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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;72(1): e54459, ene.-dic. 2024. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1559316

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad se está perdiendo a un ritmo acelerado como resultado del cambio global. Herramientas como los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) han sido ampliamente usados para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el estado de conservación de las especies y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias de gestión para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Objetivo: Determinar cómo la distribución potencial predicha por los MDEs para ocho especies de murciélagos amenazados difiere de los mapas de distribución reportados por la UICN. También, inferir el área de distribución y estado de endemismo de cada especie, y evaluar la importancia de la región tumbesina para su conservación. Métodos: Basados en registros de presencia del rango global de las especies, usamos MDEs para evaluar el estado de conservación de estas ocho especies en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú. Resultados: Las áreas estimadas por los MDEs eran 35-78 % más pequeñas para cuatro especies (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium y Lonchophylla hesperia) y 26-1 600 % más grandes para tres especies (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni y Rhogeessa velilla) que aquellas reportadas por la UICN. Para Tomopeas ravus, el área estimada por el MDE y la UICN fue similar, pero difirió en la distribución espacial. Los MDEs coincidieron con áreas de endemismo informadas por autores previos para E. innoxius, R. velilla y T. ravus, pero fueron diferentes para A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni y L. hesperia, debido en parte a las distribuciones proyectadas para estas últimas especies en valles secos interandinos según los MDEs. Conclusiones: La región tumbesina representa una porción significativa (40-96 %) de la distribución predicha de siete de las ocho especies estudiadas, subrayando la importancia de esta región para la conservación de murciélagos. Nuestros resultados muestran las probables distribuciones para estas especies y proporcionan una base importante para identificar vacíos de investigación y desarrollar medidas de conservación para murciélagos amenazados en el punto caliente de biodiversidad de Tumbes.


Abstract Introduction: Biodiversity is being lost at an accelerating rate because of global change. Tools such as species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to improve knowledge about species' conservation status and help develop management strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss. SDMs are especially important for species with restricted distributions, such as endemic species. Objective: To determine how potential distribution predicted by SDMs for eight threatened bat species differed from the distribution maps reported by the IUCN. Also, to infer the area of distribution and state of endemism of each specie, and to evaluate the importance of the Tumbesian region for their conservation. Methods: Based on presence records across the species' entire ranges, we used SDMs to assess the conservation status of these eight species in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Peru. Results: The areas estimated by SDMs were 35-78 % smaller for four species (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium and Lonchophylla hesperia) and 26-1 600 % larger for three species (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni and Rhogeessa velilla) than those reported by the IUCN. For Tomopeas ravus, the area estimated by the SDM and IUCN was similar but differed in spatial distribution. SDMs coincided with areas of endemism reported by previous authors for E. innoxius, R. velilla, and T. ravus, but were different for A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni, and L. hesperia, due in part to projected distributions for these latter species in dry inter-Andean valleys according to the SDMs. Conclusions: The Tumbesian region represents a significant portion (40-96 %) of the predicted distribution of seven of the eight species studied, underscoring the importance of this region for bat conservation. Our results show likely distributions for these species and provide an important basis for identifying research gaps and developing conservation measures for threatened bats in the Tumbes biodiversity hotspot.


Assuntos
Animais , Quirópteros/classificação , Peru , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Equador
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;72(1): e55265, ene.-dic. 2024. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | SaludCR, LILACS | ID: biblio-1559322

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.


Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.


Assuntos
Animais , Migração Animal , Passeriformes , Estações do Ano , Costa Rica
3.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 51(3)sept. 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535697

RESUMO

Frequency, association and impact measures are key concepts in clinical epidemiology; however, it has been found that a considerable proportion of health students and professionals have no knowledge of how to use or interpret them when reading a scientific paper or conducting research. This article aims to explain the main epidemiological measures, how they are used, derived and interpreted. They are approached from the perspective of each of the most frequently used types of primary quantitative research studies (randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control estudies and cross-sectional studies) in order to provide the reader with the context in which they are used. Moreover, the process for calculating and interpreting each result in a real setting is explained using clinical examples for a better understanding of these concepts and in order to prevent their use from becoming just a mechanical or repetitive exercise.


