Associations Between Visual Functions and Severity Gradings, Corneal Scatter, or Higher-Order Aberrations in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between visual function and severity grading, corneal scatter, or higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Methods: This observational case series study included 49 eyes of 27 patients with FECD and 10 eyes of 10 healthy individuals. We evaluated corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) using Landolt-C and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts and contrast sensitivity using the CSV-1000E chart and CSV-1000RN letter chart. We analyzed the associations between visual function and explanatory variables, including age, modified Krachmer grade, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)-based grade, HOAs, intraocular straylight, and corneal densitometry. We additionally conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify the corneal densitometry thresholds for decreased visual function. Results: There were significant associations between visual function and the modified Krachmer grade, CCT, AS-OCT-based grade, HOAs, intraocular straylight, and corneal densitometry. A modified Krachmer grade ≥ 3 was identified as a threshold for decreased visual function. Multivariate analysis showed that corneal densitometry was significantly associated with all visual function parameters, and HOAs were significantly associated with CDVA but not with contrast sensitivity. ROC analysis revealed that corneal densitometry of the posterior layer at 0 to 2 mm ≥ 10 grayscale units (GSU), was identified as a threshold for decreased visual function. Conclusions: HOAs, forward and backward light scatter affected visual function, with backward light scatter being the most influential. In patients with FECD, modified Krachmer grade ≥ 3 and corneal densitometry ≥ 10 GSU were thresholds for visual disturbance.

Statistical optimal parameters obtained by using clinical human ocular aberrations for high-precision aberration measurement.

PURPOSE: Compared to Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS), the parameters of virtual SHWS (vSHWS) can be easily adjusted to obtain the optimal performance of aberration measurement. Its current optimal parameters are obtained with only a set of statistical aberrations and not statistically significant. Whether the above parameters are consistent with the statistical results of the optimal parameters corresponding to each set of aberrations, and which performance is better if not? The purpose of this study was to answer these questions. METHODS: The optimal parameters to reconstruct 624 sets of clinical ocular aberrations in the highest accuracy, including the numbers of sub-apertures (NSAs) and the expansion ratios (ERs) of electric field zero-padding, were determined sequentially in this work. By using wavefront-reconstruction accuracy as an evaluation index, the statistical optimal parameter configuration was selected from some possible configurations determined by the optimal NSAs and ERs. RESULTS: The statistical optimal parameters are consistent for normal and abnormal eyes. They are different from the optimal parameters obtained with a set of statistical aberrations from the same 624 sets of aberrations, and the performance using the former is better than that using the latter. The performance using a fixed set of statistical optimal parameters is even close to that using the respective optimal parameters corresponding to each set of aberrations. CONCLUSION: The vSHWS configured with a fixed set of statistical optimal parameters can be used for high-precision aberration measurement of both normal and abnormal eyes. The statistical optimal parameters are more suitable for vSHWS than the parameters obtained with a set of statistical aberrations. These conclusions are significant for the designs of vSHWS and also SHWS.

[Wavefront characteristics in amblyopia of different etiologies in children]. / Osobennosti volnovogo fronta pri ambliopii razlichnogo geneza u detei.

