RESUMO
Edible insects with high fat and phosphorus content are a potential novel source of lecithin, however, studies on their minor lipids are limited. In this study, lecithin was extracted from black soldier fly larvae and yellow mealworm. Herein, the effects of lecithin extraction method, matrix and ultrasound pretreatment were explored based on the fatty acid composition and phospholipid profile with soy lecithin as a reference. The use of a wet matrix and ultrasound pretreatment increased the extraction efficiency of total PLs from both insects. Insect lecithin contained a considerable amount of sphingomyelin compared to soy lecithin. In insect lecithin, a total of 47 glycerophospholipid and sphingomyelin molecular species, as well as four molecular species of fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acid, were detected. This study is the first comprehensive investigation of insects as a new source of lecithin with applications in food, cosmetics and in the pharmaceutical industry.
Assuntos
Larva , Lecitinas , Animais , Lecitinas/química , Larva/química , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Insetos Comestíveis/química , Dípteros/química , Dípteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tenebrio/química , Simuliidae/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Fosfolipídeos/química , Fosfolipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Lipídeos/química , Lipídeos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Phytochemical investigation of the fruit and flowers of Passiflora foetida led to the isolation of 14 compounds, of which five are previously undescribed fatty acid lactones. Four 2-pyrones, passifetilactones A-D (1-4), and one furanone, passifetilactone E (5), were identified by analysis of spectroscopic and spectrometric data. The previously undescribed lactones were tested for cytotoxic activities against the cancer cell lines HeLa, A549, PC-3, KKU-055, and KKU-213A and two normal cell lines, Vero and MMNK-1. Passifetilactones B (2) and C (3) displayed good to mild cytotoxic activity, at IC50 3.7-25.9 µM and 12.2-19.8 µM, respectively, against six cell lines, but were weakly active against the MMNK-1 cell line. Passifetilactones B and C (2 and 3) showed cell apoptosis induction on the KKU-055 cell line in a flow cytometry experiment. Passifetilactone D (4) is an isolation artifact produced by purification over silica gel, but we demonstrated that it can also be slowly formed within the crude EtOAc extract. This is the first investigation of the flowers and the fruit of this plant.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos , Flores , Frutas , Lactonas , Passiflora , Flores/química , Humanos , Frutas/química , Lactonas/química , Lactonas/farmacologia , Lactonas/isolamento & purificação , Passiflora/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Estrutura Molecular , Animais , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células HeLa , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células VeroRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a coastal Mediterranean aromatic medicinal plant rich in essential oil components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Studies highlight the potential health benefits of myrtle bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. Since limited research exists on myrtle fruit's lipid fraction, the aim of this study was to apply supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain bioactive compounds from myrtle berries focusing on the fatty acids, sterols, and essential oils. METHODS: The optimization of the supercritical CO2 extraction of myrtle fruit using CO2 as solvent was carried out using the response surface methodology with Box-Behnken experimental design. The following conditions were tested: temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), pressure (200, 300, and 400 bar), and flow rate (20, 30, and 40 g min-1) on the yield of lipid extract as well as on the yield of fatty acids, phytosterols, and volatiles present in the extract and constituting its bioactive potential. RESULTS: In the extracts examined, 36 fatty acids, 7 phytosterols, and 13 volatiles were identified. The average yield of the extract was 5.20%, the most abundant identified fatty acid was essential cis-linolenic acid (76.83%), almost 90% of the total phytosterols were ß-sitosterol (12,465 mg kg-1), while myrtenyl acetate (4297 mg kg-1) was the most represented volatile compound. The optimal process conditions obtained allow the formulation of extracts with specific compositions.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Ácidos Graxos , Frutas , Myrtus , Fitosteróis , Fitosteróis/isolamento & purificação , Fitosteróis/química , Fitosteróis/análise , Myrtus/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
Shrimp processing generates substantial waste, which is rich in valuable components such as polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of shrimp waste, mainly shrimp shells, focusing on extraction methods, bioactivities, and potential applications of these bioactive compounds. Various extraction techniques, including chemical extraction, microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and pressurized techniques are discussed, highlighting their efficacy in isolating polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids from shrimp waste. Additionally, the bioactivities associated with these compounds, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, among others, are elucidated, underscoring their potential in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Furthermore, the review explores current and potential utilization avenues for these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management and circular economy principles in maximizing the value of shrimp waste. Overall, this review paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted aspects of shrimp waste valorization, offering valuable information for researchers, industries, and policymakers interested in sustainable resource utilization and waste-management strategies.