Las medidas de frecuencia, asociación e impacto son conceptos fundamentales de la epidemiología clínica; sin embargo, se ha encontrado que una parte considerable de los estudiantes y de los profesionales en el área de la salud no sabe cómo usarlas ni cómo interpretarlas al leer un texto científico o al hacer una investigación. Este artículo busca explicar las principales medidas epidemiológicas, cuándo se usan, cómo se obtienen y cómo se interpretan. Se abordan desde cada tipo de estudios primarios más frecuentemente utilizados cuando se realizan investigaciones cuantitativas (ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios de cohorte, casos y controles y estudios de corte transversal), con el fin de darle al lector el contexto en el cual se usan. Además, mediante ejemplos clínicos, se explica el proceso para calcular e interpretar cada resultado en un escenario real, con el fin de lograr una mayor comprensión de estos conceptos y de que su uso no sea un ejercicio mecánico o de repetición.

4.
Summa psicol. UST ; 15(2): 154-161, 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1095966

RESUMO

El estudio de la violencia en parejas jóvenes ha llamado la atención de la comunidad científica en décadas recientes, no obstante, existen nuevos tipos de violencia, así como poblaciones que no son frecuentemente consideradas en las investigaciones. Por ello el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la prevalencia y co-ocurrencia de violencia off-line (cara a cara) como on-line (a través de medios electrónicos) en relaciones de pareja de jóvenes procedentes de zona rural. Se realizó un estudio desde un enfoque cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental, transversal y ex post facto. La muestra estuvo constituida por 231 estudiantes pertenecientes a una universidad pública de Guerrero (México) y provenientes de zona rural, de los cuales 86 fueron hombres y 145 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 27 años; quienes contestaron las escalas Violence in Adolescents Dating Relationships Inventory (VADRI) y el Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ). Entre los resultados destaca la existencia de violencia de distintos tipos en hombres y mujeres, una mayor frecuencia en hombres tanto de violencia sufrida como cometida, así como la co-existencia de diferentes tipos de violencia tanto off-line como on-line en ambos sexos.


In recent decades, the study of violence in young couples has caught the attention of the scientific community. However there are new types of violence as well as population that are not frequently considered in research. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the prevalence and co-occurrence of face-to-face violence (off-line violence) and violence through electronic means (on-line violence) in relationships between young people coming from rural areas. A quantitative study was conducted, with a non-experimental, transversal and ex post facto design. The sample consisted of 231 students from rural areas belonging to a public university in Guerrero (Mexico); 86 men and 145 women, aged between 18 and 27 years, who answered the scales Violence in Adolescents Dating Relationships Inventory (VADRI) and the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ). The results point out the existence of violence of different types in men and women, a greater frequency in men of both violence suffered and committed, as well as the co-ocurrence of different types of off-line and on-line in both sexes.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Relações Interpessoais , Universidades , Zona Rural , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Agressão/psicologia , México
5.
Conserv Biol ; 31(1): 40-47, 2017 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27027266

RESUMO

Linking diversity to biological processes is central for developing informed and effective conservation decisions. Unfortunately, observable patterns provide only a proportion of the information necessary for fully understanding the mechanisms and processes acting on a particular population or community. We suggest conservation managers use the often overlooked information relative to species absences and pay particular attention to dark diversity (i.e., a set of species that are absent from a site but that could disperse to and establish there, in other words, the absent portion of a habitat-specific species pool). Together with existing ecological metrics, concepts, and conservation tools, dark diversity can be used to complement and further develop conservation prioritization and management decisions through an understanding of biodiversity relativized by its potential (i.e., its species pool). Furthermore, through a detailed understanding of the population, community, and functional dark diversity, the restoration potential of degraded habitats can be more rigorously assessed and so to the likelihood of successful species invasions. We suggest the application of the dark diversity concept is currently an underappreciated source of information that is valuable for conservation applications ranging from macroscale conservation prioritization to more locally scaled restoration ecology and the management of invasive species.


Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Animais , Ecologia , Ecossistema , Espécies Introduzidas
6.
Conserv Biol ; 30(3): 649-60, 2016 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26400445