Purpose. The study investigates corneal and higher-order internal aberrations in patients with amblyopia of different etiologies and their relationship with visual acuity, refraction, axial length, and fixation parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five patients (90 eyes) were examined. All patients were divided into five groups: 1 - with dysbinocular amblyopia; 2 - with refractive amblyopia; 3 - with anisometropic amblyopia; 4 - with relative amblyopia due to congenital myopia; 5 (control) - fellow eyes without amblyopia. Aberrometry was performed using the OPD-Scan III device (Nidek, Japan). Fixation parameters were studied on the MP-3 microperimeter (Nidek, Japan). Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: In amblyopia associated with congenital myopia, a significant increase in corneal and internal aberrations RMS, Total HOA, astigmatism (V) (0.65±0.26; 1.01±0.31; 4.22±1.17; -2.17±0.72; 0.86±0.3, respectively; control group - 0.44±0.19; 0.58±0.27; 1.0±0.75; -0.94±0.89; 0.47±0.65) and internal spherical aberration (0.06±0.02; control group - 0.04±0.03) was found. In dysbinocular amblyopia, a significant increase in internal aberrations Trefoil (V) and Coma (H) (0.75±0.52 and 0.17±0.35, respectively; control group - 0.05±0.28 and -0.07±0.21) was found, which correlated with a decrease in fixation density in the 2° ring (r= -0.40, r= -0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The increased level of higher-order aberrations in amblyopia associated with congenital myopia is due to the anatomical and optical features of the eyes. The increase in internal aberrations Trefoil (V) and Coma (H) in dysbinocular amblyopia is associated with a mismatch of the optical elements of the eye due to impaired fixation, i.e., it is not the cause, but the consequence of amblyopia.

Repeatability of pyramidal aberrometer measurements in keratoconus and normal eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the intrasubject repeatability of pyramidal aberrometer measurements in a sample of keratoconus and normal eyes. SETTING: American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. DESIGN: Prospective comparative repeatability analysis. METHODS: Study population: Keratoconus and normal eyes from adult patients. Observation procedures: Each eye was evaluated with 3 consecutive acquisitions using a pyramidal aberrometer. Main outcome measures: The repeatability of different ocular higher-order aberrations and lower-order aberrations (HOAs and LOAs, respectively), and Zernike coefficients down to the fifth order, was evaluated. Repeatability was assessed by within-subject SDs (Sw), repeatability limits ( r ), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), among other parameters. RESULTS: 72 keratoconus patients (72 eyes) and 76 normal patients (76 eyes) were included. In normal and keratoconus eyes, the ICC of total LOAs and HOAs, as well as each of the Zernike coefficients, was >0.9. The Sw for keratoconus eyes with mean maximal keratometry (Kmax) <50 diopters (D) was 0.1345 for total LOAs, 0.0619 for total HOAs, 0.0292 for horizontal coma, 0.0561 for vertical coma, and 0.0221 for spherical aberration as compared with 0.2696, 0.1486, 0.0972, 0.1497, and 0.0757 for keratoconus eyes with Kmax ≥50 D. Similar trend of better repeatability for grade 1 keratoconus and HOAs <2 D as compared with grades 2 and 3 keratoconus and eyes with HOAs >2 D were also noted. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular aberrometer measurements generated by high definition pyramidal aberrometers have high repeatability in both normal and mild keratoconus eyes and moderate repeatability, yet still clinically acceptable, in advanced keratoconus. This is of particular importance in ocular wavefront-guided treatments.

Aberration change after scleral lens wear in eyes with pellucid marginal degenerations.

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of scleral lenses (SLs) on higher-order aberrations (HOAs), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and contrast sensitivity (CS) in pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) eyes. METHODS: SLs were fitted in 24 eyes diagnosed with PMD. CDVA, CS, and HOAs were measured at baseline and with the lens on the eye. The HOAs were measured using an i-Trace aberrometer. RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement was noted in CDVA ( P < 0.001) with BSS lenses (0.05 ± 0.04) compared to baseline (0.42 ± 0.06). Front surface eccentricity 1 (FSE1) lens provided the best CDVA in most of the eyes. The baseline CS of 1.24 ± 0.74 improved to 1.58 ± 0.48 with SL and reported a statistically significant improvement ( P < 0.001) and a gain of 6 letters. The baseline higher order-root mean square (HO-RMS) was 0.89 ± 0.53 µm, which reduced to 0.38 ± 0.24 µm ( P < 0.001), and RMS coma of 0.45 ± 0.29 µm improved to 0.20 ± 0.12 µm ( P < 0.001). Though there was a marginal reduction from 0.04 ± 0.14 to 0.03 ± 0.07, RMS spherical aberration did not show any statistically significant difference ( P = 0.37). RMS secondary astigmatism reduced from 0.17 ± 0.15 µm to 0.08 ± 0.12 µm ( P = 0.007), and RMS trefoil reduced to 0.13 ± 0.09 µm from 0.64 ± 0.36 µm ( P < 0.001) with SLs and showed statistically significant improvement. CONCLUSION: SLs can be considered an effective option that corrects a significant amount of HOAs and enhances visual performances in PMD eyes.

