Sex and gender in psychotrauma research.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is two to three times more common in women than in men. To better understand this phenomenon, we need to know why men, women, and possibly individuals with other sex/gender identities respond differently to trauma. To stimulate sex and gender sensitive research, the European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) was the first journal to adopt a gender policy. In addition, a call for papers entitled Integrating and Evaluating Sex and Gender in Psychotrauma Research was announced.Objective: This special issue synthesizes the past five years of psychotrauma research with regard to sex/gender differences.Method: Seventy-seven articles were identified from EJPT archives, including five systematic reviews. These articles examined sex differences and/or gender differences in exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress responses, or how sex and gender impacts (mental) health outcomes or treatment responses.Results: Findings from these studies outlined that: 1. sex and gender still need to be more clearly defined, also in relation to the context that codetermine trauma responses, like other 'diversity' variables; 2. in most studies, sex and gender are measured or reported as binary variables; 3. sex and gender are important variables when examining trauma exposure, responses to these events, symptoms trajectories, and mental and physical health outcomes across the life span; and 4. in PTSD treatment studies, including a meta-analysis and a systematic review, sex and gender were not significant predictors of treatment outcome.Conclusion: Future research must focus on sex and gender as important and distinct variables; they should include sex and gender in their statistical analyses plan to better clarify associations between these variables and (responses to) psychotrauma. To enhance reporting of comparable data across studies, we provide suggestions for future research, including how to assess sex and gender.

Sex and gender are increasingly introduced as important and distinct variables in the field of psychotrauma, but there is a need to move beyond the binary conceptualization.Concrete suggestions on how to assess sex and gender are provided.Sex and gender both influence the rates of specific types of traumatic events, responses to these events, longitudinal symptoms trajectories, and mental and physical health outcomes across the life span.Sex and gender may play a minor role in the effectiveness of psychological treatments for PTSD.

Gender Differences in Physical Performance and Psychological Assessment Among Cuban National Athletics Team / Diferencias de género en el rendimiento físico y la evaluación psicológica en el equipo nacional de atletismo cubano / Diferenças de gênero no desempenho físico e avaliação psicológica entre a equipe nacional de atletismo de Cuba

Abstract Introduction: Elite sports pose potential health risks, but are vital to the well-being of society. In Cuban society, sport is an integral part of personal development and public health, fostering unity and promoting female participation for sustainable growth. Athletics is one of the most important sports in Cuban sport, and should be approached both from the point of view of sports training and sports psychology. Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a description of conditional variables in a countermovement jump (CMJ), mood profile, self-efficacy, and the leg-hip height index among athletes from the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team, differentiated by gender. Methods: Our sample consisted of the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team. Results: Mood profile analysis using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) did not reveal significant gender differences, with a small effect size for gender. Men showed a slightly greater trend towards vigor compared to women. Significant differences in self-efficacy were observed between men and women in their confidence levels to achieve jump heights between 21 and 40 cm using the CMJ. However, no significant differences were found for jumps exceeding 40 cm, highlighting the importance of strategies to enhance athletes' psychological needs and self-efficacy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the association between tension-related anxiety and performance indicators related to jump height may play a crucial role in determining specific profiles in male and female Cuban athletes. Our comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding gender differences in performance factors. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and athlete development strategies.

Resumen Introducción: Los deportes de élite plantean riesgos potenciales para la salud, pero son vitales para el bienestar de la sociedad. En la sociedad cubana, el deporte forma parte integral del desarrollo personal y la salud pública, fomentando la unidad y promoviendo la participación femenina, para un crecimiento sostenible. El atletismo es uno de los deportes más importantes en el deporte cubano, y debe ser abordado tanto, desde el punto de vista del entrenamiento deportivo, como desde la psicología deportiva. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción de las variables condicionales en un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ, por sus siglas en inglés), el perfil anímico, la autoeficacia y el índice de altura pierna-cadera en atletas de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo, diferenciados por sexo. Materiales y métodos: Nuestra muestra estuvo constituida por la preselección nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: El análisis del perfil del estado de ánimo mediante el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) no reveló diferencias significativas entre sexos, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño para el sexo. Los hombres mostraron una tendencia ligeramente mayor hacia el vigor, en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia entre hombres y mujeres, en sus niveles de confianza para alcanzar alturas de salto de entre 21 y 40 cm utilizando el CMJ. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas para los saltos superiores a 40 cm, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de las estrategias para mejorar las necesidades psicológicas y la autoeficacia de los atletas. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que, la asociación entre la ansiedad, relacionada con la tensión y los indicadores de rendimiento, vinculados con la altura del salto, pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la determinación de perfiles específicos, en atletas cubanos, de ambos sexos. Nuestro análisis exhaustivo contribuye a comprender las diferencias de género en los factores de rendimiento. Estos hallazgos proporcionan valiosos conocimientos para futuras investigaciones y estrategias de desarrollo en atletas.

Resumo Introdução: Os desportos de elite apresentam riscos potenciais para a saúde, mas são vitais para o bem-estar da sociedade. Na sociedade cubana, o desporto é parte integrante do desenvolvimento pessoal e da saúde pública, fomentando a unidade e promovendo a participação feminina para um crescimento sustentável. O atletismo é uma das modalidades mais importantes do desporto cubano e deve ser abordado tanto do ponto de vista do treino desportivo como da psicologia desportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma descrição das variáveis condicionais em um salto com movimento (CMJ, sigla em inglês), perfil de humor, autoeficácia e o índice de altura da perna-quadril entre atletas da equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba, diferenciados por gênero. Métodos: Nossa amostra consistiu na equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: A análise do perfil de humor usando o Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS) não revelou diferenças significativas de gênero, com um pequeno efeito de tamanho para o gênero. Os homens mostraram uma tendência ligeiramente maior para o vigor em comparação com as mulheres. Diferenças significativas na autoeficácia foram observadas entre homens e mulheres em seus níveis de confiança para alcançar alturas de salto entre 21 e 40 cm usando o CMJ. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para saltos superiores a 40 cm, destacando a importância de estratégias para aprimorar as necessidades psicológicas e a autoeficácia dos atletas. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere que a associação entre ansiedade relacionada à tensão e indicadores de desempenho relacionados à altura do salto pode desempenhar um papel crucial na determinação de perfis específicos em atletas cubanos do sexo masculino e feminino. Nossa análise abrangente contribui para entender as diferenças de gênero nos fatores de desempenho. Esses achados fornecem insights valiosos para futuras pesquisas e estratégias de desenvolvimento de atletas.

