Jamming Giant Molecules at Interface in Organic Photovoltaics to Improve Performance and Stability.

A novel approach for depositing the giant molecule acceptor (GMA) at the donor-acceptor interface to enhance the efficiency and stability of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices through a designed interface-enhanced layer-by-layer device fabrication protocol is proposed. The giant molecule acceptor DQx-Ph is mixed with the polymer donor in the bottom layer to form a polymer donor fibril phase and a mixed phase, followed by subsequent deposition of the main acceptor L8-BO. The L8-BO solution swells the bottom layer and alters the localized morphology of the mixing phase, introducing L8-BO fibrillar crystallization and pushing DQx-Ph giant molecules outwards to the fibril interfaces. Through this approach, the localized morphology and optoelectronic property of the bulk heterojunction are optimized. This configuration maintains the superior transport properties of L8-BO while integrating the high open-circuit voltage characteristics of DQx-Ph. Additionally, exciton dissociation and charge generation are simultaneously enhanced, with suppressed energy losses. A power conversion efficiency of 19.9% with improved operational stability is achieved, underscoring the importance of GMA interface jamming in advancing OPV technology. This study provides new insights into the development of ancillary OPV materials to overcome the critical limitations in OPV, revealing innovative approaches for photovoltaic technologies.

Flavonol derivatives containing piperazine and quinoxaline fragments: synthesis and antifungal activity.

A series of flavonol derivatives containing piperazine and quinoxaline had been designed and synthesized. The biological activity test results showed that some of the target compounds had good antifungal activity against various fungi. N5 had the best antifungal activity against Phomopsis sp (P.s.) and Phytophthora capsica (P.c.). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was 12.9 and 25.8 µg/mL against P.s. and P.c., respectively, which were better than azoxystrobin (Az, 25.4 and 71.1 µg/mL). In addition, the protective and curative activities of N5 against kiwifruit were 85.9 and 67.0% at 200 µg/mL in vivo, which were better than that of Az (65.9 and 57.0%). The protective and curative activities against chili leaves were 80.6 and 66.5% at 200 µg/mL, which were better than that of Az (77.6 and 60.0%). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiment showed that the action of N5 caused the mycelium to bend and fold, changed its morphology and caused damaged to the mycelium. Through the measurement of relative conductivity, leakage of cytoplasmic contents and determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that N5 could damage the integrity of pathogenic fungal cell membranes, change the permeability of cell membranes, and affect the normal growth of mycelium.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1-[(1-octyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-3-phenyl-1,2-di-hydro-quinoxalin-2(1H)-one.

In the title mol-ecule, C25H29N5O, the di-hydro-quinoxaline unit is not quite planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.030 Å) as there is a dihedral angle of 2.69 (3)° between the mean planes of the constituent rings and the mol-ecule adopts a hairpin conformation. In the crystal, the polar portions of the mol-ecules are associated through C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π(ring) and C=O⋯π(ring) inter-actions, forming thick layers parallel to the bc plane and with the n-octyl groups on the outside surfaces.

Impact of Alkoxy Side Chains on the Quinoxaline-Based Electron Acceptors for Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

In this work, three alkoxy-substituted quinoxaline core-based small-molecule acceptors (BQO-F, BQDO-F, and BQDO-Cl) are developed to elucidate the impact of ethoxy substituents on the physicochemical and photoelectric properties. Comparative analysis reveals that dialkoxy-substituted BQDO-F has a more planar molecular skeleton, a red-shifted absorption spectrum, upshifted energy levels, stronger crystallinity, and reduced energetic disorder compared to the monoalkoxy-substituted BQO-F. Although the replacement of fluorine atoms with chlorine atoms on the end-capped units of BQDO-F leads to a bathochromically shifted absorption spectrum, the resulting molecule BQDO-Cl shows worse π-π packing order compared to BQDO-F. Benefiting from the more favorable active layer morphology and improved carrier dynamics, the PBDB-T:BQDO-F-based organic solar cell achieves a much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.41% compared to that of 14.48% obtained in the BQO-F-based device. In comparison with the BQDO-F-based device, the higher voltage loss of the BQDO-Cl-based device results in a lower PCE of 15.89%. The results clarify the effects of ethoxy substituents and end-capped substitutions of quinoxaline core-based small-molecule acceptors on efficient organic solar cells.