Allowable movement of wavefront-guided contact lens corrections in normal and keratoconic eyes.

PURPOSE: The goal was to use SyntEyes modelling to estimate the allowable alignment error of wavefront-guided rigid contact lens corrections for a range of normal and keratoconic eye aberration structures to keep objectively measured visual image quality at or above average levels of well-corrected normal eyes. Secondary purposes included determining the required radial order of correction, whether increased radial order of the corrections further constrained the allowable alignment error and how alignment constraints vary with keratoconus severity. METHODS: Building on previous work, 20 normal SyntEyes and 20 keratoconic SyntEyes were fitted with optimised wavefront-guided rigid contact lens corrections targeting between three and eight radial orders that drove visual image quality, as measured objectively by the visual Strehl ratio, to near 1 (best possible) over a 5-mm pupil for the aligned position. The resulting wavefront-guided contact lens was then allowed to translate up to ±1 mm in the x- and y-directions and rotate up ±15°. RESULTS: Allowable alignment error changed as a function of the magnitude of aberration structure to be corrected, which depends on keratoconus severity. This alignment error varied only slightly with the radial order of correction above the fourth radial order. To return the keratoconic SyntEyes to average levels of visual image quality depended on maximum anterior corneal curvature (Kmax). Acceptable tolerances for misalignment that returned keratoconic visual image quality to average normal levels varied between 0.29 and 0.63 mm for translation and approximately ±6.5° for rotation, depending on the magnitude of the aberration structure being corrected. CONCLUSIONS: Allowable alignment errors vary as a function of the aberration structure being corrected, the desired goal for visual image quality and as a function of keratoconus severity.

A Comprehensive Wavefront Assessment of Keratoconus Using an Integrated Scheimpflug Corneal Tomographer/Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Aberrometer.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in different severities of keratoconus (KC) from the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and whole eye using an integrated Scheimpflug corneal tomographer/Hartmann-Shack wavefront aberrometer. METHODS: This study included eyes with clinical KC, topographic KC (no clinical signs), fellow eyes with very asymmetric ectasia with normal topography and no clinical signs (VAE-NT), and control eyes. Corneal and ocular wavefront aberrations were obtained using an integrated Scheimpflug tomographer/Hartmann-Shack wavefront aberrometer. The diagnostic capability of distinguishing VAE-NT from the control was also tested. RESULTS: This study included 68 eyes with clinical KC, 44 with topographic KC, 26 with VAE-NT, and 45 controls. Clinical KC had significantly greater total HOAs and coma from the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and whole eye than the other groups ( P <0.05). Although topographic KC had significantly greater values in all wavefront parameters than the control ( P <0.05), ocular and corneal HOAs did not differ between the VAE-NT and control groups. The coma from the anterior cornea in topographic KC was significantly greater than that in VAE-NT ( P <0.05); the coma from the posterior cornea and whole eye did not differ. Total HOAs from the anterior corneal surface exhibited the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.774 (sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 78%). CONCLUSION: A comprehensive wavefront assessment can be used to quantitatively evaluate corneal and ocular HOAs across various severity of KC. Total HOAs from the anterior corneal surface exhibited the potential ability in distinguishing VAE-NT from the control eyes.

Characterization of postoperative LASIK ectasia features on higher-order aberration excimer ablation maps.

