The relationship between sensory experiences and social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Objective: This study was undertaken to substantiate the connection between sensory experiences and social functioning among 142 children ages 4-10 years with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: Using an online cross-sectional survey, mothers' perceptions of sensory and social characteristics of their children on parent-reported measures of sensory experiences and social functioning were collected. Findings: Using SPSS software to follow the related descriptive statistics and correlational analysis, the results indicated that children had different levels of challenging sensory experiences and social interaction difficulties. It was revealed that higher intensities of sensory issues were associated with lower levels of functioning and greater social interaction difficulties. Further analysis revealed that less awkward, unpleasant experiences in the auditory and tactile sensory functioning correlated with less social difficulties. Conclusions: Given that no causal relationship could be drawn in this study, the findings complemented those of earlier studies, which suggest engagement in social interactions may be correlated with sensory response patterns.

Transcultural adaptation of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-3).

This study describes the cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-3), which assesses 11 skills areas within three major adaptive domains: the conceptual, social, and practical. The translation was performed by two independent translators, which was followed by the synthesis of the translations by two experts and then an analysis of the synthesis by 33 specialists from the areas of health and education (three per subscale) who were experts in the domains evaluated by ABAS-3. Of the 1121 items of the five ABAS-3 forms, 82 (7.31%) needed revision. There was good agreement between the specialists in respect of most items, with only minor adjustments being required. There was good evidence of content validity and the adequacy of the adaptation in respect of the conceptual, idiomatic, and semantic aspects of the items of the instrument. This initial process of cross-cultural adaptation was necessary because adaptive behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as socioeconomic status and culture.

Two pictorial tools for assessing the attitudes of Taiwanese male high school students with intellectual disabilities toward sexually offensive behavior.

The purpose of this study was to develop two pictorial tools for assessing the attitudes of Taiwanese male senior high school students with intellectual disabilities toward sexually offensive behavior, focusing on cognitive distortion and victim empathy. A total of 181 male high school students at special education schools participated in this study. The validity and reliability were examined using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For the cognitive distortion scale, 18 items grouped into three factors, rationalization, denial, and victim blaming, and explained 69.72% of the variance; for the victim empathy scale, 12 items grouped into two factors, the victim's feelings when the offensive behavior is perpetrated by another, and the victim's feelings when the offensive behavior is perpetrated by oneself, and explained 68.00% of the variance. The reliability was .96 for the cognitive distortion scale and .93 for the victim empathy scale. In conclusion, the two scales developed in this research were found to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating male students' attitudes toward sexually offensive behavior, and can also be used as reference material for courses in sex education.

Academic learning time in physical education (ALT-PE) during an adapted tennis program for children with autism spectrum disorders.

As the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increases, there is a growing need to develop physical activity interventions that address the behavioral challenges experienced by individuals with ASD. Physical education teachers have employed behavioral supports that add more structure and adapt the environment for individuals with ASD, which are associated with increased engagement for individuals with ASD during PE. The purpose of this study was to quantify motor engaged behaviors (i.e. motor appropriate (MA)), motor inappropriate (MI), motor supported (MS) during skill practice in 18 individuals with ASD (ages 7-19 years) participating in an adapted tennis program (ACEing Autism) using the Academic Learning Time in Physical Education (ALT-PE) instrument. Overall, the supports provided during the program may have enabled participants with ASD to spend more time in MA and MS than MI. Indeed, the participants spent over 50% of their time in MA during the program.

Parents/primary caregivers' perspectives on the well-being, and home-based learning of children with neurodevelopmental disorders during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.

Background and Aims: The coronavirus pandemic (CP) leading to prolonged lockdown, and restriction of movement for almost two years in Bangladesh severely affected not only the well-being (physical and mental health) of both children and adults but also their access to home-based learning. The present study aimed to explore the mental, and physical health problems of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), their use of telehealth services, and the status of their home-based learning by asking questions to their parents/primary caregivers (N = 149) during the second year of lockdown (November and December 2021). Methodology: The present study was a cross-sectional self-reported survey covering as many parents/primary caregivers as possible within Bangladesh. The survey questions were selected from a larger study by Masi et al. named 'COVID-19 impact survey' with permission. A total of 149 parents/primary caregivers with one or more children (mean age = 5.54) having any of the NDDs took part in the survey. Data were collected via physical sitting, telephone interview, and anonymous Google form. Results: Almost one-third of parents/caregivers felt that the NDD symptoms of their children were worsening with time, and half of them reported that their children's health and well-being were negatively impacted. More than 90% of the caregivers felt that their children are facing challenges following the rules of social distancing. Whereas more than 80% of parents agreed that their children's learning was disrupted during covid-19, and they were not getting enough online/offline support from the authorities. Conclusions: The outcome of this study suggested that CP had a significant impact on the wellbeing and home-based learning of children with NDDs and their families in Bangladesh. Most of the caregivers reported that the NDDs symptoms of their children are worsening with disrupted routine, facing problems following social distancing and maintaining fruitful relationships. In terms of home-based learning, most caregivers reported insufficient support from school authorities. The parents recommended the development of an adequate system for telehealth services and policies to help the vulnerable individuals in the future.