Synthesis, molecular modelling, and biological evaluation of novel quinoxaline derivatives for treating type II diabetes.

Quinoxalines are benzopyrazine derivatives with significant therapeutic impact in the pharmaceutical industry. They proved to be useful against inflammation, bacterial, fungal, viral infection, diabetes and other applications. Very recently, in January 2024, the FDA approved new quinoxaline containing drug, erdafitinib for treatment of certain carcinomas. Despite the diverse biological activities exhibited by quinoxaline derivatives and the role of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in diabetes-related complications, the potential of sPLA2-targeting quinoxaline-based inhibitors to effectively address these complications remains unexplored. Therefore, we designed novel sPLA2- and α-glucosidase-targeting quinoxaline-based heterocyclic inhibitors to regulate elevated post-prandial blood glucose linked to patients with diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Compounds 5a-d and 6a-d were synthesised by condensing quinoxaline hydrazides with various aryl sulphonyl chlorides. Biological screening revealed compound 6a as a potent sPLA2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.0475 µM), whereas compound 6c most effectively inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.0953 µM), outperforming the positive control acarbose. Moreover, compound 6a was the best inhibitor for both enzymes. Molecular docking revealed pharmacophoric features, highlighting the importance of a sulfonohydrazide moiety in the structural design of these compounds, leading to the development of potent sPLA2 and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Collectively, our findings helped identify promising candidates for developing novel therapeutic agents for treating diabetes mellitus.

A small, focused library comprising 8 novel compounds was synthesised using a series of substituted quinoxaline sulfonohydrazide derivatives.All synthesised compounds were tested against phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and α-glucosidase enzymes.The compounds exhibited activities against α-glucosidase and were potent at nanomolar concentrations against sPLA2 isozymes.Structure-based molecular modelling was employed to rationalise the SAR of the compounds.

Acid-Promoted Self-Photocatalyzed Regioselective Oxidation: A Novel Strategy for Accessing Quinoxaline-2,3-diones.

Disclosed here is an efficient approach for the preparation of quinoxaline-2,3-diones using air (O2) as a green oxidant via acid-promoted self-photocatalyzed regioselective oxidation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones at C-3 position. This protocol presents a novel synthetic route for the preparation of quinoxaline-2,3-dione derivatives, featuring mild reaction conditions, simple operation, and a wide range of substrates, without the need for external photocatalysts, metal reagents, and strong oxidants.

Metal-free internal nucleophile-triggered domino route for synthesis of fused quinoxaline [1,4]-diazepine hybrids and the evaluation of their DNA binding properties.

An unprecedented metal-free synthesis of fused quinoxaline 1,5-disubstituted-[1,4]-diazepine hybrids have been reported under mild conditions through a domino intermolecular SNAr followed by an internal nucleophile-triggered intramolecular SNAr pathway. Our strategy offers the flexibility for the introduction of a broad variety of functionalities at the N-1 position of fused diazepine moiety by using suitable diamine tails to design structurally diverse scaffolds. The DNA binding properties of representative quinoxaline diazepine hybrids were studied using UV-vis absorbance and EtBr displacement assay and were found to be governed by the functionalities at the N-1 position. Interestingly, compound 11f containing the N-1 benzyl substitution demonstrated significant DNA binding (KBH âˆ¼ 2.15 ± 0.25 × 104 M-1 and Ksv âˆ¼ 12.6 ± 1.41 × 103 M-1) accompanied by a bathochromic shift (Δλ âˆ¼ 5 nm). In silico studies indicated possible binding of diazepine hybrid 11f at the GC-rich major groove in the ct-DNA hexamer duplex and showed comparable binding energies to that of ethidium bromide. The antiproliferative activity of compounds was observed in the given order in different cell lines: (HeLa > HT29 > SKOV 3 > HCT116 > HEK293). Lead compound 11f demonstrated maximum cytotoxicity (IC50 value of 13.30 µM) in HeLa cell lines and also caused early apoptosis-mediated cell death in cancer cell lines. We envision that our work will offer newer methodologies for the construction of fused quinoxaline 1,5-disubstituted-[1,4]-diazepine class of molecules.

