Engine of Innovation in Hospital Pharmacy: Applications and Reflections of ChatGPT.

Hospital pharmacy plays an important role in ensuring medical care quality and safety, especially in the area of drug information retrieval, therapy guidance, and drug-drug interaction management. ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence language model that can generate natural-language texts. Here, we explored the applications and reflections of ChatGPT in hospital pharmacy, where it may enhance the quality and efficiency of pharmaceutical care. We also explored ChatGPT's prospects in hospital pharmacy and discussed its working principle, diverse applications, and practical cases in daily operations and scientific research. Meanwhile, the challenges and limitations of ChatGPT, such as data privacy, ethical issues, bias and discrimination, and human oversight, are discussed. ChatGPT is a promising tool for hospital pharmacy, but it requires careful evaluation and validation before it can be integrated into clinical practice. Some suggestions for future research and development of ChatGPT in hospital pharmacy are provided.

Factors associated with scientific production conditions among dental students from the Peruvian capital: an analysis under a multivariable regression model.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of scientific production is to synthesize and capture research for eventual publication. In Peru, scientific production at the undergraduate level is relatively limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with scientific production conditions among dental students from the Peruvian capital. METHODS: This cross-sectional and analytical study evaluated 338 dental students from the Peruvian capital using a questionnaire composed of 15 questions on conditions for scientific production. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for bivariate analysis. To evaluate the influential variables, the adjusted Poisson regression model with robust variance using the adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) was employed. The significance level was p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 17.8% of the students carried out research studies, while 1.5% published scientific articles. Conditions for scientific production were considered unfavorable in 28.4% of the cases, while 50.6% were classified as somewhat favorable and 21% as favorable. Students who dedicated < 2 h and ≥ 2 h per week to research were 3.04 and 3.84 times more likely to have favourable conditions for scientific production, respectively, compared to those who had no time for it (APR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.02-9.03 and APR = 3.84, 95% CI: 1.13-13.02; respectively). CONCLUSION: A minority of dental students reported favorable conditions for scientific production. On the other hand, students with more weekly time for research are more likely to have favourable conditions for scientific production compared to those with no time.

The effect of nursing students' attitudes towards scientific research and related factors on individual innovativeness profiles.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the attitudes of nursing students towards scientific research is pivotal for enhancing the quality of care and reinforcing evidence-based nursing practices. Therefore, nursing students to embody a disposition towards openness to cultivate innovative thinking to effectively discern and address the evolving needs within nursing care services. AIM: This study was conducted to determine the effects of nursing students' attitudes towards scientific research and related factors on their individual innovation profiles. METHODS: A total of 375 nursing students were included in the study. The data were collected using a Demographic Information Form, Individual Innovativeness Scale and Attitude towards Scientific Research Scale. For between-group comparisons, the student t-test and One-way ANOVA were utilized for normally distributed data, whereas the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied for non-normally distributed data. Linear regression analysis was employed to predict the individual innovativeness profiles of nursing students based on their attitudes towards scientific research and associated factors. RESULTS: According to the model created as a result of linear regression analysis, nursing students' attitudes towards scientific research and associated factors elucidate 22.9 % of the variance in individual innovativeness profiles. In this study, it was discerned that participants with elevated computer skills, a sense of competence in research conduct, a proclivity for engaging in scientific research, and a penchant for monitoring Turkish publications exhibited higher mean scores in the Individual Innovativeness Scale. CONCLUSION: This study established that nursing students' attitudes towards scientific research and associated factors possessed predictive capacity for individual innovativeness profiles.

When we talk about Big Data, What do we really mean? Toward a more precise definition of Big Data.