High-throughput quantification of quasistatic, dynamic and spall strength of materials across 10 orders of strain rates.

The response of metals and their microstructures under extreme dynamic conditions can be markedly different from that under quasistatic conditions. Traditionally, high strain rates and shock stresses are achieved using cumbersome and expensive methods such as the Kolsky bar or large spall experiments. These methods are low throughput and do not facilitate high-fidelity microstructure-property linkages. In this work, we combine two powerful small-scale testing methods, custom nanoindentation, and laser-driven microflyer (LDMF) shock, to measure the dynamic and spall strength of metals. The nanoindentation system is configured to test samples from quasistatic to dynamic strain-rate regimes. The LDMF shock system can test samples through impact loading, triggering spall failure. The model material used for testing is magnesium alloys, which are lightweight, possess high-specific strengths, and have historically been challenging to design and strengthen due to their mechanical anisotropy. We adopt two distinct microstructures, solutionized (no precipitates) and peak-aged (with precipitates) to demonstrate interesting upticks in strain-rate sensitivity and evolution of dynamic strength. At high shock-loading rates, we unravel an interesting paradigm where the spall strength vs. strain rate of these materials converges, but the failure mechanisms are markedly different. Peak aging, considered to be a standard method to strengthen metallic alloys, causes catastrophic failure, faring much worse than solutionized alloys. Our high-throughput testing framework not only quantifies strength but also teases out unexplored failure mechanisms at extreme strain rates, providing valuable insights for the rapid design and improvement of materials for extreme environments.

Spirituality, Religiosity, Caring Behavior, Spiritual Care, and Personalized Care Among Student Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study in the Philippines.

This study sought to determine the student nurses' spirituality, religiosity, caring behavior, spiritual care, and personalized care. Further, it sought to determine the relationship between spirituality, religiosity, and caring behavior in student nurses' spiritual care and personalized care. The study used a descriptive correlational design using convenience sampling to collect data from 1248 student nurses in the Philippines from December 2023 to February 2024. We collected data using the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Scale rating scale and the Caring Behaviors Inventory. The study revealed that the mean scores of the students in their "spirituality" and "religiosity" were 4.08 (SD = 0.98) and 2.99 (SD = 1.26), respectively. Student nurses had sufficient confidence and skills in spiritual care, caring behavior, and personalized care. The students' age had a weak and negative association with the students' spirituality and religiosity. Students from University A had higher levels of spirituality and religiosity than students from University B, University C, and University D. Students in the 4th year level were more religious than 3rd year students. Students who had their last clinical exposure in the Admission and emergency room reported poorer caring behaviors than those who had previous clinical exposure in the Medical-surgical ward, Obstetrics and gynecology, Intensive Care Units, and Community. There is no significant relationship between a student nurse's spiritual care and caring behavior. This trend is similar to caring behavior and personalized care. The students' age predicts their personalized care.

Long-term escape behavior and release mechanism of organic emissions from asphalt materials.

In the context of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking, investigating the long-term escape behavior and release mechanism of organic emissions from asphalt materials can contribute to the development of environmentally sustainable asphalt pavements. In this study, the long-term emission behavior and release mechanism of organic emissions from asphalt materials were unraveled by combining the headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests. The results demonstrate that the pressure aging vessel (PAV) test and the ultraviolet (UV) aging test can result in a notable reduction in the concentration of organic emissions from asphalt materials, respectively. This indicates that asphalt pavements can potentially release a substantial quantity of organic emissions during their long-term service life. Besides, the aging mechanism of asphalt materials is established to unravel the release mechanism of organic emissions from asphalt materials. Aging increases the probability of organic emissions being released and volatilized from asphalt materials, which leads to the organic emissions from asphalt materials being more likely to be released and volatilized. Consequently, the aging process facilitates a greater release and volatilization of organic emissions from asphalt materials, resulting in a decrease in the detected concentration of these emissions after aging.

