Objective Assessment of Lower Face and Neck During 1 Year After Rhytidectomy in Asian: When Your Patient Asks You About the Surgical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The first year after surgery is a period of significant change, during which patients are highly concerned and sensitive about the outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure objectively the improvements and changes in the lower face and neck over the course of 1 year after rhytidectomy in Asian. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included a total of 50 patients, comprising 100 hemifaces, who underwent extended deep-plane rhytidectomy using a composite flap from January 2017 to December 2022. The patients' antero-posterior and lateral photographs at pre-surgery, between 2 weeks and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Measurements for each period and site are revealed a general trend where the most significant decrease occurred between 2 weeks and 1 month after surgery. This was followed by a slight increase at 3 months, with a subsequent decrease observed at 6 and 12 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Objective assessment of lower face and neck at each period is considered to be potentially valuable as an evaluation resource for both patients and surgeons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Superficial musculoaponeurotic system interpositional graft after temporomandibular joint discectomy.

Arthroplasty with discectomy is a proven treatment for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), however there is no consensus on the type of interpositional graft that should be used after the disc is removed. While an ideal graft should be easy to obtain and provide an adequate buffer between the articular surfaces, the authors suggest that it should also minimize donor site morbidity. This Technical Note highlights the technique for harvesting and utilizing the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) as an interpositional graft. Three patients were treated with a SMAS graft after TMJ arthroplasty with discectomy. The average pain score decreased from 9/10 preoperatively to 2/10 at 6 weeks postoperatively, while the average maximum incisal opening increased from 31 mm to 36.7 mm. Since these patients were concurrently treated with a facelift, they were asked about their esthetic outcome on a scale of 1-10, with 1 representing extremely dissatisfied and 10 representing extremely satisfied. The average esthetic rating at 6 weeks postoperatively was 9.3/10. The SMAS interpositional graft technique eliminates a second surgical site, improves function, reduces pain, and provides the opportunity for concurrent esthetic facial rejuvenation if desired.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the High-SMAS Facelift Technique: Objective Clinical Outcomes at 1-year.

BACKGROUND: The primary goal of the facelift is to rejuvenate the face without changing its natural features. This involves working on the deeper layers to preserve the surface look while adjusting the fat pads beneath. Thus, we often use a modified High-SMAS facelift method, following this deep-layer approach. The study evaluates whether the high-SMAS facelift, focusing on optimal repositioning, can effectively reduce aging signs in the mid to lower face and neck. METHODS: Conducted from 2018 to 2022, this retrospective cohort study included demographic data, relevant comorbidities, and operative details of patients undergoing lateral extended high-SMAS facial lifting, excluding revision cases. Complications were recorded, and a minimum one-year follow-up was ensured. The technique's effectiveness was assessed using pre- and one-year post-surgery images analyzed by three masked examiners with a validated scoring method by La Padula et al. RESULTS: The study included 325 patients, with no major complications reported. Significant improvements were noted in post-operative High-SMAS visual scores compared to pre-operative scores (p < 0.0001), particularly in cheek fullness, jawline, and cervical angle definition. CONCLUSIONS: The High-SMAS facelift technique, evaluated using the Face- and Neck-Lift Objective Photo-Numerical Assessment Scale, demonstrated significant cosmetic enhancements. This technique, focusing on optimal flap draping vectors, effectively restores a youthful appearance by improving facial contours. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors   www.springer.com/00266 .

Direct Neck Lift for Men.

Direct neck lift offers an excellent surgical technique for men seeking to rejuvenate the neck and avoid a full rhytidectomy. In this chapter, we provide an overview of direct submentoplasty techniques, as well as clinical pearls to consider in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. Different surgical incisions and resultant scars in the anterior neck are discussed and illustrated with figures. Given the degree of variation of submental fullness with which patients present, it is beneficial to be familiar with several different techniques to address the submental and submandibular areas.

A Systematic Review: Fibrin Glue in Drainless Rhytidoplasty.