Despite the lack of consensus on an official definition of Big Data, research and studies have continued to progress based on this "no consensus" stance over the years. However, the lack of a clear definition and scope for Big Data results in scientific research and communication lacking a common ground. Even with the popular "V" characteristics, Big Data remains elusive. The term is broad and is used differently in research, often referring to entirely different concepts, which is rarely stated explicitly in papers. While many studies and reviews attempt to draw a comprehensive understanding of Big Data, there has been little systematic research on the position and practical implications of the term Big Data in research environments. To address this gap, this paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on secondary studies to provide a comprehensive overview of how Big Data is used and understood across different scientific domains. Our objective was to monitor the application of the Big Data concept in science, identify which technologies are prevalent in which fields, and investigate the discrepancies between the theoretical understanding and practical usage of the term. Our study found that various Big Data technologies are being used in different scientific fields, including machine learning algorithms, distributed computing frameworks, and other tools. These manifestations of Big Data can be classified into four major categories: abstract concepts, large datasets, machine learning techniques, and the Big Data ecosystem. This study revealed that despite the general agreement on the "V" characteristics, researchers in different scientific fields have varied implicit understandings of Big Data. These implicit understandings significantly influence the content and discussions of studies involving Big Data, although they are often not explicitly stated. We call for a clearer articulation of the meaning of Big Data in research to facilitate smoother scientific communication.

Evaluating the Capabilities of Generative AI Tools in Understanding Medical Papers: Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Reading medical papers is a challenging and time-consuming task for doctors, especially when the papers are long and complex. A tool that can help doctors efficiently process and understand medical papers is needed. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to critically assess and compare the comprehension capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in accurately and efficiently understanding medical research papers using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist, which provides a standardized framework for evaluating key elements of observational study. METHODS: The study is a methodological type of research. The study aims to evaluate the understanding capabilities of new generative artificial intelligence tools in medical papers. A novel benchmark pipeline processed 50 medical research papers from PubMed, comparing the answers of 6 LLMs (GPT-3.5-Turbo, GPT-4-0613, GPT-4-1106, PaLM 2, Claude v1, and Gemini Pro) to the benchmark established by expert medical professors. Fifteen questions, derived from the STROBE checklist, assessed LLMs' understanding of different sections of a research paper. RESULTS: LLMs exhibited varying performance, with GPT-3.5-Turbo achieving the highest percentage of correct answers (n=3916, 66.9%), followed by GPT-4-1106 (n=3837, 65.6%), PaLM 2 (n=3632, 62.1%), Claude v1 (n=2887, 58.3%), Gemini Pro (n=2878, 49.2%), and GPT-4-0613 (n=2580, 44.1%). Statistical analysis revealed statistically significant differences between LLMs (P<.001), with older models showing inconsistent performance compared to newer versions. LLMs showcased distinct performances for each question across different parts of a scholarly paper-with certain models like PaLM 2 and GPT-3.5 showing remarkable versatility and depth in understanding. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate the performance of different LLMs in understanding medical papers using the retrieval augmented generation method. The findings highlight the potential of LLMs to enhance medical research by improving efficiency and facilitating evidence-based decision-making. Further research is needed to address limitations such as the influence of question formats, potential biases, and the rapid evolution of LLM models.

Breaking barriers: Navigating the path to successful scientific research publication among faculty members in Egypt.

Background: In the realm of academia, the publication of scientific research is not merely an act of dissemination; it serves as a pivotal milestone that signifies the culmination of rigorous investigation, critical analysis, and intellectual contribution. Aim: To examine the challenges and barriers encountered by faculty members in the process of publishing their work. Methods: The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design and was conducted from 1 March to 1 May 2022. A convenience sample of 358 faculty members from eight universities in Egypt, representing a diverse range of faculties. These faculties comprised five practical disciplines, namely, Nursing, Medicine, Science, Pharmacy, and Engineering, as well as three theoretical faculties including Al-Alsun (Languages), Arts, and Commerce. The universities involved in the study included Ain Shams, Cairo, Mansoura, Benha, Assiut, 6th of October, British University in Egypt (BUE), among others. Data were collected through an online questionnaire that included staff characteristics and barriers to scientific research and publishing. Hypothesis testing was conducted using appropriate statistical analysis methods (e.g., Chi-square test) to assess the relationships between faculty members' characteristics and barriers to publishing. Results: The faculty staff in our study reported the highest barriers to publishing scientific research in the domains of the reviewing process (74%), institutional support (67%), and scientific publishing process (60.9%). Conversely, the lowest barriers were found in the domains of frustration after rejection (55.1%), scientific writing barriers (46.1%), and loss of passion and causation of publishing barriers (41.3%). Conclusions: The results highlighted the need for increased support and resources to overcome these barriers and foster a positive culture of research and publishing in Egyptian universities.