Do Measures of Real-World Physical Behavior Provide Insights Into the Well-Being and Physical Function of Cancer Survivors? Cross-Sectional Analysis.

BACKGROUND: As the number of cancer survivors increases, maintaining health-related quality of life in cancer survivorship is a priority. This necessitates accurate and reliable methods to assess how cancer survivors are feeling and functioning. Real-world digital measures derived from wearable sensors offer potential for monitoring well-being and physical function in cancer survivorship, but questions surrounding the clinical utility of these measures remain to be answered. OBJECTIVE: In this secondary analysis, we used 2 existing data sets to examine how measures of real-world physical behavior, captured with a wearable accelerometer, were related to aerobic fitness and self-reported well-being and physical function in a sample of individuals who had completed cancer treatment. METHODS: Overall, 86 disease-free cancer survivors aged 21-85 years completed self-report assessments of well-being and physical function, as well as a submaximal exercise test that was used to estimate their aerobic fitness, quantified as predicted submaximal oxygen uptake (VO2). A thigh-worn accelerometer was used to monitor participants' real-world physical behavior for 7 days. Accelerometry data were used to calculate average values of the following measures of physical behavior: sedentary time, step counts, time in light and moderate to vigorous physical activity, time and weighted median cadence in stepping bouts over 1 minute, and peak 30-second cadence. RESULTS: Spearman correlation analyses indicated that 6 (86%) of the 7 accelerometry-derived measures of real-world physical behavior were not significantly correlated with Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General total well-being or linked Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Physical Function scores (Ps≥.08). In contrast, all but one of the physical behavior measures were significantly correlated with submaximal VO2 (Ps≤.03). Comparing these associations using likelihood ratio tests, we found that step counts, time in stepping bouts over 1 minute, and time in moderate to vigorous activity were more strongly associated with submaximal VO2 than with self-reported well-being or physical function (Ps≤.03). In contrast, cadence in stepping bouts over 1 minute and peak 30-second cadence were not more associated with submaximal VO2 than with the self-reported measures (Ps≥.08). CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of disease-free cancer survivors, we found that several measures of real-world physical behavior were more associated with aerobic fitness than with self-reported well-being and physical function. These results highlight the possibility that in individuals who have completed cancer treatment, measures of real-world physical behavior may provide additional information compared with self-reported and performance measures. To advance the appropriate use of digital measures in oncology clinical research, further research evaluating the clinical utility of real-world physical behavior over time in large, representative samples of cancer survivors is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03781154; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03781154.

'We can be a family again, but different than before'. A single-case study on therapeutic interventions that initiated a recovery process in a family after the disclosure of sibling sexual behavior.

Disclosures of sibling sexual behavior (SSB) usually affect all family members but there remains, however, a paucity in studies on therapeutical family interventions and how they can initiate changes in families. This study was designed to explore relational impacts of SSB disclosures, goals for therapy and interventions that helped a family initiate the recovery process after a SSB disclosure. A single case study design was used to analyze a family's long-term therapy process. Data on this N = 1 study comprised 18 interviews with involved therapists, five interviews with involved family members, therapy files, and notes on family sessions. Data was analyzed using a thematic approach. Relational traumas were experienced in broken relationships, relationships under pressure and damaged trust between family members. Therapy goals were to (1) recreate family's safety, (2) help the family process the SSB consequences and (3) restore trust and search for relationship healing. Appropriate interventions to target the goals included individual-centered psycho trauma treatment as well as interventions for the parents, the involved siblings, and the uninvolved siblings, followed by sessions between the involved siblings and with the whole family. Therapy outcomes were found in reduced individual trauma symptoms, a recreated sense of family safety, the start of relational trauma processing, and newfound forms of sibling/family relationships. This study provides a unique and comprehensive insight into a family's healing process after SSB disclosures from the perspectives of both professionals and family members. The effective interventions identified in this study may provide tools for therapists working with these families. This study may also offer greater insights into both the abusive and mutual types of SSB.

Gender-based violence and harassment at work and health and occupational outcomes. A systematic review of prospective studies.