Assuntos
Penaeidae , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Penaeidae/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/química , Proteínas/isolamento & purificação , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/métodos , ResíduosRESUMO
Three pairs of enantiomers (1-3)-the new 12R-aloesol (1a) and two new fatty acids (2 and 3)-and one new natural product (4) together three known compounds (5-7) were isolated from a coral-reef-derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 66814. Their structures were determined through extensive spectroscopic analysis, chiral analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Compounds 2 and 3 were presumed to be intermediates for further generating homononactic acid (5) and nonactic acid, and the latter two molecules were able to act as precursors to form macrotetrolides with remarkable biological activity. The isolation of related precursors, compounds 2-5, provided more evidence to support the proposal of a plausible biosynthetic pathway for nonactic acid and its homologs. Additionally, (+)-1 exhibited a weak activity against DPPH radicals.
Assuntos
Antozoários , Cromonas , Streptomyces , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Streptomyces/química , Cromonas/química , Cromonas/isolamento & purificação , Cromonas/farmacologia , Estereoisomerismo , Antozoários/química , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Studies comparing methodologies for fatty acids are very important, since they can influence the quality and final quantification of the lipid fraction. Objective-to compare different extraction methods for total lipids and to evaluate the effect of these methodologies on the quantitative composition of fatty acids in milk of lactating ewes raised in tropical pastures. The methodologies used were simple direct transesterification, using the HPLC grade organic solvent n-hexane, Bligh; Dyer (cold extraction, extracting mixture proportions 5, 10, and 15 mL in a ratio of 2:1:1 (v/v/v) of chloroform-methanol-water). The fatty acid methyl esters were separated by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results show that there was no significant difference (p <0.05) in the total lipid content between the extraction methods. However, the Bligh's method; Dyer obtained the best yield of lipids to be extracted from ewe's milk, since the volume with 15 mL of the extraction solution was able to identify 87% of the chromatographic peaks. It was also observed that ewe's milk has a higher percentage of palmitic, stearic and oleic fatty acids, with percentages of 20.1%, 15.5% and 33.1%, respectively. Therefore, an extraction mixture with a volume of 15 mL used in this study may be an alternative to perform the extraction of milk fat from high lactating ewes in tropical pastures as a routine method, as it expresses the best lipid content of this food.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Leite/química , Solventes/química , Água/química , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Esterificação , Feminino , Lactação , OvinosRESUMO
The separation of structural analogues in natural products has always been one of the challenges in separation science, where supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is an unconventional but potential solution. In this study, a preparative two-dimensional chiral SFC (2D cSFC) method that was established with two kinds of CSPs was applied in the isolation of the aliphatic acid derivatives in Piper kadsura (P. kadsura). The RPLC unseparated peaks of two samples A and B of P. kadsura were evenly scattered on the CSP-1 column while they clustered into two groups on the CSP-2 column by SFC. There was impressively complementary selectivity between CSP-1 and CSP-2, which were used for construction of 2D cSFC. The first dimension (1D) separation with CSP-1 fractionated the sample A into six parts by a heart-cutting method and the sample B into nine parts for a comprehensive 2D analysis; then 29 and 71 peaks were respectively found in these parts in the second dimension (2D) separation with CSP-2. Further through 2D preparative separation, 19 high purity components were obtained, and the chemical structures of two of them were confirmed, including a novel unsaturated aliphatic acid compound (8Z,10Z)-12-methoxyheptadeca-8,10-dienoic acid and a known octadecadienoic acid lactone Lactariolide. The 2D cSFC method presented the superiority of separating the achiral compounds of complex samples.