Qualitative insights into the effectiveness of a targeted nursing research support program: Understanding and experiences of support recipients and providers.

AIM: The aims of this study were to examine the effectiveness of a targeted nursing research support program for clinical nurses. BACKGROUND: Nursing research capacity is increasingly essential to clinical nurses and currently relatively low. Therefore, effective and systematic nursing research training programs are urgently needed to improve the scientific research abilities of nurses. METHODS: Qualitative research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a targeted nursing research support program. The program was formulated by considering the research training requirements of nurses and standard nursing research procedures, through literature review and group deliberations. The program was implemented for 973 nurses using a "plan-action-observation-reflection" learning cycle. The research outcomes achieved by nurses were evaluated and thematic analysis conducted to assess the perspectives of nurses and teachers regarding the research support program. RESULTS: Nurses participating in the targeted nursing research support program collectively accomplished 195 research proposals and authored 332 original research articles. Nurses shared their rich experience as "understanding my needs and achieving my potential", including: (1) systematic procedures and coherence; (2) easy to learn, easy to use; (3) a sense of belonging and mutual support; (4) self-confidence growth; and (5) high expectations. Further, the experiences of teachers were summarized as "helping others is helping myself", including: (1) teaching is learning; (2) the happiness of being needed; and (3) the importance of scientific teaching. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the experiences of nurses and educators involved in a targeted nursing research support program and assessed its preliminary effectiveness. The findings revealed that the program, grounded in scientific and systematic research principles, was beneficial to both nurses and teachers. Based on our findings, we recommend that nursing educators should prioritize comprehensive, practice-integrated research training programs and create supportive environments, to effectively enhance the research capacity of nurses.

[Alexey Alexeevich Maklakov (19.09.1872-21.03.1918)]. / Aleksei Alekseevich Maklakov (19.09.1872­21.03.1918).

This article commemorates the 150th anniversary of the birth of prominent early 20th-century Russian ophthalmologist Professor Alexey Alekseevich Maklakov of Moscow University and aims to explore his biography, which remains relatively obscure. His scientific, pedagogical, and public activities have not been subjected to comprehensive analysis until now. The study clarifies key dates in his life through examination of archival documents. The biography is further supplemented with new facts concerning his work at the medical faculty of Moscow University.

Research Competence in Clinical Nursing Insights From Chinese Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

AIM: To assess the research capacity of 3014 clinical nurses in northeastern China, examining their participation in research and self-assessed competencies to advance nursing practice. BACKGROUND: Nursing research is essential for the development of the nursing discipline, yet significant progress in enhancing the research capabilities of nursing staff has been limited over the past decades. Clinical nurses, central to the execution of research activities, need improved research skills to identify relevant topics and synthesise clinical experiences with the literature. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. METHODS: In 2023, using a convenience sampling method, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on 3014 nurses in a Grade A tertiary hospital. The questionnaire included questions on basic information and scientific research, as well as a self-evaluation scale assessing the nurses' capability for conducting scientific research. RESULTS: Among the nurses participating in the survey, 29.66% (894) had published academic papers in Chinese, 2.06% (62) had published papers in Science Citation Index journals, 2.39% (72) had hosted nursing research projects, 5.87% (177) had participated in nursing research projects and 71% (2140) expressed their willingness to participate in nursing research activities. The average score on the self-evaluation of research capability was 54.08 ± 24.55, with scores ranging from 0 to 120. CONCLUSION: The clinical nurses' research capacity scores are at the midpoint of the scale (0-120), indicating basic research capabilities with room for improvement. There is a high willingness to engage in research. Nursing managers should consider these factors in training programmes and promote research activities to improve the team's scientific capability. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study reveals a critical gap between nurses' willingness and actual involvement in research, emphasising the need for enhanced research skills to improve nursing practice. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study did not require patient or public involvement in its design, outcome measures or execution. The contribution of patients/members of the public was limited solely to data collection.