BACKGROUND: Many people experience forms of gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) in the context of their work. This includes a wide range of experiences, from subtle expressions of hostility to physical assault, that can also be of a sexual nature (e.g., sexual harassment or assault). This systematic review aimed to summarize findings about the prospective associations of work-related GBVH with people's health and occupational situation. METHODS: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched for prospective studies in English from 1990 to May 24, 2023. Studies were included if they concerned a working population, exposure to any form of GBVH in the work context, and a health outcome or manifest occupational outcome. Quality was assessed with a modified version of the Cochrane 'Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies', and studies assessed as low quality were excluded from the narrative synthesis. For the narrative synthesis, we grouped the results by similar exposures and outcomes and reported the strength and statistical significance of the associations. RESULTS: Of the 1 937 screened records, 29 studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Studies were mainly conducted in the USA and northern Europe and investigated exposure to sexual violence or harassment (SVH). Only two included studies investigated non-sexual kinds of GBVH. Consistently, studies showed associations of work-related SVH with poor mental health and there were indications of an association with hazardous substance use. There was no consistent evidence for an association of SVH with subsequent sickness absence, and there were too few studies concerning physical health and occupational outcomes to synthesize the results. CONCLUSIONS: There is consistent evidence of work-related SVH as a risk factor for subsequent poor mental health. There is no indication that the health consequences of SVH differ between women and men, although women are more often affected. There is a need for conceptual consistency, the consideration of non-sexual behaviors and prospective studies that test clear hypotheses about the temporal sequence of events.

Overview on the role of dietary Spirulina platensis on immune responses against Edwardsiellosis among Oreochromis niloticus fish farms.

Edwardsiellosis is a bacterial fish disease that mostly occurs in freshwater farms and is characterized by a high mortality rate. Edwardsiella tarda strain was recovered from 17 fish out of 50 Nile tilapia, which were harboring clinical signs of systemic septicemia. The level of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) in the fish farm's water was 0.11-0.15 mg/L, which was stressful for the Nile tilapia.Sequencing of the gyrB1 gene confirmed that the isolate was E. tarda JALO4, and it was submitted to NCBI under the accession number PP449014. The isolated E. tarda harbored the virulence gene edw1 AHL-synthase (quorum sensing). In addition, the isolate was sensitive to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole mean while it was intermediate to florfenicol. The median lethal dose (LD50) of E. tarda JALO4 was determined to be 1.7 × 105 CFU/mL in Nile tilapia.In the indoor experiment, Nile tilapia (45.05 ± 0.4 g), which received dietary Spirulina platensis (5 and 10 g/kg fish feed), showed optimum growth and feed utilization. Meanwhile, after receiving dietary S. platensis, the fish's feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly enhanced compared to the control, which was 1.94, 1.99, and 2.88, respectively. The expression of immune-related genes interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were upsurged in E. tarda-challenged fish with higher intensity in S. platensis groups. Dietary S. platensis at a dose of 10 g/kg fish feed could provide a relative protection level (RPL) of 22.2% Nile tilapia challenged against E. tarda. Nile tilapia experimentally infected E. tarda, drastically altering their behavior: higher operculum movement, low food apprehension, and abnormal swimming dietary S. platensis (10 g/kg fish feed) could rapidly restore normal status.It was concluded that Edwardsiellosis could alter Nile tilapia behavior with a high loss in fish population. Fish received dietary-S. platensis could rapidly restore normal behavior after E. tarda infection. It is recommended the incorporation of S. platensis at doses of 10 g/kg into the Nile tilapia diet to boost their immunity and counteract E. tarda infection.

Aggressiveness, inhibitory control, and emotional states: A provocation paradigm.

The current study examines the effects of trait aggressiveness, inhibitory control and emotional states on aggressive behavior in a laboratory paradigm. One hundred and fifty-one adult participants took part (73 men, 71 women, and 7 nondisclosed). Event Related Potentials (ERPs) during a Go/No-Go task were utilized to capture the extent of inhibitory processing, with a laboratory provocation paradigm used to assess aggression. Contrary to the expectations, negative affective responses to provocation were negatively associated only with short-lived aggression and only among those with high past aggressiveness. Furthermore, past aggressiveness was related to a continuous increase in laboratory aggressive behavior regardless of the level of inhibitory control (P3 difference amplitude). However, feeling hostile was associated with short-lived aggressive behavior, only in those with lower levels of inhibitory control. These findings demonstrate the effect of distinct mechanisms on different patterns of aggressive behavior.

Impacts of wildfire-season air quality on park and playground visitation in the Northwest United States.