Assuntos
Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Piper/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Double and triple bonds have significant effects on the biological activities of lipids. Determining multiple bond positions in their molecules by mass spectrometry usually requires chemical derivatization. This work presents an HPLC/MS method for pinpointing the double and triple bonds in fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with an acetonitrile mobile phase. In the APCI source, acetonitrile formed reactive species, which added to double and triple bonds to form [M + C3H5N]+⢠ions. Their collisional activation in an ion trap provided fragments helpful in localizing the multiple bond positions. This approach was applied to fatty acids with isolated, cumulated, and conjugated double bonds and triple bonds. The fatty acids were isolated from the fat body of early-nesting bumblebee Bombus pratorum and seeds or seed oils of Punicum granatum, Marrubium vulgare, and Santalum album. Using the method, the presence of the known fatty acids was confirmed, and new ones were discovered.
Assuntos
Acetonitrilas/química , Abelhas/química , Ésteres/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ésteres/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Many lignicolous mushroom species are used as a food supplement and may represent an alternative treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to evaluate acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) of Stereum hirsutum together with antioxidant activity (AO) and cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells. Different extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, polysaccharide) were analyzed, with respect to their mineral composition and chemical content. Ethanol extract was the most potent in AChEI (98.44 %) and demonstrated cytotoxic activity (91.96 % at 900.00â µg/mL), while the highest AO was demonstrated for polar extracts (methanol and water) as well. These activities may be attributed to determined phenolics (hydroxybenzoic and quinic acid) and fatty acids (FA), while biflavonoid amentoflavone may be responsible for cytotoxic activity. The most prevalent FA was linoleic (40.00 %) and the domination of unsaturated FA (UFA) (71.91 %) over saturated (26.96 %) was observed. This is the first report of AChEI of S.â hirsutum extracts and first detection of amentoflavone. Due to high amount of UFA and well-expressed AChEI, this species can be considered as a potent food supplement in the palliative therapy of AD.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Basidiomycota/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Fenóis/farmacologia , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Benzotiazóis/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/isolamento & purificação , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Sulfônicos/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Propolis is a resinous natural product collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera and others) from tree exudates that has been widely used in folk medicine. The present study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition, chemical constituents, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of Jordanian propolis, collected from Al-Ghour, Jordan. The hexane extract of Jordanian propolis contained different fatty acids, which are reported for the first time by using GC-FID. The HPLC was carried out to identify important chemical constituents such as fatty acids, polyphenols and α-tocopherol. The antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were also monitored. The major fatty acid identified were palmitic acid (44.6%), oleic acid (18:1∆9cis, 24.6%), arachidic acid (7.4%), stearic acid (5.4%), linoleic acid (18:2∆9-12cis, 3.1%), caprylic acid (2.9%), lignoceric acid (2.6%), cis-11,14-eicosaldienoic acid (20:2∆11-14cis, 2.4%), palmitoleic acid (1.5%), cis-11-eicosenoic acid (1.2%), α-linolenic acid (18:3∆9-12-15cis, 1.1%), cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (22:2∆13-16cis, 1.0%), along with other fatty acids. The major chemical constituents identified using gradient HPLC-PDA analysis were pinocembrin (2.82%), chrysin (1.83%), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (1.23%), caffeic acid (1.12%), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 0.79%), apigenin (0.54%), galangin (0.46%), and luteolin (0.30%); while the minor constituents were hesperidin, quercetin, rutin, and vanillic acid. The percentage of α-tocopherol was 2.01 µg/g of the lipid fraction of propolis. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined via DPPH radical scavenging. The DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC50) of different extracts ranged from 6.13 to 60.5 µg/mL compared to ascorbic acid (1.21 µg/mL). The xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50) ranged from 75.11 to 250.74 µg/mL compared to allopurinol (0.38 µg/mL). The results indicate that the various flavonoids, phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol, and other constituents which are present in propolis are responsible for the antioxidant and xanthine oxidation inhibition activity. To evaluate the safety studies of propolis, the pesticide residues were also monitored by LC-MS-MS 4500 Q-Trap. Trace amounts of pesticide residue (ng/mL) were detected in the samples, which are far below the permissible limit as per international guidelines.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/química , Própole/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácidos Cafeicos/química , Ácidos Cafeicos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia Líquida , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/isolamento & purificação , Resíduos de Praguicidas/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Álcool Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Álcool Feniletílico/química , Álcool Feniletílico/isolamento & purificação , Rutina/químicaRESUMO
The textural properties of butter are influenced by its fat content and implicitly by the fatty acids composition. The impact of butter's chemical composition variation was studied in accordance with texture and color properties. From 37 fatty acids examined, only 18 were quantified in the analyzed butter fat samples, and approximately 69.120% were saturated, 25.482% were monounsaturated, and 5.301% were polyunsaturated. The butter samples' viscosity ranged between 0.24 and 2.12 N, while the adhesiveness ranged between 0.286 to 18.19 N·mm. The principal component analysis (PCA) separated the butter samples based on texture parameters, fatty acids concentration, and fat content, which were in contrast with water content. Of the measured color parameters, the yellowness b* color parameter is a relevant indicator that differentiated the analyzed sample into seven statistical groups; the ANOVA statistics highlighted this difference at a level of p < 0.001.
Assuntos
Manteiga/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Água/análise , Animais , Cor , Ácidos Graxos/classificação , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/classificação , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Análise de Componente Principal , Paladar/fisiologia , ViscosidadeRESUMO
Enzymatic pretreatment of seeds is a novel approach that enhances the health benefits of the extracted oil. The study investigated the influence of the enzymatic pretreatment of seeds on the quality of oil from different pomegranate cultivars. The quality of the ultrasound-assisted (and ethanol-extracted) oil was studied, with respect to the refractive index (RI), yellowness index (YI), conjugated dienes (K232), peroxide value (PV) ρ-anisidine value (AV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), total carotenoid content (TCC), total phenolic compounds (TPC), fatty acid composition, phytosterol composition, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. The seeds of three different pomegranate cultivars ('Wonderful', 'Herskawitz', and 'Acco') were digested with an equal mixture of Pectinex Ultra SPL, Flavourzyme 100 L, and cellulase crude enzymes, at a concentration, pH, temperature, and time of 1.7%, 4.5, 40 °C, and 5 h, respectively. Enzymatic pretreatment of PS increased oil yield, PV, TPC, TCC, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity, but decreased the YI. The levels of K232, AV and TOTOX, fatty acids, phytosterols, RI, and FRAP, were not significantly affected by enzymatic pretreatment of PS. Principal component analysis (PCA) established that oil extracted from the 'Acco' seed after enzymatic pretreatment had higher yield, TPC, TCC, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Therefore, enzyme-pretreated 'Acco' pomegranate fruit seed is a source of quality seed oil with excellent antioxidant properties.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Hidrolases/química , Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Punica granatum/química , Sementes/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Etanol/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Alimento Funcional/provisão & distribuição , Humanos , Oxirredução , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fitosteróis/química , Fitosteróis/isolamento & purificação , Fitosteróis/farmacologia , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Óleos de Plantas/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Solventes/química , Sonicação/métodosRESUMO