On the design and development of a handheld electrocardiogram device in a clinical setting.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global burden that requires attention. For the detection and diagnosis of CVDs, the 12-lead ECG is a key tool. With technological advancements, ECG devices are becoming smaller and available for home use. Most of these devices contain a limited number of leads and are aimed to detect atrial fibrillation (AF). To investigate whether a four-electrode arrangement could provide enough information to diagnose other CVDs, further research is necessary. At the University Medical Center Utrecht in a multidisciplinary team, we developed the miniECG, a four-electrode ECG handheld system for scientific research in clinical environments (TRL6). This paper describes the process followed during the development of the miniECG. From assembling a multidisciplinary team, which includes engineers, cardiologists, and clinical physicians to the contribution of team members in the design input, design, and testing for safety and functionality of the device. Finally, we detail how the development process was composed by iterative design steps based on user input and intended use evolution. The miniECG is a device compliant for scientific research with patients within Dutch Medical Centers. We believe that hospital-based development led to a streamlined process, which could be applied for the design and development of other technologies used for scientific research in clinical environments.

Farmed fish welfare research status in Latin America: A review.

Latin America (LATAM) plays an important role in the world's production of aquatic animals and is the second most productive region in the world. Chile, Ecuador, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Perú contribute 87% of LATAM aquaculture production. The fish welfare in aquaculture is of increasing public concern globally, and LATAM is no exception, growing in importance for fish farmers, authorities, and scientists. Although the topic is somewhat controversial, the welfare status of farmed fish has direct implications for their production and the sustainability of the industry. Therefore, this study analyses scientific papers on animal welfare in farmed fish, from the six countries in LATAM with the highest aquaculture production. The main objectives were to quantify the number of papers published between 2000 and 2023 on fish welfare by using scientific databases. A total of 285 papers were found for the period analysed. The country with the largest number of publications was Brazil (75.79%), followed by Chile (13.33%), Mexico (7.02%), Peru (1.75%), Ecuador, and Colombia (1.05%). Nile tilapia was the most studied species, appearing in 30.18% of the publications, with most of the studies mainly dealing with nutrition (32.28%). The growth of aquaculture is leading to joint efforts to generate knowledge on welfare issues, especially in poorly studied species with high production, to create policies that help minimize welfare risks. Given this, the insights generated by this review could be a useful addition to approaches investigating the trends and concepts of fish welfare in LATAM.

[DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECTOR of R&D development in Russian HIGHER medical education in digitization conditions].

The article considers results of study of the R&D sector directions development in system of Russian medical higher education in the context of digitization. The analysis made it possible to substantiate timeliness and importance of solving problems of improving medical services quality against the background of necessity for medical workers to systematically master breakthrough digital technologies in current medical practice. This conditions importance to ensure efficiency of R&D in Russian higher medical education in the context of digitization. The main models of organization of activities in the field of R&D are characterized, taking into account sources of financing and staffing. Based on on-line surveys of students in Google docs about their attitude to their further participation in R&D during education and after graduation, weak motivation to be engaged in R&D during their university education was revealed that is justified by non-obviousness of prospects of financial remuneration. Along with this, study established high degree of interest among students to mastering breakthrough digital technologies in order to further apply them in medical practice together with the latest medical technologies.

Large language models are changing landscape of academic publications. A positive transformation?

The advent of large language models (LLMs) based on neural networks marks a significant shift in academic writing, particularly in medical sciences. These models, including OpenAI's GPT-4, Google's Bard, and Anthropic's Claude, enable more efficient text processing through transformer architecture and attention mechanisms. LLMs can generate coherent texts that are indistinguishable from human-written content. In medicine, they can contribute to the automation of literature reviews, data extraction, and hypothesis formulation. However, ethical concerns arise regarding the quality and integrity of scientific publications and the risk of generating misleading content. This article provides an overview of how LLMs are changing medical writing, the ethical dilemmas they bring, and the possibilities for detecting AI-generated text. It concludes with a focus on the potential future of LLMs in academic publishing and their impact on the medical community.

Organoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from bench to clinic.