Long COVID: Factors influencing persistent symptoms and the impact of gender.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence as well as clinical and epidemiological features of persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19, focusing on gender-specific differences in a primary care setting. METHODS: A total of 1542 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. The study population comprised 55.77% females (mean age: 45.04 years). Risk factors for persistent COVID-19 were analyzed, revealing disparities between men and women. Symptom clusters and their prevalence were assessed over time, along with functional status using the post-COVID-19 functional status scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of persistent COVID-19 was 12.38%, with females exhibiting a 1.5 times higher risk. Females displayed a higher number of visits and persistent symptoms at 90 days, decreasing after one year. Symptom clusters varied between genders, with females experiencing more dermatological issues. Functional status analysis revealed that females had a better pre-infection status, similar status to males at 90 days, and improved status at 180-, 270-, and 365-days post-infection. Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between persistence, gender, hospitalization, radiological abnormalities, age, and immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the prevalence and clinical characteristics of persistent COVID-19 in a primary care population. Females exhibited a higher risk of persistent symptoms and displayed distinct patterns in symptom clusters and functional status compared to males. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the long-term effects of COVID-19 and highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations in post-acute care.

Anxiety, emotions and threat perception in COVID-19 context: differences between Spanish teachers and students

Introduction: Our study compares the emotional impact of the first month of the lockdown on teachers and students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, focusing on the variables of generalized anxiety, emotions, and perceived threat. Method: A non experimental design was applied, the sample consists of 452 participants (teachers = 188, young adult students = 264. Correlation analyses, a between-group design and effect size were carried out. Results: The results indicated that in crises or emergencies such as COVID-19, teachers and students have different emotional reactions. Students showed more generalized anxiety symptoms, more negative emotions, and fewer positive emotions. Teachers showed a higher degree of existential anxiety. Conclusion: Specific action plans should be developed for teachers and students. In addition, educational policies and teacher training programs should take the gender perspective into account when studying and planning a resilient educational system.

Introducción: Nuestro estudio compara el impacto emocional, entre profesores y estudiantes, durante el primer mes de cuarentena en España debido a la COVID-19, centrándonos en la ansiedad generalizada, emociones y percepción de amenaza. Método: Se aplicó un diseño no experimental, donde participaron 452 personas (profesores = 188, estudiantes adultos jóvenes = 264). Se realizaron análisis de correlación, diseños entre-grupos y tamaño del efecto. Resultados: Los resultados indican que durante crisis o emergencias como la COVID-19, los profesores y estudiantes tienen diferentes reacciones emocionales. Los estudiantes mostraron mayores síntomas de ansiedad generalizada, más emociones negativas y menos emociones positivas. Los profesores mostraron tener un alto grado de ansiedad existencial. Conclusión: Planes de acción específica deberían desarrollarse por separado para profesores y estudiantes. Además, las políticas educativas y los programas de formación de profesorado, deberían tener una perspectiva de género al estudiar y planificar un sistema educativo resiliente.

Experiencing racial discrimination increases vulnerability to PTSD after trauma via peritraumatic dissociation.

Background: Racial discrimination is a traumatic stressor that increases the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but mechanisms to explain this relationship remain unclear. Peritraumatic dissociation, the complex process of disorientation, depersonalization, and derealization during a trauma, has been a consistent predictor of PTSD. Experiences of frequent racial discrimination may increase the propensity for peritraumatic dissociation in the context of new traumatic experiences and contribute to PTSD symptoms. However, the role of peritraumatic dissociation in the relationship between experiences of discrimination and PTSD has not been specifically explored.Objective: The current study investigated the role of peritraumatic dissociation in the impact of racial discrimination on PTSD symptoms after a traumatic injury, and the moderating role of gender.Method: One hundred and thirteen Black/African American individuals were recruited from the Emergency Department at a Level I Trauma Center. Two weeks after the trauma, participants self-reported their experiences with racial discrimination and peritraumatic dissociation. At the six-month follow-up appointment, individuals underwent a clinical assessment of their PTSD symptoms.Results: Results of longitudinal mediation analyses showed that peritraumatic dissociation significantly mediated the effect of racial discrimination on PTSD symptoms, after controlling for age and lifetime trauma exposure. A secondary analysis was conducted to examine the moderating role of gender. Gender was not a significant moderator in the model.Conclusions: Findings show that racial discrimination functions as a stressor that impacts how individuals respond to other traumatic events. The novel results suggest a mechanism that explains the relationship between racial discrimination and PTSD symptoms. These findings highlight the need for community spaces where Black Americans can process racial trauma and reduce the propensity to detach from daily, painful realities. Results also show that clinical intervention post-trauma must consider Black Americans' experiences with racial discrimination.

Peritraumatic dissociation operates as a mechanism through which racial discrimination predicts posttraumatic symptoms in an adult trauma sample.Racial discrimination functions as a stressor that increases the risk for trauma-related symptoms.The lived experiences of Black Americans elicit the use of emotional detachment strategies that may mitigate effects of racial discrimination but increase the risk for peritraumatic dissociation.

