in depressive states, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and behavior disorders. Its approach should be holistic and it should include psychopharmacological treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy, group therapy and family therapy. It is additionally necessary to obtain the patient's and his or her family and friends' involvement in strictly complying with the treatment. The treatment may be carried out within an institution, in the day hospital, or by means of a brief detoxification period at hospital, or in therapeutic communities. The choice will depend on the type of psychiatric disorder and on the low, medium or high level of consumption of drugs.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Transtornos PsicóticosRESUMO
La patología dual es una problemática en la que se observa la coexistencia de un trastorno psiquiátrico y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, simultáneamente. Es de difícil diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se observa en los estados depresivos, los trastornos de ansiedad, la esquizofrenia, el trastorno bipolar y los trastornos de conducta. El abordaje debe ser integral e incluir tratamiento psicofarmacológico, psicoterapéutico cognitivo-conductual, psicoterapia grupal y orientación a la familia, asimismo, lograr un compromiso del paciente, los familiares y los amigos en el cumplimiento estricto del tratamiento. El tratamiento puede realizarse en forma ambulatoria, en hospital de día, con internación breve para la desintoxicación o en comunidades terapéuticas, la elección dependerá del tipo de patología psiquiátrica y del nivel bajo, medio o alto de consumo de sustancias concomitante.
Dual pathology is a problem in which a psychiatric disorder and the consumption of psychoactive substances coexist at the same time. It is difficult to diagnose and to treat. This pathology is observed in depressive states, anxiety disorders, shizophrenia, bipolar disorder and behavior disorders. Its approach should be integral and include psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic, cognitive-behavioral treatment, group psychotherapy and family guidance, and it should achieve commitment on the part of the patient, relatives and friends, in the strict compliance of such treatment. Treatment can be performed externally, at a day hospital, through brief hospitalization for desintoxication or in therapeutic communities, the choice will depend on the type of psychiatric pathology and on the low, medium or high concomitant level of consumption of substances.