BACKGROUND: To characterize anterior corneal higher-order aberration (HOA) excimer ablation map patterns in postoperative LASIK ectasia (POE) and to examine correlations between newly identified corneal HOA ablation map features of POE and known topographic indices. METHODS: Prospective multicenter non-interventional descriptive study. A total of 28 eyes from 22 POE patients were enrolled. The postoperative HOA ablation map was derived from Topolyzer Vario corneal imaging at the time of POE diagnosis. Features that recurred were identified and then analyzed. Correlations to Orbscan indices were studied. RESULTS: An arrangement of two elliptical paracentral ablation islands, deep inferior and shallow superior, in direct mirror-like opposition to each other, were identified on all HOA maps. The paracentral islands were accompanied by peripheral ablation crescents. The deep paracentral inferior island 'hot spot' coincided with the topographical apical POE cone and was highly reproducible in angular position (249.3 ± 17.3°). There was significant variation in ablation depth (shallow superior island: 11.5 ± 6.9 µm and deep inferior island: 32.5 ± 18.8 µm). The superior crescents had high variability in depth (34.8 ± 18.9 µm). Strong correlations were found between the corneal irregularity index and the ablation depth difference between the deep and shallow paracentral islands (R = 0.96; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The corneal HOA excimer ablation map revealed a recurring, distinct, easily recognizable pattern in POE eyes. Validated Orbscan POE indices and HOA ablation map islands showed a strong correlation. It is possible to extract useful information from the corneal HOA ablation map, potentially making it suitable for diagnosing and monitoring POE although more studies are needed.

Ray-tracing-guided myopic LASIK: real-world clinical outcomes.

PURPOSE: To assess effectiveness of individualized ray-trace based laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correction of myopia in everyday clinical practice. SETTING: Single-site private practice. DESIGN: Retrospective nonrandomised unmasked chart review. METHODS: Consecutive, myopic eyes (range ≤-8.25 diopters [D] sphere; astigmatism 0 to -4.25 D) treated with ray-trace based LASIK were included. Patients underwent wavefront, tomography, and biometry assessment using the InnovEyes Sightmap diagnostic device. The ray-trace based algorithm (InnovEyes algorithm) then generated an individualized 3D eye model and calculated a customized LASIK ablation profile. Postoperative visual acuity, refractive error and whole eye higher-order aberrations (HOAs) were evaluated over 3 months. RESULTS: The procedure was performed on 400 eyes (200 patients). Mean preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent was -3.39 ± 1.58 D (right eye -3.84 ± 1.63 D, left eye -3.98 ± 1.75 D). At month 3, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was ≥20/20 in all eyes, ≥20/16 in 89% (right eye 90%, left eye 89%), ≥20/12 in 51% (54% right eye; 47% left eye), and 20/10 in 8% (right eye 8%; left eye 9%) of eyes respectively. UDVA was within 1 line of preoperative corrected distance visual acuity in 98% of eyes (right eye 98.5%; left eye 98%) and 39% of eyes (right eye 38%; left eye 39%) gained 1 line improvement. There was a statistically but not clinically significant increase in total HOAs (right eye 0.06 ± 0.133 µm; left eye 0.057 ± 0.125 µm; P < .001). The spherical aberration decreased (right eye -0.047 ± 0.095 µm, P < .001; left eye -0.051 ± 0.091 µm, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Ray-trace based LASIK was safe and effective for correction of myopia with and without astigmatism. Approximately, half the eyes achieved ≥20/12.5 UDVA and 8% achieved 20/10. There was no clinically significant increase in total whole eye HOAs.