The association between social support and self-rated health in midlife: are men more affected than women? / Associação entre suporte social e autoavaliação de saúde na meia-idade: seriam os homens mais afetados que as mulheres? / La asociación entre el apoyo social y la autoevaluación de salud en la mediana edad: ¿se afectan los hombres más que las mujeres?

Abstract: Social support from family and friends is recognized as an important social determinant of health, given its protective effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being. While most studies have focused on older adults, investigating midlife health is equally crucial since middle-aged individuals are also susceptible to the harmful health outcomes of inadequate social support from friends and family. This study contributes to the debate by examining whether social support is associated with self-rated health among middle-aged Brazilian adults and how this relationship varies between men and women. Using data from the nationwide Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, logistic regression models were employed to assess differences in self-rated health, accounting for confounding factors. The sample comprised 31,926 middle-aged adults, of which 52.5% were women. The overall prevalence of poor self-rated health was 40.7%, with a significant difference between men and women. Results from this study suggest that having no friends or family members to rely on, both during good and challenging times, was associated with poorer self-rated health. However, the strength of this association differs by gender, with social support from friends playing a more critical role in women's self-rated health. On the other hand, family support was associated with male self-rated health, particularly for men with three or more family members they can rely on. Future studies should consider cultural and contextual factors to better understand other dimensions of social support and its association with midlife health.

Resumo: O suporte social de familiares e amigos é reconhecido como um importante determinante social da saúde com base em seus efeitos protetores sobre o bem-estar físico e mental dos indivíduos. Embora a maioria das pesquisas tenha se concentrado em adultos mais velhos, investigar a saúde na meia-idade é igualmente crucial, já que estes indivíduos também são suscetíveis aos resultados prejudiciais à saúde decorrentes do suporte social inadequado de amigos e familiares. Este estudo contribui para o debate ao examinar se o suporte social está associado à autoavaliação da saúde entre adultos brasileiros de meia-idade e como essa relação varia entre homens e mulheres. Usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2019, modelos de regressão logística foram empregados para avaliar diferenças na autoavaliação da saúde, contabilizando fatores de confusão. A amostra foi composta por 31.926 adultos de meia-idade, dos quais 52,5% eram mulheres. A prevalência geral de autoavaliação de saúde ruim foi de 40,7%, com diferença significativa entre homens e mulheres. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que não ter amigos ou familiares com quem contar em momentos bons ou desafiadores esteve associado à pior autopercepção de saúde. No entanto, a força dessa associação difere de acordo com o gênero, sendo que o suporte social de amigos desempenha um papel mais importante na autoavaliação da saúde das mulheres do que na dos homens. Por outro lado, o apoio familiar esteve associado à autoavaliação da saúde masculina, particularmente para homens com três ou mais membros da família com quem podem contar. Estudos futuros devem considerar fatores culturais e contextuais para compreender melhor outras dimensões do suporte social e sua associação com a saúde na meia-idade.

Resumen: El apoyo social de la familia y de amigos se reconoce como un importante determinante social de salud basado en sus efectos protectores sobre el bienestar físico y mental de los individuos. Aunque la mayoría de las investigaciones se ha centrado en adultos mayores, investigar la salud en la mediana edad también es esencial, una vez que estos individuos también son susceptibles a los resultados perjudiciales para la salud resultantes de un apoyo social inadecuado de amigos e de la familia. Este estudio contribuye al debate al investigar si el apoyo social está asociado con la autoevaluación de salud entre adultos brasileños de mediana edad y cómo esa relación varía entre hombre y mujeres. Usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud realizada en 2019, se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para evaluar diferencias en la autoevaluación de salud, contabilizando factores de confusión. La muestra se compuso de 31.926 adultos de mediana edad, de los cuales el 52,5% eran mujeres. La prevalencia general de autoevaluación de mala salud fue del 40,7%, con diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que no tener amigos o familiares en los que confiar en buenos o malos momentos se asoció con la peor autopercepción de salud. Sin embargo, la fuerza de esa asociación es diferente según el género, ya que el apoyo social de amigos es más importante en la autoevaluación de salud de las mujeres que en la autoevaluación de los hombres. Por otro lado, el apoyo familiar se asoció con la autoevaluación de la salud masculina, particularmente para hombres que tenían tres o más personas de la familia en los que confiar. Estudios futuros deben tener en cuenta factores culturales y contextuales para mejor comprender otras dimensiones del apoyo social y su asociación con la salud en la mediana edad.

Feminidades y masculinidades relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas en Sonora, México / Femininities and masculinities related to drug trafficking in Sonora, Mexico / Femininidades e masculinidades relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas em Sonora, México

Este estudio busca describir elementos de masculinidad y feminidad relacionados en el ingreso y el accionar en una actividad delictiva de alto impacto: el tráfico de drogas. Respetando una metodología cualitativa, se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada a un grupo de personas que se dedicaron al tráfico de drogas en el estado de Sonora, México, dos mujeres y siete hombres, para explorar elementos de feminidad y masculinidad relacionados con el ingreso al tráfico de drogas en cuatro dimensiones: poder, economía, estética y cuerpo. Se muestra que los analizados buscan en el tráfico cumplir con modelos impuestos socialmente en función de su género; existen también diferenciaciones que sugieren una revalorización en sus maneras de ejercer el poder, sus metas económicas y el uso del cuerpo para obtener cuotas de poder.