The following questions guided the study: Can the use of fibrin glue in drainless rhytidoplasty reduce hematoma prevalence, seroma prevalence increase patient satisfaction or decrease the length of hospital in the adult population compared with standard treatment? The following inclusion and exclusion criteria apply: The procedure performed was rhytidoplasty for both groups. Participants were limited to adults who did not have any other procedure performed during the study. The intervention consisted of the use of fibrin glue without drains compared to the control group, in which drains and/or pressure dressing were applied. Databases: clinicaltrials.gov, MEDLINE, COCHRANE, mRCT, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, VHL, GHL were searched on 03/25/2023 by 2 different investigators. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 was used. Five studies were included with a total number of 1277 participants (2554 face sides). The cumulative hematoma rate was OR 0.47 (95% CI 0.26-0.84) in favor of using fibrin glue. Insufficient data were available to assess seroma rate, patient satisfaction, and length of hospital stay. The risk of study bias was judged to be low and moderate. The certainty for the use of fibrin sealant versus drainage is high and the importance of outcomes is rated as important in the GRADEpro GDT tool. Fibrin glue use is more beneficial comparing to drainage in patients undergoing rhytidectomy in terms of hematoma prevalence. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023421475).Level of Evidence I This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Top 50 Highly Cited Publications in Facelift Surgery: A 50-Year Bibliometric Analysis Review.

INTRODUCTION: Facelift surgery, also known as rhytidectomy, is a commonly performed procedure to address aging-related changes in the face and neck. Over the years, its techniques and methodologies have evolved. This study aimed to provide a bibliometric analysis of the top 50 most cited publications related to facelift surgery over a fifty-year period (1973-2023). METHODS: The authors obtained data from the Web of Science Core Collection on July 15, 2023. Using a predefined search strategy, the most cited articles from 1973 to 2023 on facelift surgery were identified. The publications were analyzed for their type of study, journal of publication, geographic origin, and primary outcomes. Furthermore, the authorship gender distribution was assessed. RESULTS: The majority of the publications (34 out of 50) were published in the "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery" journal. The USA contributed to 72% of the research, followed by the UK, Mexico, Australia, and Germany. The primary outcomes varied from surgical techniques, anatomical studies, risk factors, patient-specific outcomes, and facial rejuvenation techniques, to comparative and historical progression of techniques. Notably, male authors dominated the field with 47 out of 50 papers having both a first and senior male author. CONCLUSION: Facelift surgery has seen substantial research development over the past fifty years. The USA has been at the forefront of this research, with a predominant focus on surgical techniques and anatomical studies. Male dominance in authorship indicates potential scope for increased gender diversity in this specialty. Annual updates are recommended for continued insights. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

El lifting cervicofacial de plano profundo: Presentación de la técnica y resultados

Objetivo: El lifting cervicofacial es una técnica que busca devolver una apariencia juvenil y descansada al rostro del paciente. Originalmente, esta técnica se limitaba solamente a una disección en el plano cutáneo. El lifting de plano profundo o deep plane facelft, en cambio, utiliza un plano de disección anatómico por debajo del sistema musculoaponeurótico superficial (SMAS), permitiendo la lisis de los ligamentos de retención faciales y la máxima movilización de los tejidos superficiales, confiriéndole ventajas frente a otras técnicas. Se describe la técnica y se presenta nuestra experiencia. Material y Método: Serie de casos retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a lifting de plano profundo en nuestro centro. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica, datos demográficos, antecedentes médico quirúrgicos y complicaciones post-operatorias. Resultados: Entre enero de 2021 y junio de 2023 se operaron 18 pacientes, todos de sexo femenino con un promedio de edad de 58,7 años. Solo 2 pacientes presentaron complicaciones (hematoma). Ningún paciente presentó lesión del nervio facial transitoria o permanente. Ningún paciente necesitó re-operación. Discusión y conclusión: La técnica de lifting de plano profundo o deep plane facelft es un método seguro y efectivo para tratar los signos del envejecimiento facial. Las complicaciones descritas por nuestro grupo son acordes a la literatura.