Subjective patient-reported visual quality after small-incision lenticule extraction and its correlation to the objective one.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to characterize the subjective visual quality and satisfaction following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and to identify its influential factors. SETTING: Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China. DESIGN: This was a retrospective observational study. METHODS: Patients who had simultaneous binocular SMILE for myopia and myopic astigmatism were included 6 months postoperatively, and the patient-reported outcome questionnaire was employed for the assessment of visual quality in real-life situations. Examinations with SIRIUS combined corneal topography and tomography were performed including the parameters of Strehl ratio (SR), corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) within 6.0-mm area, kappa angel, and thinnest corneal thickness. Decentration and effective optical zone (EOZ) were measured based on a tangential pre-post-operation difference map. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed for predictors of patient-reported visual quality. RESULTS: Clinical data from 97 cases were analyzed retrospectively. Overall satisfaction was 96.91% (94/97). Fluctuation in vision and glare is the most frequent and dominant visual symptoms. SR value increased non-significantly compared with preoperative (P> 0.05). A statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in total HOAs, spherical aberration, and coma was noted. SR and HOAs were not correlated with the degree of visual symptoms (P > 0.05). No objective parameter was found to be associated with patient-reported visual quality after SMILE (P> 0.05). CONCLUSION: The high patient-reported satisfaction confirmed the ideal effect on visual quality following SMILE in real-life situations, though some objective optical performances were not satisfying. It is very tolerant toward patients' conditions and mild deviations, and this study did not find factors affecting visual performances.

Monochromatic ocular high-order aberrations in children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence and repeatability of high-order aberrations (HOAs) from non-cyclopleged eyes in 1515 children and adolescents 2.5-18 years of age. METHODS: The Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE)-Child study is a population-based, prospective, observational single-centre study that investigates the development of children and adolescents in Germany. Wavefront measurements were repeated three times in each eye of 1515 healthy subjects. Results were described by 36 Zernike coefficients for a 5 mm reference pupil diameter. Short-term repeatability is given for each coefficient. The impact on vision is described by the root mean squared (RMS) value of the HOA Zernike coefficients. RESULTS: High-order aberrations were dominated by five contributions. For 1004 right eyes: spherical aberration (c12 = 0.06 ± 0.07 µm), coma (c7 = 0.03 ± 0.09 µm, c8 = 0.03 ± 0.06 µm) and trefoil (c6 = -0.01 ± 0.07 µm, c9 = 0.008 ± 0.06 µm). The RMS value was 0.18 ± 0.06 µm. Modes higher than fourth order do not contribute clinically to the aberrations. HOAs show no clinically significant dependency with age. Instead, HOA values agree well with previous results on aberrations in adult eyes. Spherical aberration was highly correlated between the two eyes. Repeatability was worst for coma, 0.033 µm, due to variability in the alignment of the pupil centre. The left eye showed, on average, a 0.08 mm larger pupil diameter than the right eye (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Across the age span from 2.5 to 18 years, we see the same distribution of HOA as for adults. We established that only five Zernike coefficients, spherical aberration, coma and trefoil were of clinical significance in healthy eyes. A high correlation between the two eyes for spherical aberration suggests a common blueprint for each eye in any one subject.

Influence of the Reference Center on the Calculation of Corneal Higher Order Aberrations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences in corneal wavefront measurements in myopic and hyperopic eyes when calculated using three different reference centers and explore possible influencing factors for such differences. METHODS: Corneal wavefront measurements were performed in myopic and hyperopic eyes using a GALILEI Placido Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer (Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG). Corneal higher order aberrations (HOAs), including total, vertical, and horizontal coma-like aberrations, spherical aberrations, and total corneal HOAs through a 6-mm pupil size, were calculated over three different reference center positions: pupil center, corneal vertex, and limbus to limbus. Values were then compared between the myopic and hyper-opic eyes, and correlations with kappa distance and spherical equivalent were tested. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the level of total corneal HOAs (-0.04 ± 0.05 and -0.12 ± 0.09), total corneal coma (-0.07 ± 0.09 and -0.18 ± 0.12), and horizontal coma (-0.07 ± 0.11 and -0.22 ± 0.11) in myopic and hyperopic eyes, respectively, was found when recalculating from pupil center to corneal vertex centration, whereas a significant increase in the same aberrations was observed from pupil center or corneal vertex to limbus to limbus. Significant correlations were found between the kappa distance and changes in total corneal HOAs, total corneal coma, and horizontal coma from the pupil center to the corneal vertex in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal vertex centration generated the lowest level of corneal wavefront error in both groups. The differences in corneal aberrations between the reference centers for calculation were highly correlated with the kappa distance in hyperopic eyes. [J Refract Surg. 2023;39(5):340-346.].