This study seeks to describe elements of masculinity and femininity related to entering and acting in a high-impact criminal activity: drug trafficking. Following a qualitative methodology, a semi-structured interview was used with a group of people involved in drug trafficking in the state of Sonora, Mexico, two women and seven men, to explore elements of femininity and masculinity related to entering drug tra-fficking in four dimensions: power, economy, aesthetics and body. It is shown that those analyzed seek in trafficking to comply with socially imposed models based on their gender; there are also differentiations that suggest a revaluation in their ways of exercising power, their economic goals and the use of the body to obtain power quotas.

Este estudo procura descrever elementos de masculinidade e feminilidade relacionados à entrada e operação em uma atividade criminosa de alto impacto: o tráfico de drogas. Seguindo uma metodologia qualitativa, foi utilizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada com um grupo de pessoas envolvidas no tráfico de drogas no estado de Sonora, México, duas mulheres e sete homens, para explorar elementos de feminilidade e masculinidade relacionados ao ingresso no tráfico de drogas em quatro dimensões: poder, economia, estética e corpo. Mostra-se que os analisados procuram no tráfico cumprir modelos socialmente impostos com base em seu gênero; há também diferenciações que sugerem uma revalorização em suas formas de exercer o poder, seus objetivos econômicos e o uso do órgão para obter cotas de poder.

Representaciones de la paternidad para universitarias/os sin hijas/os de Valdivia, Chile / Representations of paternity among childless university students in Valdivia, Chile / Representações de paternidade para universitários sem filhos de Valdivia, Chile

Resumen (analítico) La corresponsabilidad de los hombres en el trabajo de cuidados es una temática relevante en los estudios feministas y de masculinidades, pues una paternidad activa contribuye a la igualdad de género. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las representaciones sobre la paternidad entre estudiantes universitarias/os. La metodología fue cualitativa, con entrevistas semiestructuradas a nueve hombres y nueve mujeres de diferentes carreras. Entre los principales resultados están que la paternidad aún se encuentra en un proceso de cambio sociocultural de representaciones relacionadas con la reproducción y el vínculo con las/os hijas/os. Permanecen representaciones que relevan la proveeduría económica mixturándose con la creciente demanda de cercanía emocional; y la trascendencia al procrear se combina con cuestionamientos sobre la paternidad como eje de la identidad masculina y del proyecto de vida de hombres.

Abstract (analytical) Men's coresponsibility in the area of childcare is an important issue in both feminist studies and studies of masculinity as active paternity contributes to gender equality. The objective of this study was to describe representations of paternity among university students. The methodology was qualitative, with semistructured interviews of 9 male and 9 female students from different degrees. One of the main findings was that representations of paternity are still undergoing a process of sociocultural change related to views of reproduction and the formation of bonds with children. Representations still persist that focus on the provision of economic support mixed with the growing demand for emotional closeness. The significance of procreation is combined with questioning as to whether paternity should be seen as a fundamental component of masculine identity and men's life projects.

Resumo (analítico) A corresponsabilização do homem no trabalho do cuidado é uma questão relevante nos estudos feministas e de masculinidade, uma vez que a paternidade ativa contribui para a igualdade de gênero. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as representações sobre a paternidade entre estudantes universitários. A metodologia foi qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas com 9 homens e 9 mulheres de diferentes carreiras. Entre os principais resultados estão que a paternidade ainda está em processo de mudança sociocultural das representações relacionadas à reprodução e ao vínculo com os filhos. Permanecem representações que revelam a oferta econômica mesclada com a crescente demanda por proximidade emocional; e a transcendência da procriação se alia às questões sobre a paternidade como eixo da identidade masculina e do projeto de vida dos homens.

The effect of occupation on the incidence of vascular dementia: A 12-year follow-up cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular dementia (DV) is the second cause of dementia with 15.8-20% of cases. Previous studies of the effect of occupation in DV do not show conclusive results, therefore, the objective was to analyze if the type of occupation can vary the risk of developing DV in those older than 55 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the ZARADEMP project, a community sample of 4,803 individuals were followed longitudinally in four waves. The occupation was classified following the National Classification of Occupations (CNO-11) and the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). Different standardized instruments were used: the medical and psychiatric histories (History and Aetiology Schedule) and other risk factors (Mini-Mental Status Examination, Geriatric Mental State-AGECAT). For this study, we calculated incidence rates, incidence rate ratios and hazard ratios in multivariate Cox regression models, stratified by gender. For this study, we included 3,883 participants. RESULTS: In women, the risk of DV was doubled in Blue-collar workers, with a moderate effect (Cohen's d=0.54) and multiplying by 2.7 in Homeworks respect to White Collar with a moderate effect (Cohen's d=0.77), although they did not reach statistical significance. We did not observe the effect of occupation on the risk of DV in men. CONCLUSIONS: We have found a moderate but non-significant effect between occupation and DV risk in women. We found no effect of occupation on the risk of VD in males while other clinical factors (age, diabetes or body mass index) presented a clearer effect than the occupation.

Diferencias de género en estudios experimentales de distribución de recursos con participación de niños / Gender Differences in Experimental Studies of Resource Allocation with Children's Participation

Resumen El artículo se encarga de mostrar que los trabajos experimentales que tienen por objeto examinar principios de justicia distributiva en niños pueden ser leídos desde su relación con la variable demográfica género. Al efectuar esta lectura crítica desde una revisión temática se hace posible observar que los estudios, en términos generales, muestran hallazgos en tres direcciones: inexistencia de diferencias de género; diferencias no significativas y diferencias significativas. Estos resultados, sin embargo, se hallan directamente relacionados tanto con las edades de los participantes como con especificidades metodológicas de la experimentación. Con el objeto de dar cuenta de estos aspectos, el texto se ha dividido en tres partes: estudios de primera persona, trabajos de tercera persona y comparaciones culturales.