The etiology of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases is intricate and multifactorial, encompassing complex interactions between genetic predisposition and gut microbiota. The cell fate change, immune function regulation, and microenvironment composition in diseased tissues are governed by microorganisms and mutated genes either independently or through synergistic interactions. A comprehensive understanding of GI disease etiology is imperative for developing precise prevention and treatment strategies. However, the existing models used for studying the microenvironment in GI diseases-whether cancer cell lines or mouse models-exhibit significant limitations, which leads to the prosperity of organoids models. This review first describes the development history of organoids models, followed by a detailed demonstration of organoids application from bench to clinic. As for bench utilization, we present a layer-by-layer elucidation of organoid simulation on host-microbial interactions, as well as the application in molecular mechanism analysis. As for clinical adhibition, we provide a generalized interpretation of organoid application in GI disease simulation from inflammatory disorders to malignancy diseases, as well as in GI disease treatment including drug screening, immunotherapy, and microbial-targeting and screening treatment. This review draws a comprehensive and systematical depiction of organoids models, providing a novel insight into the utilization of organoids models from bench to clinic.

The gap that Matilda will bridge: a look at the Colombian case.

Objective: To determine gender gaps in Emeritus researchers in Colombia. Methods: Oaxaca-Blinder-Kitakagwa decomposition model, correcting the sample selection bias with the inclusion of Mills' inverse ratio (Heckman's Lambda) through an ordered probit model. Data: Information available in the ScienTI Platform - Colombia during the period 2015-2021. Results: The results show that the gender gap between female and male researchers is 5.8%. To achieve Emeritus status, one must be over 65 years old, and the possibility of achieving Emeritus status is 5.1% higher for female researchers than for their male counterparts. These differences can be explained by the time constraints that female researchers face in being productive, as they spend more time than male researchers on caregiving responsibilities, either due to motherhood or the care of other dependent family members. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to affirm that there is a gender gap in scientific research in Colombia in the Emeritus research category in the calls for proposals for the period 2015-2021. Moreover, the existing gap cannot be explained by factors associated with attributes of education and academic productivity that are part of the regulatory requirements, insofar as not being explained by them, it evidences the existence of discrimination against women researchers to access the highest research category.

How to optimize communication about animal and animal-free research methods.

There is a long-standing debate about experimental non-human animals and animal-free methods in scientific research. Among the various stakeholders involved in the debate are the scientists. During media broadcasts we, animal researchers and animal-free methods researchers, were positioned as 'opponents'. In this essay we describe our initial rational thoughts and emotions after these events, and how we came together to explore our common ground on animal(-free) experimentation. Realizing that all models have advantages and limitations, our common ground lies in the principles of good scientific research and responsible experimentation. Our communication emanating from the broadcasts has been instrumental in improving communication on animal(-free) experimentation issues by teaming up. We strongly believe that this is essential for making well-informed decisions for the methods we are using now and will be using in the future.

[Transformation of scientific research results into teaching resources to improve the teaching effect: taking the teaching of the chromatographic method in the pharmaceutical analysis course as an example].

The pharmaceutical analysis course is a three-dimensional knowledge network that connects several courses to form a new comprehensive knowledge node involving a large knowledge system and flexible knowledge structure. In this course, the subject of chromatography covers a wide range of topics. However, because accurate content is challenging to present, the teaching effect of this subject is poor. In this work, we sought to achieve the educational purpose of establishing morality and cultivating talent, as well as the goal of training highly skilled professionals, by taking the teaching of chromatography in the pharmaceutical analysis course as an example of transforming scientific research results into teaching resources. The resources obtained are integrated into the teaching process to provide innovative and scientific research ideas to students with the aim of not only helping them understand and master technical knowledge but also exercise their ability to raise and solve problems. Furthermore, we expound on how to introduce scientific development frontiers and formulate scientific problems through curriculum design. We also describe how our strategy can promote the teaching effect and achieve teaching objectives. Based on the characteristics of rapid knowledge update and equal emphasis on theory and practice in pharmaceutical analysis, the course is designed by introducing new advances in scientific development, formulating scientific problems, and adopting question- and problem-based learning methods for teaching. The teaching effect is then evaluated through diversified assessment, student feedback, and self-evaluation. The results show that the transformation of scientific research results into teaching resources plays a significant role in stimulating students' interest in learning, improving students' ability to solve problems, and achieving curriculum objectives, all of which greatly improve the teaching effect.