RESUMO

Tiger (Panthera tigris) conservation efforts in Asia are focused on protected areas embedded in human-dominated landscapes. A system of protected areas is an effective conservation strategy for many endangered species if the network is large enough to support stable metapopulations. The long-term conservation of tigers requires that the species be able to meet some of its life-history needs beyond the boundaries of small protected areas and within the working landscape, including multiple-use forests with logging and high human use. However, understanding of factors that promote or limit the occurrence of tigers in working landscapes is incomplete. We assessed the relative influence of protection status, prey occurrence, extent of grasslands, intensity of human use, and patch connectivity on tiger occurrence in the 5400 km(2) Central Terai Landscape of India, adjacent to Nepal. Two observer teams independently surveyed 1009 km of forest trails and water courses distributed across 60 166-km(2) cells. In each cell, the teams recorded detection of tiger signs along evenly spaced trail segments. We used occupancy models that permitted multiscale analysis of spatially correlated data to estimate cell-scale occupancy and segment-scale habitat use by tigers as a function of management and environmental covariates. Prey availability and habitat quality, rather than protected-area designation, influenced tiger occupancy. Tiger occupancy was low in some protected areas in India that were connected to extensive areas of tiger habitat in Nepal, which brings into question the efficacy of current protection and management strategies in both India and Nepal. At a finer spatial scale, tiger habitat use was high in trail segments associated with abundant prey and large grasslands, but it declined as human and livestock use increased. We speculate that riparian grasslands may provide tigers with critical refugia from human activity in the daytime and thereby promote tiger occurrence in some multiple-use forests. Restrictions on human-use in high-quality tiger habitat in multiple-use forests may complement existing protected areas and collectively promote the persistence of tiger populations in working landscapes.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Tigres , Animais , Ásia , Ecossistema , Humanos , Índia , Nepal
7.
Conserv Biol ; 28(4): 1034-44, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24628427

RESUMO

Forest degradation is arguably the greatest threat to biodiversity, ecosystem services, and rural livelihoods. Therefore, increasing understanding of how organisms respond to degradation is essential for management and conservation planning. We were motivated by the need for rapid and practical analytical tools to assess the influence of management and degradation on biodiversity and system state in areas subject to rapid environmental change. We compared bird community composition and size in managed (ejido, i.e., communally owned lands) and unmanaged (national park) forests in the Sierra Tarahumara region, Mexico, using multispecies occupancy models and data from a 2-year breeding bird survey. Unmanaged sites had on average higher species occupancy and richness than managed sites. Most species were present in low numbers as indicated by lower values of detection and occupancy associated with logging-induced degradation. Less than 10% of species had occupancy probabilities >0.5, and degradation had no positive effects on occupancy. The estimated metacommunity size of 125 exceeded previous estimates for the region, and sites with mature trees and uneven-aged forest stand characteristics contained the highest species richness. Higher estimation uncertainty and decreases in richness and occupancy for all species, including habitat generalists, were associated with degraded young, even-aged stands. Our findings show that multispecies occupancy methods provide tractable measures of biodiversity and system state and valuable decision support for landholders and managers. These techniques can be used to rapidly address gaps in biodiversity information, threats to biodiversity, and vulnerabilities of species of interest on a landscape level, even in degraded or fast-changing environments. Moreover, such tools may be particularly relevant in the assessment of species richness and distribution in a wide array of habitats.


Assuntos
Aves/fisiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Biodiversidade , Agricultura Florestal , México , Modelos Teóricos , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional
8.
Rev. cub. inf. cienc. salud ; 24(4): 402-415, oct.-dic. 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-701881

RESUMO

Bibliometrics is frequently used to analyze the structural evolution of research fields, especially in biomedical areas. The present paper provides a macrostructure for scientific research on vitiligo conducted in the last fifty years using bibliometric methods. The data were retrieved from Scopus. A total 6 109 papers related to vitiligo were processed. An analysis was conducted of specialized terms based on the structure of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus of the US National Library of Medicine. A structural approach was developed using term co-occurrence analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify the macrostructure, applying the CONCOR (CONvergence of iterated CORrelations) algorithm. Global scientific production on vitiligo was found to have increased exponentially in the last fifty years. Structural analysis revealed eight research areas divided in two blocks. On the one hand, an experimental block comprising studies on vitiligo, its relationships with cancer and other autoimmune diseases, its pathophysiology and pathogenesis; and on the other, a block including clinical studies covering various therapeutic approaches as well as the incidence and prevalence of the disease. The methodology applied constitutes a valid tool for the description and classification of biomedical knowledge domains. It also makes it possible to obtain a macrostructure which may be validated through bibliographic reviews