Abstract The article shows that experimental studies that aim to examine principles of distributive justice in children can be read from their relationship with the demographic variable gender. By making this critical reading from a thematic review, it is possible to observe that the studies, in general terms, show findings in three directions: no gender differences; non-significant differences; and significant differences. These results, however, are directly related both to participants' age and methodological specificities of the experimentation. In order to account for these aspects, the text is divided into three parts: first-person studies, third-person work, and cultural comparisons.

Violencia estructural, mujeres y conductas disruptivas en San Luis Potosí, México / Structural violence, women and disruptive behaviors in San Luis Potosi, Mexico / Violência estrutural, mulheres e comportamentos perturbadores em San Luis Potosí, México

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la violencia estructural en la que se desarrollan las conductas disruptivas enfatizando el contexto en el que se genera el aprendizaje social de las mismas, la forma en que se construye la sociedad favoreciendo el ejercicio y prácticas de violencia que afectan a la mujer y a las personas que se desenvuelven en México. Método: 489 personas contestaron la Escala de Conductas Disruptivas en adultos; 21 de las mujeres que alguna vez fueron detenidas. Resultados: se encontró un tamaño del efecto alto en conductas disruptivas en aquellas personas que se juntaron con pandillas, el doble de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en hombres en contraste con mujeres, así como mayores conductas disruptivas en quienes consumen sustancias ilegales o alcohol, también, el consumo de drogas y alcohol, así como la violencia vivida en la infancia presentan diferencias significativas en mujeres que han sido detenidas y aquellas que no. Discusión: los modelos de socialización, la violencia directa y estructural y la cultura de la violencia aterrizada en el contexto social mexicano generan que tanto hombres como mujeres delincan; la generación de políticas públicas y el desafío a los roles de género tradicionales pueden ser elementos protectores.

The objective of this research was to describe the structural violence in which disruptive behaviors are developed, emphasizing the context in which the social learning of these behaviors is generated, the way in which society is constructed favoring the exercise and practices of violence that affect women and people in Mexico. Method: 489 people answered the Scale of Disruptive Behavior in Adults; 21 of the women who had ever been arrested. Results: we found a high effect size in disruptive behaviors in those who joined gangs, twice the consumption of psychoactive substances in men in contrast to women, as well as greater disruptive behaviors in those who consume illegal substances or alcohol, also, the consumption of drugs and alcohol, as well as violence experienced in childhood show significant differences in women who have been arrested and those who have not. Discussion: socialization models, direct and structural violence and the culture of violence in the Mexican social context cause both men and women to commit crimes; the generation of public policies and the challenge to traditional gender roles may be protective elements.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever a violência estrutural na qual os comportamentos perturbadores são desenvolvidos, enfatizando o contexto no qual o aprendizado social destes comportamentos é gerado, a forma como a sociedade é construída favorecendo o exercício e as práticas de violência que afetam as mulheres e as pessoas no México. Método: 489 pessoas responderam à Escala de Comportamentos Perturbadores em Adultos; 21 das mulheres já haviam sido presas. Resultados: encontramos um tamanho de efeito elevado para comportamentos perturbadores naqueles que aderiram a gangues, o dobro do uso de substâncias psicoativas em homens do que em mulheres, assim como comportamentos mais perturbadores naqueles que usam substâncias ilegais ou álcool, também, o uso de drogas e álcool, assim como a violência experimentada na infância mostram diferenças significativas nas mulheres que foram presas e naquelas que não o foram. Discussão: modelos de socialização, violência direta e estrutural e a cultura da violência no contexto social mexicano levam homens e mulheres a cometer crimes; a geração de políticas públicas e o desafio aos papéis tradicionais de gênero podem ser elementos protetores.

Control penal y género. ¡Baracunátana!: una elegía al poder sobre la rebeldía femenina / Penal control and gender: Baracunátana: an elegy to power on female rebellion / Baracunátana!: uma elegia ao poder sobre a rebeldia femenina

Este artículo se centra en la letra de la canción popular titulada "Baracunátana" para describir y analizar la cultura machista en las relaciones de género. La historia narrada en la canción, con su entramado machista, a un nivel microsocial, es el punto de partida de una exploración sobre los conflictos de género. A continuación, el artículo examina las consecuencias macrosociales de la cultura machista y, en especial, su influencia en la violencia de género. Esas problemáticas, micro y macro, son las bases para emprender una revisión crítica de las principales políticas y acciones de control penal desarrolladas para combatir la violencia en las relaciones de género en el sistema jurídico colombiano. Como resultado, se identifican varios nodos críticos que neutralizan e impiden un manejo adecuado de este tipo ascendente de violencia. Esto permite demostrar que las políticas en materia penal han derivado, con preocupante ineficacia, pese al sensacionalismo y la algarabía política que hacen, en un inoficioso populismo penal. En contraposición, el artículo propone dar prioridad al desarrollo de políticas sociales contra el machismo, cuyo objetivo sería afectar las disposiciones de poder, porque el problema de Baracunátana no es de amor, ni de celos, es una cuestión de poder.

This article focuses on the lyrics of the popular song "Baracunátana" to describe and analyze the machista culture in gender relations. The story narrated in the song, with its machista framework, at a micro-social level, is the starting point for an exploration of gender conflicts. The article then examines the macro-social consequences of macho culture and, in particular, its influence on gender violence. These micro and macro issues are the basis for a critical review of the main policies and criminal control actions developed to combat violence in gender relations in the Colombian legal system. As a result, several critical nodes are identified that neutralize and impede an adequate management of this ascending type of violence. This allows demonstrating that criminal policies have derived, with worrying ineffectiveness, despite the sensationalism and political hullabaloo they make, in an ineffective criminal populism. In contrast, the article proposes to give priority to the development of social policies against machismo, whose objective would be to affect the dispositions of power, because the problem of Baracunátana is not one of love or jealousy, it is a question of power.