Aim: The facelift is a technique that aims to restore a more youthful and rested appearance to the aging face. Originally it was limited to a skin dissection only. The deep plane facelift, on the other hand, uses an anatomical dissection plane below the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS), allowing lysis of the facial retention ligaments and maximum mobilization of superficial tissues, with better outcomes than other techniques. The technique is described and our experience is presented. Material and Method: Retrospective case series of patients undergoing deep plane facelift. The surgical technique, demographic data, surgical medical history, and postoperative complications are described. Results: Between January 2021 and June 2023, 18 patients were operated, all female with an average age of 58,7 years old. Only 2 patients presented complications (hematoma). No patient presented facial nerve injury. No patient required re-operation. Discussion and Conclusion: The deep plane facelift is a safe and effective method to treat the signs of the aging face. The complications described are consistent with the literature.

Tranexamic acid in rhytidectomy: a scoping review.

Background: Intraoperative and postoperative bleeding is considered one of the most common risks in rhytidectomy. Recently, the use of antifibrinolytic agents in facial plastic and reconstructive surgeries has been evaluated, but their use in rhytidectomy remains a topic of ongoing discussion. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent that prevents enzymatic degradation of the fibrin clot by blocking the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, improves platelet function, and has a direct anti-inflammatory effect. This review covers pertinent literature to elucidate whether the use of TXA in rhytidectomy confers intraoperative and postoperative benefits. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in online databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science for all articles on the topic of TXA in facelift published up to and including June, 2023 using the following terms: "TXA," "tranexamic acid," "plastic surgery," "aesthetic surgery," "facelift," "rhytidectomy". They were either searched individually or in combination. All relevant original research articles, of any study design were included and narratively discussed in this review. Studies not carried out in humans and studies centred on the use of TXA in other specialties were excluded. English Language was included. Results: Eight articles were reviewed in this paper. Through these articles, the authors provided in detail the possible beneficial effects of TXA in facelift patients in evaluating several clinical outcomes: intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drain output, postoperative oedema, ecchymosis, operative time, and surgical field quality. Conclusion: Although there is still a lack of information on TXA in facelift patients, we are not able to deny the beneficial effects of TXA on this topic. Therefore, further investigations including prospective, case-controlled multi-institutional studies comparing routes of delivery should be performed until reaching, at the end, an evidence-based guideline providing a clear protocol in terms of the administration and dosage of TXA in facelift.

Comparing Lateral Rhytidectomy With and Without Neck Suture Suspension.

Background: Characteristic aesthetic changes of the aging neck include skin laxity and rhytid formation, submental fat deposition, plastysmal banding, and ptosis of underlying structures that lead to the development of an obtuse cervicomental angle (CMA). Cervical rejuvenation techniques that aim to restore the CMA are widely discussed in the literature, and share variable outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the restoration of the CMA in patients undergoing the addition of midline platysmal plication using a modified Giampapa stitch with absorbable PDS suture, to those patients undergoing standard deep plane lateral rhytidectomy alone. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed by a single surgeon in a private facial plastics practice. 264 patients undergoing rhytidectomy were included in the study. Pre and postoperative measurement differences in CMA degree and depth were compared in patients undergoing only traditional deep plane lateral rhytidectomy (TDPLR) in isolation, with those who also had modified suture suspension and platysma plication (MSSPP). The primary outcome in the study was the change in the degree of the CMA taken from standardized preoperative and postoperative surgical photos in the Frankfort profile view. Secondary outcomes include the change in the depth of the CMA as determined by the hyomental distance between study and control groups. Results: A total of 264 patients were identified who met the study criteria. A total of 134 (123 female; 11 male; average age, 62.66 ± 8.19) underwent TDPLR with MSSPP, and 130 (127 female; 3 male; average age, 63.09 ± 7.75) underwent TDPLR alone. All patients in the study underwent preoperative photographic evaluation in Frankfurt profile view and the same postoperative photographic evaluation at an average of 436.56 days (14.4 months) after surgery. Patients in the cohort study group were found to have a statistically significant increase in the depth of the CMA by an average of 13.9 degrees ± 6.26 and increase in the hyomental distance of 1.38 cm ± 0.87, compared to the control group who underwent traditional lateral rhytidectomy with an average CMA change of 6.87 degrees ± 6.7 (P = .00146) and hyomental distance increase of 0.75 ± 0.68 (P = .00031), respectively. Statistical significance was taken at P < .05. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that the addition of a relatively minimally invasive approach to neck rejuvenation using a modified Giampapa stitch with absorbable PDS suture is helpful in restoring the CMA in an aging neck.

