RESUMO
Implant-associated infection (IAI) is a prevalent and potentially fatal complication of orthopaedic surgery. Boosting antibacterial immunity, particularly the macrophage-mediated response, presents a promising therapeutic approach for managing persistent infections. In this study, we successfully isolated and purified a homogeneous and neutral water-soluble polysaccharide, designated as AM-1, from the edible fungus Agaricus blazei Murrill. Structure analysis revealed that AM-1 (Mw = 3.87 kDa) was a low-molecular-weight glucan characterized by a primary chain of â4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 â and side chains that were linked at the O-6 and O-3 positions. In vivo assays showed that AM-1 effectively attenuated the progression of infection and mitigated infectious bone destruction in IAI mouse models. Mechanistically, AM-1 promotes intracellular autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis by inducing the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB, finally enhancing the bactericidal capabilities and immune-modulatory functions of macrophages. These findings demonstrate that AM-1 significantly alleviates the progression of challenging IAIs as a presurgical immunoenhancer. Our research introduces a novel therapeutic strategy that employs natural polysaccharides to combat refractory infections.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Glucanos , Macrófagos , Animais , Camundongos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Agaricus/química , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/farmacologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/tratamento farmacológico , Peso Molecular , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix BásicosRESUMO
Royal sun medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 has various beneficial pharmacological effects; however, these effects are influenced by its cultivation conditions. A. brasiliensis KA21 is rich in ß-glucan, which promotes wound healing. This study evaluated the wound healing-promoting effects of A. brasiliensis KA21 and the influence of cultivation conditions on these effects. Upon evaluation of its effect on wound healing, the outdoor-cultivated A. brasiliensis KA21 (KAOD) promoted wound healing in mice, and the effect of KAOD was stronger than that of the indoor-cultivated one (KAID). In addition, A. brasiliensis KA21 promoted the synthesis of collagen I and III, which are involved in promoting wound healing; KAOD strongly induced collagen III production. Furthermore, KAOD suppressed the decrease in skin elasticity after acetone application in our mouse model, which was not observed for KAID. These results show that KAOD is useful as a supplement in surgery and injury healing for humans and animals, improving immunity against pathogens in wound areas and promoting wound healing. In addition, KAOD may be useful in the field of skin aesthetics for repairing skin damage and maintaining skin elasticity.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Pele , Cicatrização , Animais , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Agaricus/química , Camundongos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Elasticidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Humanos , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Tyrosinase is a binuclear copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversation of monophenols to diphenols via o-hydroxylation and then the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones which is profoundly linked to eukaryotic melanin synthesis and fruits browning. The hyperpigmentation due to unusual tyrosinase activity has gained growing health concern. Plants and their metabolites are considered promising and effective sources for potent antityrosinase enzymes. Hence, searching for potent, specific tyrosinase inhibitor from different plant extracts is an alternative approach in regulating overproduction of tyrosinase. Among the tested extracts, the hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera L. leaves displayed the potent anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 98.93 µg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner using L-DOPA as substrate; however, the kojic acid showed IC50 of 88.92 µg/ml. The tyrosinase-diphenolase (TYR-Di) kinetic analysis revealed mixed inhibition type for the Ocimum basilicum L. and Artemisia annua L. extracts, while the Coriandrum sativum L. extract displayed a non-competitive type of inhibition. Interestingly, the extract of Moringa oleifera L. leaves exhibited a competitive inhibition, low inhibition constant of free enzyme ( K ii app ) value and no Pan-Assay Interfering Substances, hinting the presence of strong potent inhibitors. The major putative antityrosinase compound in the extract was resolved, and chemically identified as rutin based on various spectroscopic analyses using UV-Vis, FTIR, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR. The in silico computational molecular docking has been performed using rutin and A. bisporus tyrosinase (PDB code: 2Y9X). The binding energy of the predicted interaction between tropolone native ligand, kojic acid, and rutin against 2Y9X was respectively - 5.28, - 4.69, and - 7.75 kcal/mol. The docking simulation results revealed the reliable binding of rutin to the amino acid residues (ASN260, HIS259, SER282) in the tyrosinase catalytic site. Based on the developed results, rutin extracted from M. oleifera L. leaves has the capability to be powerful anti-pigment agent with a potential application in cosmeceutical area. In vivo studies are required to unravel the safety and efficiency of rutin as antityrosinase compound.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase , Moringa oleifera , Extratos Vegetais , Rutina , Moringa oleifera/química , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/química , Agaricus/enzimologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Rutina/química , Rutina/farmacologia , Rutina/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Folhas de Planta/química , CinéticaRESUMO