A significant cost of wildfires is the exposure of local and regional populations to air pollution from smoke, which can travel hundreds of miles from the source fire and is associated with significant negative health consequences. Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity in the United States, driven by historic fire management approaches and global climate change. These influences will take many decades or longer to reverse, so the main opportunities for mitigating health effects involve minimizing human exposure through changes in behavior or infrastructure. One key recommendation for reducing pollution exposures during wildfire smoke events is to limit time and physical activity outdoors, but there is limited evidence on the extent to which people make this change. We estimate how use of parks and playgrounds changes with air quality during wildfire season in the northwest United States. We find small reductions in park and playground visits on moderately polluted days, and large reductions, to 50-60% of baseline visits, when pollution levels are high. Disaggregating results by neighborhood characteristics, we find a significantly greater behavioral response to moderate levels of air pollution in neighborhoods with higher socio-economic status, although responses to high levels of pollution are similar across neighborhood types.

Development of a modified C-BARQ for evaluating behavior in working dogs.

Introduction: Current high demand for effective odor detection dogs calls for the development of reliable methods for measuring performance-related behavioral phenotypes in these highly specialized working animals. The Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) is a widely used behavioral assessment tool among working dog organizations with a demonstrated ability to predict success/failure of dogs in training. However, this instrument was developed originally to study the prevalence of behavior problems in the pet dog population, and it therefore lacks the capacity to measure specific behavioral propensities that may also be important predictors of working dog success. The current paper examines the factor structure, internal reliability, and content validity of a modified version of the C-BARQ designed to evaluate four new domains of canine behavior in addition to those encompassed by the original C-BARQ. These domains, labeled Playfulness, Impulsivity, Distractibility, and Basophobia (fear of falling), respectively, describe aspects of canine behavior or temperament which are believed to contribute substantially to working dog performance. Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of owner/handler questionnaire responses based on a sample of 1,117 working odor detection dogs. Results: A total of 15 factors were extracted by EFA, 10 of which correspond to original C-BARQ factors. The remaining 5 comprise the four new domains- Playfulness, Impulsivity, Distractibility, and Basophobia- as well as a fifth new factor labeled Food focus. Discussion: The resulting Working Dog Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire (WDC-BARQ) successfully expands the measurement capacities of the original C-BARQ to include dimensions of behavior/temperament of particular relevance to many working dog populations.

Insights into determinants of health-seeking behavior: a cross-sectional investigation in the Iraqi context.

Background: Health-seeking behavior (HSB) is a choice taken by an individual to maintain, achieve, or restore good health and prevent diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of HSB among the Iraqi population. Methods: This cross-sectional study in the Rusafa and Karkh districts of Baghdad investigated determinants of HSB from 2022 to 2023. With a sample size of 993 participants meeting inclusion criteria, data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire, utilizing four indicators to measure HSB. The study employed various statistical methods especially logistic regression models, facilitated by Stata 17 software. Results: Results highlights that married individuals consistently have higher odds of having HSB compared to their single counterparts, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.41-3.10). This relationship remains robust even after controlling for other variables. Furthermore, individuals with higher social class exhibit stronger connections to HSB, although the OR is 1.69 (95% CI: 0.47-6.13), indicating a wide confidence interval. Regarding underlying diseases and their duration, the results indicate that chronic diseases are associated with a higher likelihood of HSB, with an OR of 2.05 (95% CI: 1.35-3.11). Additionally, a longer duration of diseases in terms of years is also linked to a stronger association with HSB, with an OR of 2.86 (95% CI: 1.32-6.23). Conclusion: In conclusion, this work provides important insights into HSB. Married people are continuously more likely to engage in HSB than single people, highlighting the importance of customized interventions. Furthermore, persons from higher social classes have stronger ties to HSB, highlighting the importance of socioeconomic considerations. The link between HSB and chronic diseases, combined with longer disease durations, emphasizes the importance of early detection and thorough healthcare management. These findings give critical guidance for healthcare providers, marketers, and politicians developing effective initiatives to promote HSB.

Protective Effect of Parental Monitoring on Early-to-Mid Adolescents Displaying High-Level and Increasing Aggressive Behavior.