Contexte: Les modifications esthétiques caractéristiques du cou vieillissant sont notamment la laxité de la peau et la formation de rides, le dépôt sous-mentonnier de tissu adipeux, la formation de bandes du muscle platysma et la ptose des structures sous-jacentes qui mènent au développement d'un angle cervico-mentonnier (ACM) obtus. Les techniques de rajeunissement du cou visant à restaurer l'ACM font l'objet de nombreuses discussions dans les publications avec des résultats variables. Le but de cette étude était de comparer la restauration de l'ACM chez des patients subissant l'ajout d'un pli du platysma sur la ligne médiane au moyen d'une suture modifiée de Giampapa avec un fil résorbable en PDS par rapport à des patients bénéficiant d'une rhytidectomie latérale plane profonde standard seule. Méthodes: Une étude de cohorte rétrospective a été réalisée par un seul chirurgien dans un établissement privé de chirurgie plastique du visage. L'étude a inclus 264 patients subissant une rhytidectomie. Les différences de mesures de degrés et de profondeur pré et postopératoires de l'ACM ont été comparées entre les patients subissant une rhytidectomie latérale plane profonde traditionnelle (RLLPT) seule et les patients avec suspension de suture modifiée et un pli du platysma (SSMPP). Le critère d'évaluation principal de l'étude était la variation du nombre de degrés de l'ACM mesuré sur des photographies chirurgicales pré et postopératoires standardisées sur un profil de type Frankfort. Les critères de jugement secondaires étaient, notamment, la variation de profondeur de l'ACM mesurée par la distance hyomentale entre le groupe d'étude et le groupe contrôle. Résultats: Un total de 264 patients satisfaisant les critères de l'étude a été identifié: 134 patients [123 femmes, 11 hommes, d'âge moyen 62.66 ± 8.19] ont eu une RLLPT avec SSMPP et 130 patients [127 femmes, 3 hommes, d'âge moyen 63.09 ± 7.75] ont eu une RLLPT seule. Une évaluation photographique préopératoire avec vue de profil de type Francfort a été réalisée pour tous les patients de l'étude; la même évaluation photographique a été réalisée en postopératoire, en moyenne 436.56 jours (14.4 mois) après l'opération. Les patients du groupe d'étude de la cohorte avaient une augmentation statistiquement significative de la profondeur de l'ACM, en moyenne de 13.9 ± 6.26 degrés et une augmentation de la distance hyomentale de 1.38 ± 0.87 cm comparativement aux patients ayant subi une rhytidectomie latérale traditionnelle chez lesquels la variation d'ACM était de 6.87 ± 6.7 degrés [P = .00146] et l'augmentation de la distance hyomentale de 0.75 ± 0.68 cm [P = .00031]. La signification statistique était fixée à P < .05. Conclusions: Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que l'ajout d'une approche peu invasive à la technique de rajeunissement du cou usant une suture modifiée de Giampapa est utile pour restaurer l'ACM dans un cou vieillissant.

[Applications of the lipofilling method in the rehabilitation of patients with defects and scar deformities of the terminal part of the nose]. / Primeneniya metoda lipofilinga v reabilitatsii patsientov s defektami i rubtsovymi deformatsiyami kontsevogo otdela nosa.

A clinical case of the treatment of a 30-year-old patient with a diagnosis of a defect and cicatricial deformity of the terminal part of the nose, deviated septum with a defect in the cartilaginous part, valvular insufficiency and hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates is presented. Reconstructive surgery of the terminal part of the nose using cartilage autografts required special preparation of scar soft tissues of the nose. For this purpose, the method of lipofilling was used as an additional stage in the complex rehabilitation of patients with postoperative defects and deformities of the terminal section.

Treatment of canine periocular dermatitis with rhytidectomy (surgical face-lift) and fluorescence photobiomodulation: A case report.

Canine periocular dermatitis may be associated with excessive facial folds and heavy brows (EFF-HB). There is no gold standard therapy for EFF-HB-associated periocular dermatitis, and conventional medical management may fail. Herein, we describe periocular fluorescence photobiomodulation and rhytidectomy as novel approaches to treat EFF-HB-associated periocular dermatitis refractory to medical management.