What are the thoughts of postgraduate nursing students regarding the 'Applied Scientific Research' course? A qualitative study on achievements, benefits, challenges, and suggested solutions.

OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to examine students' emotions, opinions, and suggestions regarding the "Applied Scientific Research" course. METHOD: The study was conducted in a province in eastern Turkey between June and July 2023. Data were collected from 9 postgraduate students attending the "Scientific Research" course at a university's Institute of Health Sciences using a 'Descriptive Information Form' and a 'Semi-Structured Questionnaire'. Content analysis was employed for the qualitative data evaluation. RESULTS: The participants' ages ranged from 25 to 32. Six participants were female, five were academicians, and five were doctoral students. Six participants had taken a statistics or research course before the scientific research course. Additionally, seven had attended scientific conferences, five followed a scientific publication regularly, five had conducted scientific research before, and five had not published scientific research before taking the course. Through the analysis of data obtained from participant interviews, three themes, namely "Effects of Activities in the Course," "Reasons for Recommendations and Preferences," and "Outcomes of the Course," were identified. Six sub-themes and 18 codes were generated, including "Most Challenging Activity," "Least Challenging Activity," "Recommendations for the Course," "Reasons for Choosing the Course," "Contributions of the Course," and "Feelings Towards the Course." CONCLUSION: The research results indicate that students improved their skills in conducting scientific research, writing articles, and getting published after taking the course. Furthermore, the course evoked positive feelings in students and increased their perceived competence.

Emerging technologies in citizen science and potential for insect monitoring.

Emerging technologies are increasingly employed in environmental citizen science projects. This integration offers benefits and opportunities for scientists and participants alike. Citizen science can support large-scale, long-term monitoring of species occurrences, behaviour and interactions. At the same time, technologies can foster participant engagement, regardless of pre-existing taxonomic expertise or experience, and permit new types of data to be collected. Yet, technologies may also create challenges by potentially increasing financial costs, necessitating technological expertise or demanding training of participants. Technology could also reduce people's direct involvement and engagement with nature. In this perspective, we discuss how current technologies have spurred an increase in citizen science projects and how the implementation of emerging technologies in citizen science may enhance scientific impact and public engagement. We show how technology can act as (i) a facilitator of current citizen science and monitoring efforts, (ii) an enabler of new research opportunities, and (iii) a transformer of science, policy and public participation, but could also become (iv) an inhibitor of participation, equity and scientific rigour. Technology is developing fast and promises to provide many exciting opportunities for citizen science and insect monitoring, but while we seize these opportunities, we must remain vigilant against potential risks. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.

A synergistic study of policy and literature on rumor governance.

Rumor governance is an important guarantee for social stability and public safety. Based on the life cycle and crisis cycle model, this paper conducts a synergistic analysis of China's rumor governance policies and regulations and the core scientific research literature on rumor governance in WOS and CNKI. In this paper, we use the TF-IDF algorithm to count the word frequencies of 326 policy and regulation texts, the Jieba-RoBERTa-Kmeans model to cluster high-frequency keywords, and CiteSpace software and the LLR clustering algorithm are utilized to extract and cluster keywords from 391 documents in the WOS database and from 703 documents in the CNKI database. Based on the synergistic analysis of the life cycle model, it is found that the research on policies and regulations precedes the research on literature, and both are in the period of refinement.Based on the synergistic analysis using the co-occurrence comparison of subject terms in the crisis cycle model, it is found that there is a lack of research in the stages of prevention, monitoring, and governance, and this paper proposes the systematic governance mechanism and strategy for crisis resolution that conforms to the trend of life cycle evolution and is synergistic with policy and literature. This study has only selected Chinese policies and regulations, and the proposed governance strategies have not yet been verified in practice; future research can expand the scope and depth of the study and conduct empirical research and pilot projects.