Este artigo enfoca a letra da canção popular "Baracunátana" para descrever e analisar a cultura machista nas relações de gênero. A história contada na canção, com sua estrutura machista, em nível micro-social, é o ponto de partida para uma exploração dos conflitos de gênero. O artigo examina então as conseqüências macro-sociais da cultura machista e, em particular, sua influência sobre a violência baseada no gênero. Essas questões micro e macro são a base para uma revisão crítica das principais políticas e ações de controle penal desenvolvidas para combater a violência nas relações de gênero no sistema jurídico colombiano. Como resultado, são identificados vários nós críticos que neutralizam e impedem uma gestão adequada deste tipo de violência. Isto torna possível demonstrar que as políticas de justiça criminal se tornaram, com preocupante ineficácia, apesar do sensacionalismo e do alarido político que geram, um populismo criminoso ineficaz. Em contraste, o artigo propõe dar prioridade ao desenvolvimento de políticas sociais contra o machismo, cujo objetivo seria afetar as disposições de poder, pois o problema de Baracunátana não é de amor ou ciúme, é uma questão de poder.

Diferencias de género en adolescentes de 14 a 19 años en Área de Salud Federico Capdevila / Gender Differences in Adolescents Aged 14-19 Years from Federico Capdevila Health Area

Introducción: Las desigualdades relacionadas con el género se expresan en los adolescentes a partir de la influencia que ejercen los patrones sociales junto a las diferencias biológicas de cada sexo. Objetivo: Identificar las desigualdades de género presentes en los adolescentes de 14 a 19 años y las desigualdades de género que son necesarias y posibles de disminuir. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en el Área de Salud Federico Capdevila, municipio Boyeros en el 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por 2667 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años. Se seleccionó una muestra de 149 adolescentes de cada sexo mediante un diseño por conglomerados, a la que se le aplicó una entrevista para la recogida de información que se resumió en números y porcientos. Las diferencias entre los sexos se constataron a partir de las pruebas de hipótesis de homogeneidad y comparación de dos proporciones con una significación de 0,05 y el índice de paridad de género. Para identificar las que eran modificables e importantes se aplicó una técnica de priorización que se complementó con preguntas abiertas. Resultados: Los aspectos de vida que más aportaron diferencias de género fueron los estilos de vida, actividades diarias que se realizan en el hogar, educación sexual y características propias de la personalidad. La realización de las tareas del hogar fue el aspecto de la vida que era modificable. Conclusiones: Los jóvenes reproducen modos de actuación no saludables que son susceptibles de modificación con acciones de salud que conlleven la participación comunitaria(AU)

Introduction: Gender-related inequalities are expressed in adolescents upon the base of the influence exerted by social patterns together with the biological differences of each sex. Objective: To identify the gender inequalities present in adolescents between fourteen and nineteen years of age, as well as those necessary and possible to be reduced. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in Federico Capdevila health area, Boyeros Municipality, in 2018. The universe consisted of 2667 adolescents aged 14-19 years. A sample of 149 adolescents of each sex was selected through cluster design, to which an interview was applied in order to collect information that was summarized in numbers and percentages. The differences between the sexes were verified through the Homogeneity and Comparison of Two Proportions hypothesis tests, with a significance of 0.05, and the Gender Parity Index. To identify those modifiable and significant, a prioritization technique was applied, complemented with open questions. Results: The aspects of life that contributed the most gender differences were life styles, daily activities carried out at home, sexual education and personality traits. Carrying out household chores was the aspect of life that was modifiable. Conclusions: Young people reproduce unhealthy ways of acting that are susceptible to modification with health actions that involve community participation(AU)

Uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre os erros de percepção sexual / An integrative review of the literature on sexual perception errors / Una revisión bibliográfica integradora sobre errores de percepción sexual

(AU)A Psicologia tem buscado compreender como ocorrem os processos de interesse e percepção sexual, contudo essa área ainda carece de estudos. Buscando compreender o estado da arte da área dos erros de percepção sexual, esta pesquisa realizou uma revisão integrativa da literatura utilizando o termo "sexual misperception" obtido do APA Thesaurus. Foram pesquisadas as bases PsycNet, Pubmed, Web of Science™, Lilacs, Wiley e Sage Journals. Foram obtidos, ao final dos processos de inclusão e exclusão, 19 artigos. Foi observada uma concentração das pesquisas nos Estados Unidos, com foco nas diferenças de gênero na percepção sexual. Outras variáveis investigadas estavam relacionadas ao consumo de álcool e comportamentos violentos. Os resultados apontam para poucas pesquisas realizadas nos contextos concretos e com elevada utilização de amostras WEIRD (ocidentais, com alto grau de alto escolaridade, de sociedades industrializadas, ricas e democráticas), as quais devem inspirar estudos em outras realidades. (AU)

Psychology tries to understand how the processes of sexual interest and perception occur however this area still needs further investigation. Focusing on understanding the state of the art in the field of ​​sexual perception errors, we carried out a systematic review of the literature using the term sexual misperception obtained from the APA Thesaurus. We reviewed the following databases; PsycNET, PubMed, Web of Science, Lilacs, Wiley, and Sage Journals. After the inclusion and exclusion processes, we obtained 19 articles. Most studies were performed in the United States, with a focus on gender differences in sexual perception. Other variables investigated were alcohol consumption and violent behavior. We identified a small number of studies carried out in real contexts, using exclusively WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) samples, which should inspire studies in other realities. (AU)