Effect of 3-hydrazinylquinoxaline-2-thiol hydrogel on skin wound healing process in diabetic rats.

Impaired wound healing in diabetic individuals creates huge social and financial burdens for both diabetic patients and the health system. Unfortunately, the current treatment has not resulted in consistently lower amputation rates. Quinoxalines are heterocyclic compounds with multiple important pharmacological properties. Their effect on wound healing have not been closely studied. In the current work, the wound healing effect of 3-hydrazinylquinoxaline-2-thiol hydrogel is tested topically in a full-thickness excision wound in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. We examined the wound closure rate, expression of inflammatory factors, growth factors in addition to the histological analysis. The results revealed a significant acceleration in wound closure in the treated group compared with the control experimental animals. Histological data demonstrated enhanced re-epithelialization and collagen disposition. The healing effect was additionally evaluated by the inhibition of the inflammatory response of interleukin (IL)-1ß interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) with a marked improvement of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFß-1), antioxidant markers and collagen-1. In silico study indicated a favorable drug-like properties and toxicity profile. The present work showed that 3-hydrazinylquinoxaline-2-thiol holds great potential for the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Discovery of pyridoquinoxaline-based new P-gp inhibitors as coadjutant against Multi Drug Resistance in cancer.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a serious challenge in contemporary clinical practice and is mostly responsible for the failure of cancer medication therapies. Several experimental evidence links MDR to the overexpression of the drug efflux transporter P-gp, therefore, the discovery of novel P-glycoprotein inhibitors is required to treat or prevent MDR and to improve the absorption of chemotherapy drugs via the gastrointestinal system. In this work, we explored a series of novel pyridoquinoxaline-based derivatives designed from parental compounds, previously proved active in enhancing anticancer drugs in MDR nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB). Among them, derivative 10d showed the most potent and selective inhibition of fluorescent dye efflux, if compared to reference compounds (MK-571, Novobiocin, Verapamil), and the highest MDR reversal activity when co-administered with the chemotherapeutic agents Vincristine and Etoposide, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Molecular modelling predicted the two compound 10d binding mode in a ratio of 2:1 with the target protein. No cytotoxicity was observed in healthy microglia cells and off-target investigations showed the absence of CaV1.2 channel blockade. In summary, our findings indicated that 10d could potentially be a novel therapeutic coadjutant by inhibiting P-gp transport function in vitro, thereby reversing cancer multidrug resistance.

Exploring quinoxaline derivatives: An overview of a new approach to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a long-standing global issue ever since the introduction of penicillin, the first antibiotic. Scientists are constantly working to develop innovative antibiotics that are more effective and superior. Unfortunately, the misuse of antibiotics has resulted in their declining effectiveness over the years. By 2050, it is projected that approximately 10 million lives could be lost annually due to antibiotic resistance. Gaining insight into the mechanisms behind the development and transmission of AMR in well-known bacteria including Escherichia coli, Bacillus pumilus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and the gut microbiota is crucial for researchers. Environmental contamination in third world and developing countries also plays a significant role in the increase of AMR. Despite the availability of numerous recognized antibiotics to combat bacterial infections, their effectiveness is diminishing due to the growing problem of AMR. The overuse of antibiotics has led to an increase in resistance rates and negative impacts on global health. This highlights the importance of implementing strong antimicrobial stewardship and improving global monitoring, as emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations. In the face of these obstacles, quinoxaline derivatives have emerged as promising candidates. They are characterized by their remarkable efficacy against a broad spectrum of harmful bacteria, including strains that are resistant to multiple drugs. These compounds are known for their strong structural stability and adaptability, making them a promising and creative solution to the AMR crisis. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of quinoxaline derivatives in treating drug-resistant infections, with the goal of making a meaningful contribution to the global fight against AMR.