La bibliometría se usa frecuentemente para analizar la evolución estructural de campos de investigación, especialmente en áreas biomédicas. El presente trabajo ofrece una macroestructura de la investigación científica sobre vitiligo durante los últimos 50 años a partir de métodos bibliométricos. Los datos fueron recuperados de Scopus. Un total de 6 109 artículos relacionados con el vitiligo fueron procesados. Fueron analizados los términos especializados basados en la estructura del tesauro Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos. Se desarrolló un enfoque estructural a partir del análisis de la co-ocurrencia de términos. Se utilizó el análisis de agrupamientos jerárquicos para identificar la macroestructura, a partir de la aplicación del algoritmo CONCOR (CONvergencia de CORrelaciones iteradas). La producción científica mundial sobre vitiligo mostró un crecimiento exponencial durante los últimos 50 años. El análisis estructural reveló ocho áreas de investigación divididas en dos bloques temáticos. En primer lugar, un bloque experimental que agrupa los estudios sobre el vitiligo, sus relaciones con el cáncer y otras enfermedades autoinmunes, su patofisiología y su patogénesis; y en segundo lugar, un bloque de estudios clínicos que agrupa diferentes enfoques terapéuticos, así como la incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad. La metodología aplicada ofrece una herramienta válida para la descripción y clasificación de dominios del conocimiento biomédicos. Además, permite obtener una macroestructura que puede ser validada a partir de revisiones bibliográficas


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Bibliometria , Medical Subject Headings , Vitiligo
9.
Rev. baiana saúde pública ; 36(4)out.-dez. 2012. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-689445

RESUMO

Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de Evandromyia sallesi (Galvão e Coutinho) e Evandromyia cortelezzii (Brèthes) na região metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. Os flebotomíneos foram capturados com armadilhas luminosas CDC, durante um estudo investigativo em 24 localidades. A vigilância entomológica foi realizada entre setembro/2009 e março/2010, sendo coletados 13 espécimes de cinco bairros diferentes e classificados dentro do gênero Evandromyia.


This is the first report of Evandromyia sallesi (Galvão e Coutinho) and Evandromyia cortelezzii (Brèthes) occurrence at the metropolitan area of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The sand flies were captured with CDC luminous traps, during an investigative study in 24 localities. The entomological survey was performed between September/2009 and March/2010, being thirteen specimens collected and classified into the genus Evandromyia, from five different neighborhoods.


Este es el primer relato de ocurrencia de Evandromyia sallesi (Galvão y Coutinho) y Evandromyia cortelezzii (Brèthes) en la región metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. Los flebotominos fueron capturados con trampas de luz CDC durante un estudio de investigación en 24 localidades. El muestreo entomológico se realizó entre Septiembre/2009 y Marzo/2010, recolectando 13 ejemplares, de cinco barrios diferentes, clasificados en el género Evandromyia.


Assuntos
Vigilância da População , Psychodidae
10.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(5): 357-366, sep.-oct. 2007. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-465596

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Identificar la ocurrencia de violencia de pareja y evaluar los factores asociados a este fenómeno en una muestra de trabajadoras del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Morelos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 1 173 mujeres de la cohorte de trabajadores del IMSS proporcionó información sobre frecuencia y percepción de severidad de violencia psicológica, física o sexual durante los últimos 12 meses. El estudio se realizó en el estado de Morelos, entre octubre de 1998 y marzo de 2000. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística politómica a fin de estimar razones de momios para distintos grados de violencia. RESULTADOS: Se observó una alta prevalencia de violencia. Los principales factores asociados fueron la relación de pareja y el consumo de alcohol; el estado emocional de la pareja en el hogar; la tensión laboral de la mujer y los antecedentes de violencia en la infancia. CONCLUSIONES: Los principales factores determinantes de violencia de pareja son potencialmente modificables a través de intervenciones que ayuden a manejar el nivel de tensión. Es necesario tomar en cuenta estos hallazgos al planear programas preventivos de violencia de pareja en México.


OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of partner violence, and to identify the associated risk factors in a sample of female workers of IMSS (Mexican Social Security Institute), Morelos State. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 1 173 women participating in the cohort study of IMSS workers are utilized to study these associations. The study provides information on frequency of psychological, physical or sexual violence and perception of severity during the 12 months prior to the time of data collection. It was carried out in Morelos between October 1998 and March 2000. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to obtain odds ratios for different degrees of partner violence. RESULTS: A high prevalence of partner violence is observed in the sample. Main factors associated with higher severity of violence are state of the relationship and alcohol intake, emotional status of the couple at home, work burden of the woman, and a history of violence in childhood. CONCLUSIONS: All these factors are potentially modifiable through interventions aimed at stress reduction. These results should be considered when developing preventive programs against partner violence in Mexico.


Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Emoções , Satisfação no Emprego , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos
11.
Acta colomb. psicol ; 8(1): 7-34, mar. 2005. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-635121

RESUMO

The purpose of this project was to establish the relationship between parental cognitive factors as attributions, beliefs and expectations; and the co-ocurrence of alcohol consumption and child physical abuse. A descriptive correlational research was conducted. Participants were 263 parents (fathers and mothers as well) selected by intentional sample. Age average was 33. 9 mean, their socioeconomic status was 1 to 3 and their educational level was minimum of primary school, their children ages were from 7 to 12. Groups were divided as following: Group 1: Physical child abusers, group 2: Alcohol consumers, group 3: Physical child abuser and alcohol consumers, group 4: None of the previous conditions instruments were designed and validated by the psychometric methodology: 1) cognitive parents factors scale. 2) co-ocurrence alcohol and child abuse scale. A multiple regression analysis was carried on, and an anova post hoc comparison were made as well significant statistical differences were found bettwen different parents groups in the cognitive factors variable. Results showed that parents cognitive factors are related to co-ocurrence of alcohol consumption and child abuse, but expectations an attributions are a more predictable dimension of this phenomena additionally, it was confirmed co-ocurrence cathegories as: Direct, indirect and circular.


La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores cognoscitivos: atribuciones, creencias y expectativas de los padres asociados con la co-ocurrencia del consumo de alcohol y el maltrato físico a sus hijos. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva correlacional. Mediante un muestreo intencional se seleccionaron 263 padres/madres biológicos con una edad promedio de 33.9 años; de estratos socioeconómicos uno, dos y tres,con un nivel educativo mínimo de primaria y con hijos e hijas de 7-12 años los que se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos así: grupo 1: abusadores físicos; grupo 2: consumidores de alcohol; grupo 3: abusadores físicos y consumidores de alcohol; grupo 4: no abusadores físicos y no consumidores de alcohol. Se diseñaron, validaron y aplicaron dos instrumentos: uno para evaluar los factores cognoscitivos de los padres y otro para evaluar la coocurrencia del consumo de alcohol y el maltrato físico a los hijos. Se hizo un análisis multivariado de regresión múltiple y un ANOVA con comparaciones post-hoc. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los puntajes presentados entre los grupos de padres en el instrumento de evaluación de los factores cognoscitivos. Se logró establecer que los factores cognoscitivos de los padres, atribuciones y expectativas son una variable determinante en la co-ocurrencia del maltrato físico a los hijos y el consumo de alcohol. Adicionalmente, se encontró que dicha co-ocurrencia es directa, indirecta y circular.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Maus-Tratos Infantis , Cognição , Consumo de Álcool por Menores
12.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 7(1): 7--10, jan.-jun. 2004. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-418099

RESUMO

Las hortalizas son las más importantes fuentes de transmisión parásitos a los seres humanos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la ocurrencia de transmisión de parásitos en hortalizas producidas por productores rurales de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil. La investigación analizó 133 muestras de hortalizas y 25 fueron positivas para algún parásito, entre estas 8/ 71 (el 8,4%) fueron de lechuga flamenca, 6/ 33 (el 18,2%) de lechuga lisa, 8/ 18 (el 44,4%) (“almeirão” este término no hay correspondiente en lengua española porque esta verdura es propria de clima tropical. Creo que lo mejor será dejarla en bastardilla {itálico} y si se quiere hacer una nota de pie de página) almeirón y 3/ 11 (27,3%) de achicoria. El análisis de las hortalizas evidenció helmintos en 23 (el 17,3%) y protozoarios en 6 (el 4,5%) de las 133 muestras. Los parásitos observados fueron Ascaris sp (el 9,7%), Ancilostomatidae (el 9,7%), Enterobius vermiculares (el 1,5%) y Strongyloides sp (el 1,5%) entre los helmintos y Entamoeba sp (el 3,7%) y Giardia sp (el 0,7%) entre los protozoarios. Estos datos demuestran la necesidad de realización de medidas preventivas sobre las hortalizas, por las autoridades sanitarias y consumidores, para disminuir el peligro de infección por parásitos a través de esta vía de transmisión.


Assuntos
Eucariotos , Produção Agrícola/estatística & dados numéricos , Helmintos/parasitologia , Verduras
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