La dermatite périoculaire canine peut être associée à des plis faciaux prononcés et à des sourcils épais (EFF-HB). Il n'y a pas de traitement de référence de la dermatite périoculaire associée à l'EFF-HB, et la prise en charge médicale conventionnelle peut échouer. Ici, nous décrivons la photobiomodulation par fluorescence périoculaire et la rhytidectomie comme de nouvelles approches pour traiter la dermatite périoculaire associée à l'EFF-HB réfractaire à la prise en charge médicale.

La dermatitis periocular canina puede estar asociada con pliegues faciales excesivos y cejas densas (EFF-HB). No existe una terapia estándar para la dermatitis periocular asociada a EFF-HB, y el tratamiento médico convencional puede fallar. En este artículo describimos el uso de fotobiomodulación periocular de fluorescencia y ritidectomía como nuevas terapias para tratar la dermatitis periocular asociada a EFF-HB refractaria al tratamiento médico habitual.

A dermatite periocular canina pode estar associada a dobras faciais excessivas e sobrancelhas pesadas (EFF-HB). Não há nenhuma terapia de padrão ouro para dermatite periocular associada a EFF-HB, e os tratamentos clínicos convencionais podem falhar. Neste trabalho, nós descrevemos a fotobiomodulação fluorescente periocular e a retidectomia como novas abordagens para o tratamento de dermatite periocular associada a EFF-HB refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso.

Biplanar approach to the transfollicular forehead and brow lift: a technical note.

The forehead and brow lift is one of the most commonly performed surgical cosmetic procedures for the rejuvenation of the upper third of the face. Various surgical techniques have been developed to achieve maximum aesthetic results alongside minimum complications; each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the ideal surgical approach for each patient should be selected based on careful preoperative evaluation and proper case selection. This article presents a novel modification of the transfollicular forehead and brow lift using a simultaneous biplanar approach to the subcutaneous and sub-periosteal tissue planes. This technique is beneficial to the patient by taking advantage of both the endoscopic and transfollicular methods.

Combination of W-plasty and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Injection for Preventing Rhytidectomy Scar in Asians.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to see if better scar results could be obtained by administering botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) injection and W-plasty incision for preventing rhytidectomy scar. METHODS: All patients underwent extended deep-plane rhytidectomy in two groups. Group 1 had a straight incision line, and BoNTA was not given. Group 2 was injected with W-plasty and BoNTA. Photos were taken before surgery and twelve months after surgery. Two aesthetic surgeons analyzed the results using MSS, MSRS, and SBSES. Interrater reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were included in the study. Group 1 (Straight incision, No BoNTA) had 26, and Group 2 (W-plasty, BoNTA) had 23 patients. The interrater reliability in Group 1 was excellent for MSS (ICC, 0.957 [0.904-0.981]), and good in two of the interrater reliability measures (ICCs, 0.897 [0.769-0.954] for MSRS, and 0.821 [0.605-0.919] for SBSES). Interrater reliability in Group 2 was good in two out of three measures (ICCs, 0.760 [0.423-0.899] for MSS, 0.746 [0.392-0.893] for MSRS, and 0.851 [0.654-0.937] for SBSES). There was a significant statistical difference between Group 1 and Group 2, showing that Group 2 has superior outcomes (MSS, 6.596 ± 1.569 vs. 5.435 ± 0.590, P = 0.001; MSRS, 4.346 ± 0.967 vs. 3.652 ± 0.510, P = 0.003; SBSES, 3.788 ± 0.695 vs. 4.261 ± 0.541, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Analyzed by three dedicated scar assessments, better results were obtained through combining W-plasty and BoNTA injections, so it is expected to be a useful method for improving scars. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors   www.springer.com/00266 .

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Early Relapse After Facelift.