Studies that distinguish parental monitoring (parent-driven behaviors) from parental knowledge often fail to find protective effects of monitoring on adolescent behavior problems. To answer whether parental monitoring is more strongly associated with adolescent behavior problems among adolescents who may need it most, this study applied group-based trajectory modeling to change in early- to mid-adolescent aggressive behavior problems and examined associations between parental monitoring with different subgroups. Three latent groups of adolescents were found: Low Aggression, Medium-Increasing Aggression, and High-Increasing Aggression. Results show that more maternal and paternal monitoring were associated with fewer adolescent aggressive behavior problems only for adolescents in the High-Increasing Group. This result suggests that parental monitoring is a protective factor against adolescent aggressive behavior problems for subgroups of adolescents who may need it most and less impactful for other adolescents.

Conformity behavior in crises: evidence from the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

Once a mass health crisis breaks out, it causes concern among whole societies. Thus, understanding the individual's behavior in response to such events is key in government crisis management. From the perspective of social influence theory, this study adopts the empirical research method to collect data information in February 2020 through online survey, with a view to comprehensively describe the individuals'conformity behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. The individual's conformity behavior and new influencing factors were identified. The results revealed that affective risk perception, cognitive risk perception, and individual risk knowledge had a positive significant impact on normative influence. Affective risk perception and individual risk knowledge had a positive significant on informative influence. Cognitive risk perception did not significantly impact informative influence. Informative influence and normative influence had a positive effect on conformity behavior. These results have significant implications for the management behavior of the government.

The Association Between Smoking Behavior and the Risk of Hypertension: Review of the Observational and Genetic Evidence.

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the world's largest avoidable risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have investigated the association between smoking and hypertension (HTN). Although observational data and cross-sectional research often exhibit a link between smoking and HTN, establishing causation remains challenging owing to potential confounding variables. Mendelian randomization (MR), a genetic epidemiological technique that employs genetic variants as instrumental variables, offers a more robust approach for evaluating causal links. This review aimed to explore both the observational and causal relationships between smoking and the risk of HTN. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search across major electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies on smoking and HTN risk. Various characteristics were included during study selection, such as study design, exposure assessment, and age range. Standardized processes were used for data retrieval and quality evaluation. Results: Analysis of observational data revealed a paradoxical association between smoking and the risk of HTN, where a lower risk was observed among current smokers when compared to non-smokers. However, observational analysis also presented a dose-response effect with greater smoking intensity showed a modest linear increase in HTN risk, and older smoking initiation was associated with a slight increase in HTN risk (compared with younger). In contrast, MR-based causal estimates provide inconsistent evidence regarding the causal relationship between smoking behavior and HTN. Some MR analyses indicated a potential causal link between smoking and HTN; but this was not consistent. Conclusion: Observational studies suggest a paradoxical association between smoking and HTN. However, MR studies do not provide sufficient evidence to establish a causal relationship. Regardless, lifestyle variables remain crucial for overall health. Healthcare professionals should regularly assess smoking status and provide counseling for quitting. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying processes, identify mediators, and evaluate the interventions.

The Relationship Between Maternal Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Hyperactive Behavior in Preschool Children: The Moderating Effect of Family Parenting Support on Chain Mediation.

Purpose: The issue of excessive mobile phone use among mothers currently is growing increasingly significant due to the rapid growth of smartphones and other technological items. Given that women are the primary caregivers for preschool-aged children, it is imperative to thoroughly investigate the detrimental impacts of mothers' problematic mobile phone use on the hyperactive behaviors of their children, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Methods: In this study, 924 Chinese mothers and their children are surveyed. The study looks into the moderating effects of parenting support in this context as well as the chain mediating roles of mothers' parent-child interaction disorder and work-family conflict in the effects of mothers' problematic cell phone use on preschoolers' hyperactive behaviors. Analysis is conducted on the moderating impact of parental support in this as well. Results: The results find that boys have significantly higher levels of hyperactive behavior than girls; maternal problematic cell phone use significantly positively predicts preschoolers' hyperactive behavior; maternal problematic cell phone use could indirectly affect preschoolers' hyperactive behavior through the chain-mediated effects of work-family conflict and parent-child interaction disorder, and parenting support moderates the predictive effects of parent-child interaction disorder on preschoolers' hyperactive behavior. Conclusion: This study reveals potential ways in which mothers' problematic mobile phone use affects preschoolers' hyperactivity behaviors in the Chinese context. The findings provide a multidimensional (protective and risk factors) indication of how to reduce the impact of mothers' problematic mobile phone use on preschoolers' levels of hyperactivity behaviors, which would contribute to improving children's mental health. However, this is a cross-sectional study and other factors may also play an important role in this pathway.