Higher-order aberrations and visual quality after incision lenticule extraction surgery with intraoperative angle kappa adjustments between small and large kappa patients: A 2-year follow-up.

Purpose: To evaluate the postoperative visual outcomes, that is, corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and visual quality, of patients with an angle kappa greater than 0.30 mm who underwent angle kappa adjustment during small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) 2 years after surgery compared to eyes with an angle kappa less than 0.30 mm. Methods: This was a retrospective study and included 12 patients from October 2019 to December 2019 who underwent the SMILE procedure for correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism and had one eye with a large kappa angle and another eye with a small kappa angle. Twenty-four months after surgery, an optical quality analysis system (OQAS II; Visiometrics, Terrassa, Spain) was used to measure the modulation transfer function cutoff frequency (MTFcutoff), Strehl2D ratio, and objective scatter index (OSI). HOAs were measured with a Tracey iTrace Visual Function Analyzer (Tracey version 6.1.0; Tracey Technologies, Houston, TX, USA). Assessment of subjective visual quality was achieved using the quality of vision (QOV) questionnaire. Results: At 24 months postoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent (SE) refraction was - 0.32 ± 0.40 and - 0.31 ± 0.35 in the S-kappa group (kappa <0.3 mm) and the L-kappa group (kappa ≥0.3 mm), respectively (P > 0.05). The mean OSI was 0.73 ± 0.32 and 0.81 ± 0.47, respectively (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in MTFcutoff and Strehl2D ratio between the two groups (P > 0.05). Total HOA, coma, spherical, trefoil, and secondary astigmatism were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Conclusion: Adjustment of angle kappa during SMILE helps reduce the decentration, results in less HOAs, and promotes visual quality. It provides a reliable method to optimize the treatment concentration in SMILE.

Corneal higher order aberrations by Sirius topography and their relation to different refractive errors.

PURPOSE: To compare the root mean square (RMS) of anterior corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in ametropic and emmetropic eyes. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Tishreen University Hospital, Latakia, Syria. Study eyes were divided into four groups based on refractive error: mild-to-moderate myopia, hypermetropia, myopic astigmatism, and emmetropic eyes as controls. The following anterior corneal HOAs were evaluated using the Scheimpflug-Placido Sirius (CSO, Italy) tomographer over 6 mm pupil: Root mean square (RMS) total corneal HOAs, RMS trefoil, RMS coma and RMS spherical aberrations. RESULTS: RMS values of total HOAs, trefoil and coma showed statistically significant differences in all four groups (P < 0.05, all). HOAs were noted to be lowest in the control group (0.18 ± 0.09, 011 ± 0.08 and 0.09 ± 0.08 µm, respectively) and highest in the myopic astigmatism group (0.31 ± 0.16, 0.15 ± 0.12, 0.17 ± 0.14 µm, respectively). RMS spherical aberration was lowest in the astigmatism group (0.00 ± 0.16 µm) with a statistically significant difference from that in the control group (0.05 ± 0.07 µm, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: The mean RMS values of total HOAs, trefoil and coma were highest in the astigmatism group and lowest in the control group. However, spherical aberration was minimal in the astigmatism group. A better understanding and targeted treatment of higher-order aberrations in ametropic human eyes, and in particular eyes with astigmatism, may enhance visual quality and performance in the treatment of refractive errors. Recognising atypical HOAs may also assist in the early detection of pathological conditions such as keratoconus.