BACKGROUND: Early relapse is an adverse outcome of facelift surgery. The rate of early relapse is an indirect measure of the longevity and efficacy of facelift techniques. However, early relapse after facelift is ill-defined, under-evaluated, and under-reported, and literature data on the subject are dispersed. In this systematic review, we aimed to analyze facelift studies using relapse-related outcomes (RROs). Our secondary aim was to highlight the importance of early relapse as an essential outcome measure. METHODS: The study design was a systematic review of the English literature and meta-analysis of RROs after facelift surgery. RROs that occurred within the first 2 years after surgery were considered "early". Performance, analysis, and reporting were performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The systematic search was conducted using the PubMed database as of February 2020. Initial screening was performed using the keywords "facelift", "rhytidectomy", "surgical rejuvenation", "face lift", "rhytidoplasty", and "facial rejuvenation". Articles were excluded by using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: RROs were reported only in 4.4% (19/433) of the papers that underwent full-text review. The frequency of RROs ranged between 0.2 and 50% among facelift papers. The weighted median rate of RROs after facelift surgery was found to be 2.4% in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Future research on preventive measures will be successful upon acknowledgment of the actual prevalence of this problem. Consensus on its definition and objective criteria for its diagnosis are required for further progress. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Rhabdomyosarcoma Arising in an Old Rhytidectomy Scar.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical evaluation and management of an adult with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma is explored to delineate the diagnostic challenge posed by soft-tissue sarcomas bordering scar tissue. CASE REPORT: A 59 year old female presents with persistent, evolving paresthesia and burning in the right posterior neck, which was found to be in close proximity to a well-healed rhytidectomy scar. Serial biopsies were non-diagnostic. Six months after initial presentation, rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed subsequent to histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. A wide local excision with posterolateral neck dissection was performed. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion for soft-tissue sarcoma should be maintained for patients with persistent soft-tissue lesions, especially in areas of scarred tissue, who present with new-onset neurological symptoms in the context of nondiagnostic biopsies.

Advances in Face-Lift Surgical Techniques: 2016-2021.

BACKGROUND: Face-lift surgery is the most crucial and constantly evolving technique of facial rejuvenation. Periodic reviews synthesizing the latest face-lift techniques may help surgeons sharpen their surgical procedures. METHODS: A literature search was conducted of the PubMed databases using the search term "face lift" and "rhytidectomy." Articles reporting rhytidectomy of the forehead/brow, midface, lower face, and neck were included. Sixty-nine articles were selected after independent screening by three of the authors. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine scale was used for evaluating evidence level. RESULTS: Of the 69 candidate articles, 10 studies (15%) reported techniques of neck lifting; 10 studies (15%) introduced techniques of endoscopic brow lifting; 7 studies (10%) pertained to brow lifting without endoscopic techniques. The most frequently reported locations of rhytidectomy were the brow/forehead (20%), neck (19%), and face-neck (17%). Additionally, articles regarding Asian face-lifts (14%) have been increasing. The evidence level of the articles was generally low, with only 10 articles assessed as level 1-3 with 59 articles as level 4-5. CONCLUSIONS: Face-lift articles with high-level evidence are still lacking. Prominently, forehead lifting and neck lifting have become upward trends of rhytidectomy in recent years, and the techniques of short-scar face-lift have been more valued. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Enhanced study of facial soft tissues using a novel large scale histology technique.

The safety and effectiveness of facial cosmetic surgery procedures are dependent on detailed 3D understanding of the complex surgical anatomy of the face. Traditional, small sample size anatomical dissection studies have limitations in providing definitive clarification of the fascial layers of the face, and especially in their relationship with the facial nerve, and their reaction to surgical manipulation. The objective study of large tissue areas is required to effectively demonstrate the broader architecture. Conventional histology techniques were modified to handle extraordinarily large tissue samples to fulfill this requirement. Full-thickness soft tissue samples (skin to bone) of maximum length 18 cm, width 4 cm, and tissue thickness 1 cm, were harvested from 20 hemifaces of 15 fresh human cadavers (mean age at death = 81 years). After fixation, the samples were processed with an automated processor using paraffin wax for 156 h, sectioned at 30 µm, collected on gelatin-chromium-coated glass slides, stained with a Masson's Trichrome technique and photographed. Using this technique, excellent visualization was obtained of the fascial connective tissue and its relationship with the facial mimetic muscles, muscles of mastication and salivary glands in 73 large histological slides. The resulting slides improved the study of the platysma and superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS), the spaces and ligaments, the malar fat pad, and the facial nerve in relations to the deep fascia. Additionally, surgically induced changes in the soft-tissue organization were successfully visualized. This technique enables improved insight into the broad structural architecture and histomorphology of large-scale facial tissues.