A new generation of plant-based meat alternatives-formulated to mimic the taste and nutritional composition of red meat-have attracted considerable consumer interest, research attention, and media coverage. This has raised questions of whether plant-based meat alternatives represent proper nutritional replacements to animal meat. The goal of our study was to use untargeted metabolomics to provide an in-depth comparison of the metabolite profiles a popular plant-based meat alternative (n = 18) and grass-fed ground beef (n = 18) matched for serving size (113 g) and fat content (14 g). Despite apparent similarities based on Nutrition Facts panels, our metabolomics analysis found that metabolite abundances between the plant-based meat alternative and grass-fed ground beef differed by 90% (171 out of 190 profiled metabolites; false discovery rate adjusted p < 0.05). Several metabolites were found either exclusively (22 metabolites) or in greater quantities in beef (51 metabolites) (all, p < 0.05). Nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3), niacinamide (vitamin B3), glucosamine, hydroxyproline and the anti-oxidants allantoin, anserine, cysteamine, spermine, and squalene were amongst those only found in beef. Several other metabolites were found exclusively (31 metabolites) or in greater quantities (67 metabolites) in the plant-based meat alternative (all, p < 0.05). Ascorbate (vitamin C), phytosterols, and several phenolic anti-oxidants such as loganin, sulfurol, syringic acid, tyrosol, and vanillic acid were amongst those only found in the plant-based meat alternative. Large differences in metabolites within various nutrient classes (e.g., amino acids, dipeptides, vitamins, phenols, tocopherols, and fatty acids) with physiological, anti-inflammatory, and/or immunomodulatory roles indicate that these products should not be viewed as truly nutritionally interchangeable, but could be viewed as complementary in terms of provided nutrients. The new information we provide is important for making informed decisions by consumers and health professionals. It cannot be determined from our data if either source is healthier to consume.
Assuntos
Carne/análise , Metabolômica , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Paladar , Ração Animal , Animais , Anserina/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Bovinos , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Humanos , Nutrientes/isolamento & purificação , Estado Nutricional , Valor Nutritivo , Carne Vermelha/análiseRESUMO
Gundelia species are known as "Kenger-kereng dikeni" in Anatolia, and their aerial parts are consumed as food. Also, roots and seeds (disseminules) of the Gundelia species are used to prepare gum and coffee. The chemical contents of ethanol and hexane extracts of disseminules of 17 Gundelia species, 13 of them are endemic, were studied using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Additionally, their antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory capacity against acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase were determined. The unsaturated fatty acid ratios of Gundelia species were higher than their saturated fatty acid ratio. The highest sum of oleic and linoleic acid was detected in G. tournefortii var. tenuisecta (70.42 %). ß-Sitosterol, α-amyrin, 3-acetyllupeol were identified in 17 Gundelia species by GC/MS, while chlorogenic acid and luteolin by LC/MS/MS as major compounds. The ethanol and hexane extracts of G. siirtica, G. rosea, and G. mesopotamica indicated good cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among all species, ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis exhibited the best activity in ABTS (IC50 : 32.30±0.98â µg/mL), DPPH (IC50 : 59.91±0.89â µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5 : 57.41±1.03â µg/mL) assays. Ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis also displayed the highest inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase (51.14±0.25 % at 200â µg/mL), urease (51.71±1.75 % at 200â µg/mL), and tyrosinase (39.50±0.85 % at 200â µg/mL) enzymes. According to the chemometric analysis of fatty acids, four groups were observed. Therefore, it is suggested that G. colemerikensis can be used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/química , Asteraceae/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/química , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Inibidores Enzimáticos/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/metabolismo , Análise de Componente Principal , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Urease/antagonistas & inibidores , Urease/metabolismoRESUMO
Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) is a multi-functional tree with widespread application in toiletries, biomedicine, biomass energy, and landscaping. The pericarp of soapberry can be used as a medicine or detergent. However, there is currently no systematic study on the chemical constituents of soapberry pericarp during fruit development and ripening, and the dynamic changes in these constituents still unclear. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomics approach using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used to comprehensively profile the variations in metabolites in the soapberry pericarp at eight fruit growth stages. The metabolome coverage of UHPLC-HRMS on a HILIC column was higher than that of a C18 column. A total of 111 metabolites were putatively annotated. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of pericarp metabolic composition revealed clear metabolic shifts from early (S1-S2) to late (S3-S5) development stages to fruit ripening stages (S6-S8). Furthermore, pairwise comparison identified 57 differential metabolites that were involved in 18 KEGG pathways. Early fruit development stages (S1-S2) were characterized by high levels of key fatty acids, nucleotides, organic acids, and phosphorylated intermediates, whereas fruit ripening stages (S6-S8) were characterized by high contents of bioactive and valuable metabolites, such as troxipide, vorinostat, furamizole, alpha-tocopherol quinone, luteolin, and sucrose. S8 (fully developed and mature stage) was the most suitable stage for fruit harvesting to utilize the pericarp. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first metabolomics study of the soapberry pericarp during whole fruit growth. The results could offer valuable information for harvesting, processing, and application of soapberry pericarp, as well as highlight the metabolites that could mediate the biological activity or properties of this medicinal plant.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/fisiologia , Metaboloma , Metabolômica/métodos , Sapindus/química , Ácidos Carboxílicos/classificação , Ácidos Carboxílicos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Carboxílicos/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ácidos Graxos/classificação , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Flavonas/classificação , Flavonas/isolamento & purificação , Flavonas/metabolismo , Frutas/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/classificação , Nucleotídeos/isolamento & purificação , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Análise de Componente Principal , Quinonas/classificação , Quinonas/isolamento & purificação , Quinonas/metabolismo , Sapindus/metabolismo , Saponinas/classificação , Saponinas/isolamento & purificação , Saponinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Fatty acids are an essential structural and energy storage component of cells and hence there is much interest in their metabolism, requiring identification and quantification with readily available instrumentation, such as GC-MS. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) can be generated and extracted directly from biological tissue, in a one-pot process, and following high resolution GC, their respective chain length, degrees of unsaturation, and other functionalities can be readily identified using EI-MS. Defining the positions of the double bonds in the alkyl chain requires conversion of the FAMEs into their respective dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives. Following EI, this derivative allows charge retention on the heterocycle, and concomitant charge remote fragmentation of the alkyl chain to yield key double bond position identifying ions. The protocols described herein have been applied to the identification and quantification of fatty acids harvested from microalgae grown to produce biofuels and to the screening of salt tolerant Arabidopsis mutants.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Lipidômica/métodos , Microalgas/química , Biologia Computacional , Esterificação , Ácidos Graxos/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazóis/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Caules de Planta/química , SoftwareRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To establish reliable methods for the extraction and quantification of the total carbohydrate and intracellular saccharides from Mortierella alpina and study the changes between carbohydrate and lipid in fermentation process. RESULTS: The extraction of mycelia with HCl following a photometric phenol-sulphuric acid reaction was identified as an optimal method for total carbohydrate analysis in Mortierella alpina, which the extraction efficiency performed 1.1-3.6 fold than other five methods. The total carbohydrate content increased from initial 19.26 to 25.86% during early fermentation process and declined gradually thereafter, while the fatty acid was increasing from 8.47 to 31.03%. For separation and qualitative estimation of intracellular saccharides, the acetonitrile/water freeze-thaw method for extraction and Sugar-Pak I column for separation proved to be possible. With the glucose rapidly decreasing at the beginning of growth, the trehalose accumulated rapidly from 1.63 to 5.04% and then decreased slightly but maintain above 4% of dry biomass. CONCLUSIONS: This work established comprehensive carbohydrate extraction and analysis methods of Mortierella alpina and identified the main saccharide in fermentation process which indicated that the accumulation of fatty acids was related to the change of intracellular carbohydrate content.