Higher-order aberrations and their association with axial elongation in highly myopic children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Vision-dependent mechanisms play a role in myopia progression in childhood. Thus, we investigated the distribution of ocular and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in highly myopic Chinese children and adolescents and the relationship between HOA components and 1-year axial eye growth. METHODS: Baseline cycloplegic ocular and corneal HOAs, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism and interpupillary distance (IPD) were determined for the right eyes of 458 highly myopic (SE ≤-5.0D) subjects. HOAs were compared among baseline age groups (≤12 years, 13-15 years and 16-18 years). Ninety-nine subjects completed the 1-year follow-up. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to determine the association between HOA components, other known confounding variables (age, gender, SE, astigmatism and IPD) and axial growth. A comparison with data from an early study of moderate myopia were conducted. RESULTS: Almost all ocular HOAs and few corneal HOAs exhibited significant differences between different age groups (all p<0.05). After 1 year, only ocular HOA components was significantly negative associated with a longer AL, including secondary horizontal comatic aberration (p=0.019), primary spherical aberration (p<0.001) and spherical HOA (p=0.026). Comparing with the moderate myopia data, the association of comatic aberration with AL growth was only found in high myopia. CONCLUSION: In highly myopic children and adolescents, lower levels of annual ocular secondary horizontal comatic aberration changes, besides spherical aberrations, were associated with axial elongation. This suggests that ocular HOA plays a potential role in refractive development in high myopia.

Comparison of anterior corneal aberrations measured by Scheimpflug and Placido Disc System for myopes.

BACKGROUND: To ascertain the agreement of corneal aberrations obtained from the Pentacam and the KR-1W in myopic populations and to investigate the influence of the level of myopia as well as the laterality on the agreement. METHODS: In this observational study, a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam AXL) and a Hartmann-Shack wavefront analyzer with Placido-disc topographer (KR-1W) were used to measure the aberrations of myopes in the anterior corneal surface by one experienced operator. All examinations were computed across a 6 mm diameter. Six subgroups were generated according to the degree of myopia (mild, moderate, and severe myopia) and the laterality of eyes (right and left eyes). RESULTS: The study included 245 eyes of 170 participants. For certain anterior corneal aberrations, statistically significant differences existed between the Pentacam and the KR-1W (all P < .05). The values of Zernike (Z)(2,0), Z(2,2), Z(3,1), and Z(4,0) varied in all levels of myopia regardless of the laterality, with the values of the Pentacam constantly larger than the KR-1W in the measurement of Z(2,0), Z(2,2), and Z(4,0). For 2nd to 6th aberrations, both instruments correlated poorly to moderately. The width of limits of agreement between the two instruments was clinically too wide (> 0.1 µm) for aberrations closely correlated with visual quality, including Z(3, ± 3), Z(3, ± 1), and Z(4,0), and almost all aberrations, indicating poor agreement. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice, the Pentacam based on Scheimpflug technology and the KR-1W based on Placido Disc System are not interchangeable in measuring anterior corneal aberration for myopes regardless of myopia degree and the laterality, suggesting that a consistent instrument should be selected for surgical design as well as follow-up.

Changes in asphericity of anterior and posterior corneal surfaces for mild-moderate and high myopia after topography-guided FS-LASIK.