La psicología ha buscado comprender cómo ocurren los procesos de interés y percepción sexual, sin embargo, esta área aún carece de estudios. Buscando comprender el estado del arte en el campo de los errores de percepción sexual, esta investigación llevó a cabo una revisión integradora de la literatura, utilizando el término sexual misperception obtenido del APA Thesauros. Se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos: PsycNet, Pubmed, Web of Science ™, Lilacs, Wiley y Sage Journals. Al finalizar los procesos de inclusión y exclusión, se obtuvieron 19 artículos. Se observó una concentración de investigación en los Estados Unidos con enfoque en las diferencias de género en la percepción sexual. Otras variables investigadas fueron el consumo de alcohol y el comportamiento violento. Se identificó un pequeño número de investigaciones realizadas en contextos reales y con alto uso de muestras WEIRD (occidentales, con alto grado de educación, sociedades industrializadas, ricas y democráticas), que deberían inspirar estudios en otras realidades. (AU)

Gender differences on the WAIS-IV in patients with schizophrenia / Diferencias de género en la WAIS-IV en pacientes con esquizofrenia

Abstract Introduction Results from studies that have investigated gender differences in neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia have been inconsistent. Differences in the illness stage, in the demographic and clinical characteristics of the samples, and the instruments used to measure cognition may have contributed to the heterogeneity in the results. Objective Investigate the heterogeneity in the results comparing cognitive functioning in chronically ill male and female patients with schizophrenia. Method Twenty-five women and twenty-five men chronically ill patients with schizophrenia matched on age, age at illness onset, and years of education were evaluated in cognitive functioning using the WAIS-IV. Results Men showed higher scores than women on the two global measures, on the perceptual reasoning and working memory indices, and on the information, visual puzzles, digit span, and arithmetic subtests of the WAIS-IV. Cohen's d effect sizes were high for the two global measures and the two indices (d > .68). Discussion and conclusion Overall, in chronically stable patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, women's performance on cognitive functioning was below men's when assessed with the WAIS-IV, except in the case of processing speed. This pattern of gender differences is similar to the pattern observed in healthy populations. Our results can help to clarify the heterogeneity in the results from studies on gender differences in cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and may be valuable in designing cognitive-targeted interventions for schizophrenia.

Resumen Introducción Los resultados de los estudios que han investigado diferencias de género en funcionamiento neuropsicológico en la esquizofrenia han sido inconsistentes. Diferencias en la fase de la enfermedad, en las características demográficas y clínicas de las muestras y en los instrumentos utilizados podrían explicar esa heterogeneidad. Objetivo Investigar la heterogeneidad en los resultados comparando el funcionamiento cognitivo de pacientes con diagnostico de esquizofrenia. Método Veinticinco mujeres y veinticinco hombres pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia equiparados en edad, edad al inicio de la enfermedad y nivel educativo se evaluaron en funcionamiento cognitivo utilizando la WAIS-IV. Resultados Los hombres mostraron puntuaciones más altas que las mujeres en las dos medidas globales, en los índices de razonamiento perceptivo y de memoria de trabajo y en las subtests de la WAIS-IV de información, puzles visuales, amplitud de dígitos y aritmética. Los tamaños de efecto d de Cohen fueron altos en las dos medidas globales y en los dos índices (d > .68). Discusión y conclusión En conjunto, la ejecución de las mujeres en funcionamiento cognitivo está por debajo de la de los hombres cuando se mide con la WAIS-IV, excepto en el caso de la velocidad de procesamiento. Este patrón de diferencias de género es similar al patrón observado en población sana. Nuestros resultados pueden ayudar a clarificar la heterogeneidad de resultados en los estudios sobre diferencias de género en el funcionamiento cognitivo en la esquizofrenia y podrían ser útiles en el diseño de intervenciones centradas en la cognición.

[Personal support networks and informal care: differences by sex and place? (CUIDAR-SE II study)]. / Redes personales de apoyo y cuidado informal: ¿diferencias por sexo y territorio? (estudio CUIDAR-SE II).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the composition and functionality of social support of personal networks of caregivers of Granada and Gipuzkoa (Spain) according to sex and province. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with personal network analysis methodology. A sample of 66 caregivers segmented by sex in each province was selected. We collected variables of composition, functional and relational content in social support of 1,650 personal relationships of the networks studied. The EgoNet software was used for the collection, analysis and graphic representation of the networks. The association of the characteristics of the network with sex (of the caregivers and those who make up their networks) was measured, using Chi-square. The links within the networks were analyzed. RESULTS: The networks of caregivers in Granada are more feminized than those in Gipuzkoa. The women of Gipuzkoa have less familiar networks than those of Granada and with a greater number of relationships among the people who support them. They also have more support from men than women in all the tasks analyzed, except in attention to the disease. In both provinces, male caregivers show in their networks more women who help in specific care tasks than men. Only in activities outside the home in Granada there are more men who help than women (76.1% vs. 57%; p=0.026). CONCLUSION: Gender differences between provinces can be seen in the composition of the networks and in the way in which men and women receive and offer support in care.

Child abuse, gender differences and their clinical and criminological implications in incarcerated individuals. / Maltrato infantil, diferencias de género y sus implicaciones clínicas y criminológicas en personas privadas de su libertad.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies show high rates of childhood traumatic events in subjects incarcerated in prison institutions. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and gender differences of different types of childhood adverse experiences and their correlation with psychopathological and criminological variables in incarcerated individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An epidemiological, descriptive-observational study was conducted in two psychiatric prisons located in Argentina and 84 subjects of both sexes participated. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used, the SCID I and II scales and the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire. RESULTS: 91.7% of the participants had suffered some adverse experience in childhood. A high rate of physical (63%) and emotional abuse (61%) was detected. We found gender differences in the type of child abuse and the crimes committed. Significant relationships were found between some childhood adverse events and psychiatric disorders, crimes committed and recidivism. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with other studies, there was a high prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated individuals and significant gender differences in the type of child abuse, in psychiatric disorders, in the crimes committed and recidivism.