Targeted Delivery of Quinoxaline-Based Semiconducting Polymers for Tumor Photothermal Therapy.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) holds great potential in the field of cancer treatment due to its high specificity and low invasiveness. However, the low conversion efficiency, inadequate tumor accumulation, and limited cellular uptake continue to impede PTT effectiveness in treating tumors. The present study focuses on the utilization of quinoxaline and its nanoparticles to develop an organic semiconducting photothermal agent (PAQI-BDTT) for tumor photothermal therapy. To achieve this, PAQI-BDTT was encapsulated within liposomes modified with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide targeting tumors (named T-BDTT-Lipo). Notably, T-BDTT-Lipo demonstrated a positive photothermal conversion efficiency of 74% when exposed to an 808 nm laser, along with NIR-II fluorescence imaging capabilities. The efficacy of T-BDTT-Lipo in tumor tissue accumulation and precise targeting of malignant cells has been confirmed through both in vitro and in vivo experiments guided by fluorescence imaging. Under single dose and 808 nm light irradiation, T-BDTT-Lipo generated local intracellular hyperthermia at the tumor site. The elevated temperature additionally exerted a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and recurrence, thereby extending the survival duration of mice harboring tumors. The therapeutic nanosystem (T-BDTT-Lipo) proposed in this work demonstrates the enormous potential of semiconducting photothermal agents in photothermal therapy, laying the foundation for the next clinical application.

Explore new quinoxaline pharmacophore tethered sulfonamide fragments as in vitro α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with ADMET and molecular modeling simulation.

A new series of quinoxaline-sulfonamide derivatives 3-12 were synthesized using fragment-based drug design by reaction of quinoxaline sulfonyl chloride (QSC) with different amines and hydrazines. The quinoxaline-sulfonamide derivatives were evaluated for antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer's potential against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. These derivatives showed good to moderate potency against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with inhibitory percentages between 24.34 ± 0.01%-63.09 ± 0.02% and 28.95 ± 0.04%-75.36 ± 0.01%, respectively. Surprisingly, bis-sulfonamide quinoxaline derivative 4 revealed the most potent activity with inhibitory percentages of 75.36 ± 0.01% and 63.09 ± 0.02% against α-glucosidase and α-amylase compared to acarbose (IP = 57.79 ± 0.01% and 67.33 ± 0.01%), respectively. Moreover, the quinoxaline derivative 3 exhibited potency as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory with a minute decline from compound 4 and acarbose with inhibitory percentages of 44.93 ± 0.01% and 38.95 ± 0.01%. Additionally, in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity for designed derivatives exhibited weak to moderate activity. Still, sulfonamide-quinoxaline derivative 3 emerged as the most active member with inhibitory percentage of 41.92 ± 0.02% compared with donepezil (IP = 67.27 ± 0.60%). The DFT calculations, docking simulation, target prediction, and ADMET analysis were performed and discussed in detail.

Structural characterization of the supra-molecular complex between a tetra-quinoxaline-based cavitand and benzo-nitrile.

The structural characterization is reported of the supra-molecular complex between the tetra-quinoxaline-based cavitand 2,8,14,20-tetra-hexyl-6,10:12,16:18,22:24,4-O,O'-tetra-kis-(quinoxaline-2,3-di-yl)calix[4]resorcinarene (QxCav) with benzo-nitrile. The complex, of general formula C84H80N8O8·2C7H5N, crystallizes in the space group P with two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, displaying very similar geometrical parameters. For each complex, one of the benzo-nitrile mol-ecules is engulfed inside the cavity, while the other is located among the alkyl legs at the lower rim. The host and the guests mainly inter-act through weak C-H⋯π, C-H⋯N and dispersion inter-actions. These inter-actions help to consolidate the formation of supra-molecular chains running along the crystallographic b-axis direction.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1-[3-(2-oxo-3-phenyl-1,2-di-hydro-quinoxalin-1-yl)prop-yl]-3-phenyl-1,2-di-hydro-quinoxalin-2-one.