Assuntos
Carboidratos/análise , Lipídeos/análise , Mortierella/química , Carboidratos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/instrumentação , Colorimetria , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Fermentação , Glucose/isolamento & purificação , Lipídeos/química , Fotometria , Trealose/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Microorganisms are key players in organic matter and nutrient cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. The analysis of microbial membrane lipids, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) has strongly improved our understanding of how microbial processes contribute to these cycles. The analysis has proven to yield robust results, but adaptations of analytical parameters to laboratory needs might lead to pitfalls and impede comparability of PLFA results between different studies. Here, we show how a set of four analytical parameters (freeze-drying vs. field moist, amount of sample extracted, age of solvent mixture, and methylation methods) influence the quantitative and qualitative results of PLFA analysis. Freeze-drying vs. field moist samples and the amount of sample extracted had only minor effects on PLFA concentrations and recovery of the microbial community structure. Nevertheless, these parameters are important to consider, especially if treatment effects in an experiment are expected to be low. The use of a four weeks old extraction solution resulted in 12% lower PLFA concentrations as well as significant differences in the relative abundance of functional microbial groups. This suggests that extraction solution should be prepared on the day of extraction or that the different components of the extraction solution should be added sequentially to the sample. Most importantly, the choice of the methylation method led to differences in both, PLFA concentrations (35%) and the relative abundance of functional microbial groups, making comparisons between studies difficult. Our study provides a valuable ranking of parameters that need to be considered during PLFA method implementation in a laboratory and also highlights the fact that comparability of studies using different methylation methods might be limited.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Fosfolipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia do Solo , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study, focused on the nutritional value of wild berries, was to determine the contents of macronutrients, profiles of fatty (FAs) and amino acids (AAs), and the contents of selected elements in red arils (RA) of Taxus baccata L., grown in diverse locations in Poland. Protein (1.79-3.80 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (18.43-19.30 g/100 g) contents of RAs were higher than in many cultivated berries. RAs proved to be a source of lipids (1.39-3.55 g/100 g). Ten out of 18 AAs detected in RAs, mostly branched-chain AAs, were essential AAs (EAAs). The EAAs/total AAs ratio approximating were found in animal foods. Lipids of RA contained seven PUFAs, including those from n-3 family (19.20-28.20 g/100 g FA). Polymethylene-interrupted FAs (PMI-FAs), pinolenic 18:3Δ5,9,12; sciadonic 20:3Δ5,11,14, and juniperonic 20:4Δ5,11,14,17, known as unique for seeds of gymnosperms, were found in RAs. RAs may represent a novel dietary source of valuable n-3 PUFAs and the unique PMI-FAs. The established composition of RAs suggests it to become a new source of functional foods, dietary supplements, and valuable ingredients. Because of the tendency to accumulate toxic metals, RAs may be regarded as a valuable indicator of environmental contamination. Thus, the levels of toxic trace elements (Al, Ni, Cd) have to be determined before collecting fruits from natural habitats.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/química , Lipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Taxus/química , Aminoácidos/química , Animais , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/química , Humanos , Lipídeos/química , Valor Nutritivo , Polônia , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Due to the lack of phytochemical composition data, the major goals of the present study on Amphiroa rigida J.V. Lamouroux were to: (a) investigate and compare volatilome profiles of fresh and air-dried samples obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis; (b) determine fatty acids profile by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID); (c) obtain the pigment profiles of semipurified extracts by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and (d) evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its less polar fractions. The comparison of headspace of fresh (FrAr) and air-dried (DrAr) samples revealed many similarities regarding the presence and abundance of the major (heptadecane and pentadecane) and minor compounds. The hydrodistillate (HD) of DrAr profile was quite different in comparison to HD-FrAr. The predominant compound in HD-FrAr was (E)-phytol. In HD-DrAr, its percentage was approximately one-half reduced, but the abundance of its degradation product phytone and of unsaturated and oxygenated compounds increased indicating more intense fatty acid decomposition and oxidation during drying. The fatty acid determination revealed that the most dominant was palmitic acid (42.86%) followed by eicosapentaenoic acid (19.14%) and stearic acid (11.65%). Among the pigments, A. rigida contained fucoxanthin (0.63 mg g- 1 of dry fraction), lutein (5.83 mg g- 1), ß-carotene (6.18 mg g-1) and chlorophyll a (13.65 mg g-1). The analyzed less polar fractions of A. rigida exhibited antioxidant scavenging activity with diammonium salt of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-yl) sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay up to 3.87 mg g-1 trolox equivalents (TE), and with the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay up to 825.63 µmol g-1 TE (with carotenoids as the major contributors).