Maltrato infantil, diferencias de género y sus implicaciones clínicas y criminológicas en personas privadas de su libertad

Introducción: Diversos estudios muestran elevados índices de eventos traumáticos infantiles en sujetos detenidos en instituciones carcelarias. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la prevalencia y las diferencias de género de los diferentes tipos de experiencias adversas infantiles y su correlación con variables psicopatológicas y criminológicas en personas detenidas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo-observacional en 2 instituciones psiquiátricas penitenciarias ubicadas en la República Argentina. Participaron 84 personas de ambos sexos. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, las escalas SCID I y II y el Cuestionario de Experiencias Adversas Infantiles. Resultados: El 91,7% de los participantes habían padecido alguna experiencia adversa en su infancia. Se encontró una elevada tasa de abuso físico (63%) y emocional (61%). Hallamos diferencias de género en el tipo de maltrato infantil y en los delitos cometidos. Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre algunos eventos adversos infantiles y trastornos psiquiátricos, delitos cometidos y reincidencia. Conclusiones: En concordancia con otros estudios, se observó elevada prevalencia de experiencias adversas infantiles en personas detenidas y diferencias de género significativas en el tipo de maltrato infantil, los trastornos psiquiátricos, los delitos cometidos y la reincidencia.

Introduction: Several studies show high rates of childhood traumatic events in subjects incarcerated in prison institutions. Objective: To assess the prevalence and gender differences of different types of childhood adverse experiences and their correlation with psychopathological and criminological variables in incarcerated individuals. Material and methods: An epidemiological, descriptive-observational study was conducted in two psychiatric prisons located in Argentina and 84 subjects of both sexes participated. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used, the SCID I and II scales and the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire. Results: 91.7% of the participants had suffered some adverse experience in childhood. A high rate of physical (63%) and emotional abuse (61%) was detected. We found gender differences in the type of child abuse and the crimes committed. Significant relationships were found between some childhood adverse events and psychiatric disorders, crimes committed and recidivism. Conclusions: In accordance with other studies, there was a high prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated individuals and significant gender differences in the type of child abuse, in psychiatric disorders, in the crimes committed and recidivism.

The effect of occupation on the incidence of vascular dementia: A 12-year follow-up cohort study. / El efecto de la ocupación laboral en la incidencia de demencia vascular: un estudio de cohortes de 12 años de seguimiento.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular dementia (DV) is the second cause of dementia with 15.8-20% of cases. Previous studies of the effect of occupation in DV do not show conclusive results, therefore, the objective was to analyze if the type of occupation can vary the risk of developing DV in those older than 55 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the ZARADEMP project, a community sample of 4,803 individuals were followed longitudinally in 4 waves. The occupation was classified following the National Classification of Occupations of 2011 and the International Standard Classification of Occupations of 2008. Different standardized instruments were used: the medical and psychiatric histories (History and Aetiology Schedule) and other risk factors (Mini-Mental Status Examination, Geriatric Mental State-AGECAT). For this study, we calculated incidence rates, incidence rate ratios and hazard ratios in multivariate Cox regression models, stratified by gender. For this study, we included 3,883 participants. RESULTS: In women, the risk of DV was doubled in blue-collar workers, with a moderate effect (Cohen's d=0.54), and multiplying by 2.7 in homeworks respect to white-collar with a moderate effect (Cohen's d=0.77), although they did not reach statistical significance. We did not observe the effect of occupation on the risk of DV in men. CONCLUSIONS: We have found a moderate but non-significant effect between occupation and DV risk in women. We found no effect of occupation on the risk of VD in males while other clinical factors (age, diabetes or body mass index) presented a clearer effect than the occupation.

Diferencias de género en matemáticas y lengua: rendimiento académico, autoconcepto y expectativas / Predictive capacity of emotional intelligence on perceived social support of adolescents

Resumen Estudios previos muestran diferencias de género en el rendimiento de matemáticas y lengua, principalmente en adolescentes. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las diferencias de género en autoconcepto, valor subjetivo, expectativas y rendimiento académico; analizar las relaciones entre las variables y conocer el papel que ellas desempeñan en la explicación del rendimiento en lengua y matemáticas. Participaron 406 estudiantes de 4º y 5º de primaria en Colombia. Los resultados muestran que las niñas presentan mayores expectativas de rendimiento en matemáticas y lengua, así como un rendimiento en lengua superior a los niños. No se encontraron diferencias de género en el autoconcepto y el valor subjetivo de la tarea. El autoconcepto, las expectativas de rendimiento y la edad, explicaron el rendimiento tanto en matemáticas como en lengua. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la disminución de la brecha de género en el aprendizaje. Como este estudio es un primer intento de explorar las relaciones entre las creencias de expectativa y valores de las tareas en matemática y lengua con base en el Modelo de Expectativa-Valor en estudiantes hispanos en primaria, se necesita más investigación para apoyar o refutar estos hallazgos.

Abstract Previous studies show gender differences in math and language performance, mainly in adolescents. In this study, we aim to evaluate gender differences in self-concept, subjective value, expectations and academic performance, to analyze the relationships between the variables, and to understand their role in explaining performance in language and mathematics. A total of 406 4th and 5th grade students from Colombia participated in this study. The results show that girls have higher performance expectations in mathematics and language, as well as higher performance in language than boys. No gender differences were found in self-concept and the subjective value of the task. Self-concept, performance expectations and age explained performance in both mathematics and language. We discuss the implications of these results for narrowing the gender gap in learning. Because this study is the first attempt to explore the relationships between expectations and task-value beliefs in language and mathematics in Hispanic primary school students based on the Expectancy-Value Model, more research is needed to support or refute our findings.