In the title compound, C31H24N4O2, the di-hydro-quinoxaline units are both essentially planar with the dihedral angle between their mean planes being 64.82 (4)°. The attached phenyl rings differ significantly in their rotational orientations with respect to the di-hydro-quinoxaline planes. In the crystal, one set of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form chains along the b-axis direction, which are connected in pairs by a second set of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Two sets of π-stacking inter-actions and C-H⋯π(ring) inter-actions join the double chains into the final three-dimensional structure.

Design, Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, and 3D-QSAR Study of Novel Quinoxaline-2-Oxyacetate Hydrazide.

Plant pathogenic fungi pose a major threat to global food security, ecosystem services, and human livelihoods. Effective and broad-spectrum fungicides are needed to combat these pathogens. In this study, a novel antifungal 2-oxyacetate hydrazide quinoxaline scaffold as a simple analogue was designed and synthesized. Their antifungal activities were evaluated against Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), Altemaria solani (A. solani), Gibberella zeae (G. zeae), Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani), Colletotrichum orbiculare (C. orbiculare), and Alternaria alternata (A. alternata). These results demonstrated that most compounds exhibited remarkable inhibitory activities and possessed better efficacy than ridylbacterin, such as compound 15 (EC50 = 0.87 µg/mL against G. zeae, EC50 = 1.01 µg/mL against C. orbiculare) and compound 1 (EC50 = 1.54 µg/mL against A. alternata, EC50 = 0.20 µg/mL against R. solani). The 3D-QSAR analysis of quinoxaline-2-oxyacetate hydrazide derivatives has provided new insights into the design and optimization of novel antifungal drug molecules based on quinoxaline.

Halogenated Dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline Units Constructed 2D-Conjugated Guest Acceptors for 19% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells.

Halogenation of Y-series small-molecule acceptors (Y-SMAs) is identified as an effective strategy to optimize photoelectric properties for achieving improved power-conversion-efficiencies (PCEs) in binary organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the effect of different halogenation in the 2D-structured large π-fused core of guest Y-SMAs on ternary OSCs has not yet been systematically studied. Herein, four 2D-conjugated Y-SMAs (X-QTP-4F, including halogen-free H-QTP-4F, chlorinated Cl-QTP-4F, brominated Br-QTP-4F, and iodinated I-QTP-4F) by attaching different halogens into 2D-conjugation extended dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline core are developed. Among these X-QTP-4F, Cl-QTP-4F has a higher absorption coefficient, optimized molecular crystallinity and packing, suitable cascade energy levels, and complementary absorption with PM6:L8-BO host. Moreover, among ternary PM6:L8-BO:X-QTP-4F blends, PM6:L8-BO:Cl-QTP-4F obtains a more uniform and size-suitable fibrillary network morphology, improved molecular crystallinity and packing, as well as optimized vertical phase distribution, thus boosting charge generation, transport, extraction, and suppressing energy loss of OSCs. Consequently, the PM6:L8-BO:Cl-QTP-4F-based OSCs achieve a 19.0% efficiency, which is among the state-of-the-art OSCs based on 2D-conjugated Y-SMAs and superior to these devices based on PM6:L8-BO host (17.70%) and with guests of H-QTP-4F (18.23%), Br-QTP-4F (18.39%), and I-QTP-4F (17.62%). The work indicates that halogenation in 2D-structured dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline core of Y-SMAs guests is a promising strategy to gain efficient ternary OSCs.

Recent advances on quinoxalines as target-oriented chemotherapeutic anticancer agents through apoptosis.