PURPOSE: To compare changes in asphericity of anterior and posterior corneal surfaces for different myopia patients after corneal topography-guided femtosecond-assisted laser in situ keratomileuses (FS-LASIK), and to analyze correlations between asphericity of corneal surfaces and preoperative spherical equivalence (SEQ). METHODS: In this prospective study, 59 patients who underwent corneal topography-guided FS-LASIK surgery were enrolled and divided into the mild-moderate myopia group (67 eyes) and the high myopia group (44 eyes). Postoperative follow-ups were performed at 1, 3, and 6 months. Postoperative changes in aspherical coefficient (Q values), corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs), and spherical aberrations (Z40) were compared between the two groups. Relevance between Q value changes and SEQ, HOAs, and Z40 as well as between SEQ and changes of HOAs and Z40 was analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in Q values of the anterior (each diameter) and posterior (6-8 mm) corneal surface in both groups than before surgery (P < 0.001). Q values of corneal anterior (each diameter) and posterior (7-9 mm) surface in the high group were considerably larger than the mild-moderate group (P < 0.05). Corneal anterior surface HOAs and Z40 values in the high group largely exceeded those of the mild-moderate group (P < 0.001). The preoperative SEQ was linearly correlated with postoperative anterior Q change (ΔQ), HOAs change (ΔHOAs), and spherical aberration change (ΔZ40). CONCLUSION: The changes of corneal asphericity in patients with high myopia were greater than mild-moderate myopia, with more corneal HOAs and Z40 introduced when corneal topography-guided FS-LASIK was conducted.

Ocular Aberrations in Eyes with Primary Congenital Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To highlight the magnitude of ocular higher order aberrations (HOA) and lower order aberrations (LOA), including component contributions from corneal and internal planes in Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) patients. METHODS: Consecutive treated PCG patients co-operative for ocular examination and aberrometry, were enrolled over two years for this cross-sectional, comparative, single-center, unmasked study. Best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, IOP, wavefront aberrometry and topography (iTrace) were performed and results were compared with unaffected fellow eyes of unilateral glaucoma patients as well as age and sex-matched controls with no ocular anomalies other than treatable refractive error. RESULTS: Both eyes of 32 consecutive PCG patients (17 unilateral, 15 bilateral) and 39 controls were enrolled. The median LogMAR corrected distance visual acuity of PCG eyes was 0.68 (IQR: 0.2-1.8). Total ocular (Root mean square (RMS) 1.7 µm vs 0.3 µm, p = 0.014), corneal (RMS 1.1 µm vs 0.3 µm, p = 0.004) and internal (RMS 1.1 µm vs 0.2 µm, p = 0.013) aberrations, as well as HOAs and LOAs at each plane, were significantly higher in PCG eyes than in controls. Component HOAs from corneal and internal planes were positively correlated with each other (p < 0.001; rs: 0.7). Total aberrations were greater in the affected eyes of PCG compared to the rest. The predominant subtype of HOAs in PCG was coma and trefoil. PCG with corneal opacity/Haab's striae had significantly higher astigmatism than the affected eyes with clear corneae at the corneal plane (p = 0.02). The aberrations were not statistically associated with the corneal diameter or refractive error in PCG eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly greater aberrations (Total, HOAs and LOAs, at corneal as well as an internal plane) were seen among eyes affected with PCG. Though the exact impact of these aberrations on the final visual outcome is difficult to determine, these could play a pertinent role in compromising visual function, thus impacting the management of visual rehabilitation in these patients.

Repeatability of i.Profiler for measuring wavefront aberrations in healthy eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the repeatability of wavefront aberration measurements and the correlation between corneal aberration and pupil size in normal eyes using a wavefront-based autorefractor (i.ProfilerPlus; Carl Zeiss Vision, Germany). METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study. Wavefront aberrations, including spherical aberration (SA) (Z40), coma (Z3-1, Z31), trefoil (Z3-3, Z33) and total higher-order aberrations (tHOA), were measured at different pupil diameters. The repeatability was evaluated using one-way ANOVA method, and statistical indicators including within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability (TRT), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The correlations between corneal aberrations and pupil sizes were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 96 healthy young volunteers were enrolled. Corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations (HOA) measured by i.Profiler showed Sw < 0.01 µm, TRT < 0.10 µm, ICC > 0.90. There was a linear positive correlation between the corneal HOA and pupil size. The correlation coefficient between SA and tHOA was the largest (r = 0.996, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The measurements of wavefront aberrations by i.Profiler are highly repeatable. Corneal HOA was significantly dependent on pupil size. SA was the most influential aberration for visual quality in this study.