Tissue Sealants for Facial Rhytidectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: The aging face can be surgically treated with a face-lift (rhytidectomy); however, bleeding and hematoma are complications that surgeons seek to prevent. Objective: To compare the drainage volume and rate of hematoma in studies of rhytidectomy among those having tissue sealants and those without. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022325404). We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that the enrolled participants undergoing rhytidectomy and used tissue sealants as the intervention. We calculated the mean and standard deviation for the drainage volume; risk ratios (RRs) were used for hematoma incidents. Results: Seven RCTs were included. The drainage volume was significantly lower in the tissue sealant group than in the control group (mean difference [MD]: -11.01, confidence interval [95% CI]: -18.39 to -3.63, p < 0.00001). As for hematomas, the incidence was also lower in the tissue sealant group (RR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.08-0.99, p = 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that tissue sealants can be effective in reducing drainage volume and hematoma in face-lift; however, autologous and homologous tissue sealants can be further compared in future RCTs.

Características y resultados del tratamiento aplicado a los pacientes con cáncer de páncreas / Rejuvenation Surgery with High-Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Flap

Introducción: El cáncer de páncreas mantiene un pronóstico ominoso a pesar de los avances en técnicas quirúrgicas y cuidados perioperatorios. Objetivo: Caracterizar los resultados del tratamiento aplicado a los pacientes con cáncer de páncreas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de una serie de 70 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de páncreas. Se estudiaron las variables: localización, tamaño del tumor, procedimiento quirúrgico, estadificación preoperatoria, diagnóstico histológico, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones posoperatorias y estado al egreso, mediante el análisis de frecuencias absolutas, relativas y la media así como la prueba de ji al cuadrado y el IC 95 por ciento. Resultados: El procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente fue derivativo en 47 enfermos (67,1 por ciento). La operación de Whipple se realizó en 10 pacientes (14,3 por ciento) con tumores localizados en la cabeza del páncreas y la pancreatectomía corporocaudal en 11 (15,7 por ciento) con tumores de cuerpo y cola del páncreas. La mayoría correspondió a los estadios III y IV. El 47,1 por ciento de los pacientes presentó un adenocarcinoma poco diferenciado. La estadía fluctuó entre 15 y 30 días en el 54,3 por ciento de la serie. Las complicaciones se presentaron en 19 enfermos (27,1 por ciento). Fallecieron 15 pacientes (21,4 por ciento) del total. Conclusiones: El tratamiento debe ser individualizado mediante equipos multidisciplinarios, con protocolos de actuación uniformes en cada institución que permita realizar estudios multicéntricos, con el objetivo de obtener estadísticas propias en aras de disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad, así como aumentar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Facial rhytidectomy is the technique for correcting facial aging features, but they are becoming increasingly complex due to the incorporation of deeper planes in the process. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system techniques have the advantage of providing a greater degree of naturalness and permanence in time. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the high-superficial musculoaponeurotic system technique for facial rejuvenation. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal case series study was carried out in the plastic surgery service of Hospital General Universitario "Vladimir Ilich Lenin" with patients who requested facial rejuvenation and were treated with the high-superficial musculoaponeurotic system technique, from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2020. The variables age, sex, skin type, degree of aging, operative complications, patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes were studied. Results: The female sex predominated, together with the age group 50-59 years, the degrees of aging II and III, as well as white and light brown skin colors, while the most frequent operative complication was wound dehiscence of the suture line at the auricle root. The patients' satisfaction with the aesthetic outcomes of the surgical intervention was verified and the aesthetic outcomes was assessed as favorable in 100 percent of the cases for the used surgical technique. Conclusions: The high-superficial musculoaponeurotic system surgical technique for rhytidectomy offers harmonic, long-lasting outcomes with a low percentage of complications, making it a valuable alternative for patients(AU)