The current review outlines all possible recent synthetic platforms to quinoxaline derivatives and the potent stimulated apoptosis mechanisms targeted by anticancer therapies. The currently reported results disclosed that quinoxaline derivatives had promising anticancer potencies against a wide array of cancer cell lines, better than the reference drugs, through target inhibition. This review summarizes some potent quinoxaline derivatives with their synthesis strategies and their potential activities against various molecular targets. Quinoxalines can be considered an important scaffold for apoptosis inducers in cancer cells through inhibiting some molecular targets, so they can be further developed as target-oriented chemotherapeutics.

Flavonoid-Quinoxaline Hybrid Compounds as Cathepsin Inhibitors Against Fascioliasis.

Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode that infects livestock animals and humans, causing significant health and economic burdens worldwide. The extensive use of anthelmintic drugs has led to the emergence of resistant parasite strains, posing a threat to treatment success. The complex life cycle of the liver fluke, coupled with limited funding and research interest, have hindered progress in drug discovery. Our group has been working in drug development against this parasite using cathepsin proteases as molecular targets, finding promising compound candidates with in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Here, we evaluated hybrid molecules that combine two chemotypes, chalcones and quinoxaline 1,4-di- N-oxides, previously found to inhibit F. hepatica cathepsin Ls and tested their in vitro activity with the isolated targets and the parasites in culture. These molecules proved to be good cathepsin inhibitors and to kill the juvenile parasites at micromolar concentrations. Also, we performed molecular docking studies to analyze the compounds-cathepsins interface, finding that the best inhibitors interact at the active site cleft and contact the catalytic dyad and residues belonging to the substrate binding pockets. We conclude that the hybrid compounds constitute promising scaffolds for the further development of new fasciolicidal compounds.

Design, Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ag(I)-, Au(I)- and Au(III)-Quinoxaline-Wingtip N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.

Intending to homogenize the biological activities of both quinoxaline and imidazole moieties, the proligand, 1-methyl-3-quinoxaline-imidazolium hexaflurophosphate (1.HPF6), and [Ag(1)2][PF6], (2); [Au(1)2][PF6], (3); and [Au(1)Cl3], (4) NHC complexes were synthesized. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Finally, single crystal X-ray structures revealed a linear geometry for complex 2 whereas a square planar geometry for complex 4. The formation of complex 3 was confirmed and supported by its MS spectra. The antibacterial activities of all the synthesized complexes were investigated against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The Au(III)-NHC complex, 4 showed the highest antibacterial activity with extremely low MIC values against both the bacterial strains (0.24 µg mL-1). Monitoring of zeta potential supports the higher activity of complex 4 compared to 2 and 3. ROS production by complex 4 has also been measured in vitro in the CT26 cancer cell lines, which is directly responsible for targetting and killing the bacterial pathogens. Cell cytotoxicity assay using 293T cell lines has been performed to investigate the biocompatibility nature of complex 4. Also, an excellent hemocompatibility was assigned to it from its hemolytic studies, which provide valuable insights into the design of novel antibacterial agents.

The Development of Quinoxaline-Based Electron Acceptors for High Performance Organic Solar Cells.

In the recent advances of organic solar cells (OSCs), quinoxaline (Qx)-based nonfullerene acceptors (QxNFAs) have attracted lots of attention and enabled the recorded power conversion efficiency approaching 20%. As an excellent electron-withdrawing unit, Qx possesses advantages of many modifiable sites, wide absorption range, low reorganization energy, and so on. To develop promising QxNFAs to further enhance the photovoltaic performance of OSCs, it is necessary to systematically summarize the QxNFAs reported so far. In this review, all the focused QxNFAs are classified into five categories as following: SM-Qx, YQx, fused-YQx, giant-YQx, and polymer-Qx according to the molecular skeletons. The molecular design concepts, relationships between the molecular structure and optoelectronic properties, intrinsic mechanisms of device performance are discussed in detail. At the end, the advantages of this kind of materials are summed up, the molecular develop direction is prospected, the challenges faced by QxNFAs are given, and constructive solutions to the existing problems are advised. Overall, this review presents unique viewpoints to conquer the challenge of QxNFAs and thus boost OSCs development further toward commercial applications.