The genus Agaricus includes more than 500 species mostly containing the edible and cultivated species worldwide. As part of the ongoing studies on the biodiversity of genus Agaricus in Pakistan, our objective was to focus on A. sect. Minores which is the largest section of the genus. In the first phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, our sample included specimens of 97 named species, 27 unnamed species, and 31 specimens (29 newly generated sequences in this study) from subtropical climate zones of Pakistan that likely belong to this section based on their morphology. The 31 specimens grouped into five distinct, well-supported clades corresponding to five species: A. glabriusculus already known from Pakistan and India, A. robustulus first recorded from Pakistan and briefly described here but already known from Bénin, Malaysia, China, and Thailand, and three possibly endemic new species described in detail A. badiosquamulosus sp. nov., A. dunensis sp. nov., and A. violaceopunctatus sp. nov. The sixth species currently known in Pakistan, including A. latiumbonatus also found in Thailand, were included in a multigene tree based on ITS, LSU, and Tef-1α sequence data. They all belong to a large pantropical paraphyletic group while most temperate species belong to a distinct clade, which includes about half of the species of the section. The current study aims to propose three novel species of genus Agaricus based on comprehensive morphological as well as molecular phylogenetic evidences from Pakistan.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Filogenia , Paquistão , Agaricus/genética , Agaricus/classificação , Clima Tropical , DNA Fúngico/genéticaRESUMO
H. Noruzi and F. Aziz-Aliabadi, "Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) Powder: Investigation of Performance, Immune Organs and Humoural and Cellular Immune Response in Broilers," Veterinary Medicine and Science 10, no. 2 (2024): e31367, https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1367. This Expression of Concern is for the above article, published online on 15 February 2024 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and has been published by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Gayle Hallowell and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Expression of Concern has been agreed due to concerns raised by a third party regarding the availability of an ethical approval. The authors have received Higher Degree by Research (HDR) committee approval and a bioethical course certificate. The authors and their institute confirmed that this was equivalent to an ethical approval from the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad at the time when the research was conducted but could not provide the HDR committee approval documentation. Since this does not fully comply with the ethics policy of the journal, as noted on the journal's author guidelines page, the journal has decided to issue an Expression of Concern to inform and alert the readers.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Galinhas , Alho , Agaricus/química , Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Alho/química , Imunidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ração Animal/análise , Pós , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análiseRESUMO
ß-glucans are polysaccharides found in the cell walls of various fungi, bacteria and cereals. ß-glucan have been found to show various kinds of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic antioxidant and anticancerous activities. In the present study, we have isolated ß-glucan from the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus and tested their antioxidant potential and anticancerous activity against prostate cancer cell line PC3. Particles were characterized with zeta sizer and further with FTIR that confirmed that the isolated particles are ß-glucan and alginate sealing made slow and sustained release of the Quercetin from the ß-glucan particles. Morphological analysis of the hollow and Quercetin loaded ß-glucan was performed with the SEM analysis and stability was analyzed with TGA and DSC analysis that showed the higher stability of the alginate sealed particles. Assessments of the antioxidant potential showed that Quercetin loaded particles were having higher antioxidant activity than hollow ß-glucan particles. Cell viability of the PC3 cells was examined with MTT assay and it was found that Quercetin loaded alginate sealed Agaricus bisporus derived ß-glucan particles were having lowest IC50. Further ROS generation was found to increase in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis detection was carried out with Propidium iodide and AO/EtBr staining dye which showed significant death in the cells treated with higher concentration of the particles. Study showed that particles derived from both of the sources were having efficient anticancer activity and showing a dose dependent increase in cell death in PC3 cells upon treatment.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Antineoplásicos , Antioxidantes , Quercetina , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , beta-Glucanas , Quercetina/farmacologia , Quercetina/química , beta-Glucanas/farmacologia , beta-Glucanas/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Agaricus/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células PC-3 , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
One of the significant challenges in organic cultivation of edible mushrooms is the control of invasive Trichoderma species that can hinder the mushroom production and lead to economic losses. Here, we present a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay coupled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for rapid colorimetric detection of Trichoderma spp. The specificity of LAMP primers designed on the tef1 gene was validated in silico and through gel-electrophoresis on Trichoderma harzianum and non-target soil-borne fungal and bacterial strains. LAMP amplification of genomic DNA templates was performed at 65 °C for only 30 min. The results were rapidly visualized in a microplate format within less than 5 min. The assay is based on salt-induced aggregation of AuNPs that is being prevented by the amplicons produced in case of positive LAMP reaction. As the solution color changes from red to violet upon nanoparticle aggregation can be observed with the naked eye, the developed LAMP-AuNPs assay can be easily operated to provide a simple initial screening for the rapid detection of Trichoderma in button mushroom cultivation substrate.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Colorimetria , Ouro , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Trichoderma , Ouro/química , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Colorimetria/métodos , Trichoderma/genética , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Agaricus/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodosRESUMO
Intercropping systems have garnered attention as a sustainable agricultural approach for efficient land use, increased ecological diversity in farmland, and enhanced crop yields. This study examined the effect of intercropping on the kiwifruit rhizosphere to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between cover plants and kiwifruit in this sustainable agricultural system. Soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities were analyzed using the Kiwifruit-Agaricus blazei intercropping System. Moreover, a combined analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic sequencing was used to identify differential microbes and metabolites in the rhizosphere. Intercropping led to an increase in soil physicochemical and enzyme activity, as well as re-shaping the bacterial community and increasing microbial diversity. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, and Patescibacteria were the most abundant and diverse phyla in the intercropping system. Expression analysis further revealed that the bacterial genera BIrii41, Acidibacter, and Altererythrobacter were significantly upregulated in the intercropping system. Moreover, 358 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified between the monocropping and intercropping cultivation patterns, with fatty acyls, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and organooxygen compounds being significantly upregulated in the intercropping system. The KEGG metabolic pathways further revealed considerable enrichment of DMs in ABC transporters, histidine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. This study identified a significant correlation between 95 bacterial genera and 79 soil metabolites, and an interactive network was constructed to explore the relationships between these differential microbes and metabolites in the rhizosphere. This study demonstrated that Kiwifruit-Agaricus blazei intercropping can be an effective, labor-saving, economic, and sustainable practice for reshaping bacterial communities and promoting the accumulation and metabolism of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere.
Assuntos
Actinidia , Agaricus , Bactérias , Rizosfera , Microbiologia do Solo , Actinidia/microbiologia , Actinidia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agaricus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agaricus/metabolismo , Agaricus/genética , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Agricultura/métodos , Solo/química , Microbiota , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Produção Agrícola/métodosRESUMO
Carbonyl cross-linkers are used to modify textiles and form resins, and are produced annually in megatonne volumes. Due to their toxicity toward the environment and human health, however, less harmful biobased alternatives are needed. This study introduces carbonyl groups to lactose and galactose using galactose oxidase from Fusarium graminearum (FgrGalOx) and pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus bisporus (AbPDH1) to produce four cross-linkers. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to compare cross-linker reactivity, most notably resulting in a 34 °C decrease in reaction peak temperature (72 °C) for FgrGalOx-oxidized galactose compared to unmodified galactose. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy were used to verify imine formation and amine and aldehyde depletion. Cross-linkers were shown to form gels when mixed with polyallylamine, with FgrGalOx-oxidized lactose forming gels more effectively than all other cross-linkers, including glutaraldehyde. Further development of carbohydrate cross-linker technologies could lead to their adoption in various applications, including in adhesives, resins, and textiles.
Assuntos
Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas , Oxirredução , Poliaminas , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Poliaminas/química , Galactose Oxidase/química , Galactose Oxidase/metabolismo , Galactose/química , Lactose/química , Agaricus/química , Carboidratos/químicaRESUMO
The tyrosinase (TYR) enzyme catalyses sequential reactions in the melanogenesis pathway: l-tyrosine is oxidised to yield L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa), which in turn is converted to dopaquinone. These two reactions are the first two steps of melanin biosynthesis and are rate limiting. The accumulation or overproduction of melanin may cause skin hyperpigmentation and inhibitors of TYR are thus of interest to the cosmeceutical industry. Several TYR inhibitors are used to treat skin hyperpigmentation, however, some are ineffective and possess questionable safety profiles. This emphasises the need to develop novel TYR inhibitors with better safety and efficacy profiles. The small molecule, 3-hydroxycoumarin, has been reported to be a good potency TYR inhibitor (IC50 = 2.49 µM), and based on this, a series of eight structurally related 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives were synthesised with the aim to discover novel TYR inhibitors. The results showed that four of the derivatives inhibited TYR from the champignon mushroom Agaricus bisporus (abTYR) with IC50 < 6.11 µM. The most potent inhibitor displayed an IC50 value of 2.52 µM. Under the same conditions, the reference inhibitors, thiamidol and kojic acid, inhibited abTYR with IC50 values of 0.130 and 26.4 µM, respectively. Based on the small molecular structures of the active 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one inhibitors which are amenable to structure optimisation, it may be concluded that this class of compounds are good leads for the design of TYR inhibitors for cosmeceutical applications.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estrutura Molecular , Agaricus/enzimologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
Given that Agaricus bisporus, an edible mushroom, has demonstrated antioxidant properties, our investigation aimed to assess whether Agaricus bisporus could mitigate the toxic effects of lead (Pb) on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. A dose-response study was conducted involving Pb and Agaricus bisporus to determine appropriate doses. Subsequently, a co-exposure study utilizing C. elegans strains N2 and CL2166 was implemented, with groups designated as Control, Pb, Agaricus bisporus, and Pb + Agaricus bisporus. Our findings revealed that co-exposure to Pb + 100 mg/mL Agaricus bisporus resulted in reduced embryonic and larval lethality, increased brood size, and enhanced motility compared to nematodes exposed solely to Pb. Notably, our observations indicated a transfer of reproductive toxicity from nematode parents to their offspring. Thus, Agaricus bisporus may play a significant role in Pb detoxification, suggesting its potential as a natural antioxidant for neutralizing the detrimental effects of Pb on reproductive health.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Caenorhabditis elegans , Chumbo , Reprodução , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/efeitos dos fármacos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The present study explores the infusion of active compounds (ascorbic acid and calcium lactate) into sliced button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) to increase the nutritional value and reduce the browning effect of sliced mushrooms using the vacuum impregnation (VI) technique. The aim was to functionalize the vacuum-infused sliced mushrooms and evaluate the physicochemical properties of button mushrooms for diversifying food use. The central composite design was implemented to determine the optimized condition for the process with four independent factors, that is, immersion time (IT) 30-90 min, solution temperature (ST) 35-55°C, solution concentration (SC) 4%-12%, and vacuum pressure (VP) 50-170 mbar. The optimum VI processes obtained were ST-40°C, SC-8%, VP-140 mbar, and IT-65 min with a desirability function of 0.77. Statistically, two models (response surface methodology [RSM] and artificial neural network [ANN]) were employed to compare the better performance for the prediction of VI operational process parameters. The RSM model showed a better prediction of VI process parameters than the ANN model, with a higher R2 value (0.9228 vs. 0.8160) and lower root mean square error value (1.4004 vs. 2.1751), χ2 (2.4491 vs. 5.2762), mean absolute error (1.1177 vs. 1.1611), and absolute average deviation (4.3532 vs. 5.6746) for water loss. A similar pattern was observed for solute gain, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, color change, firmness, and pH. Therefore, the VI process was found to be an effective method for enhancing the nutritional properties of sliced mushrooms. These findings concluded that the RSM model is more efficient for better prediction with good accuracy of the VI process than the ANN model.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Ácido Ascórbico , Redes Neurais de Computação , Vácuo , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Agaricus/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Valor Nutritivo , Temperatura , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Virulence pathways in pathogenic bacteria are regulated by quorum sensing mechanisms, particularly biofilm formation through autoinducer (AI) production and sensing. In this study, the culture filtrate extracted from an edible mushroom, Agaricus subrutilescens, was fractionated to isolate a compound that inhibits biofilm formation. Four gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter cloacae) and two gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) were used for the bioassay. The bioassay-guided chromatographic separations of the culture filtrate extract resulted in the isolation of the compound. Further, spectroscopic analyses revealed the identity of the compound as 2,2'-azoxybisbenzyl alcohol (ABA). The minimum inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of the compound were also determined. Azoxybisbenzyl alcohol was significantly effective in inhibiting biofilm formation in all tested bacteria, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 3-11 µg/mL. Additionally, the bioactivity of ABA was confirmed through the bioassays for the inhibition of exopolysaccharide matrixes and AI activities.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Antibacterianos , Biofilmes , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Agaricus/química , Percepção de Quorum/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The textile industry discharges up to 5 % of their dyes in aqueous effluents. Here, use of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of commercial white button mushroom production and its aqueous extract, SMS tea, was assessed to remove textile dyes from water. A total of 30-90 % and 5-85 % of the dyes was removed after a 24 h incubation in SMS and SMS tea, respectively. Removal of malachite green and remazol brilliant blue R was similar in SMS and its tea. In contrast, removal of crystal violet, orange G, and rose bengal was higher in SMS, explained by sorption to SMS and by the role of non-water-extractable SMS components in discoloration. Heat-treating SMS and its tea, thereby inactivating enzymes, reduced dye removal to 8-58 % and 0-31 %, respectively, indicating that dyes are removed by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. Together, SMS of white button mushroom production has high potential to treat textile-dye-polluted aqueous effluents.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Corantes , Corantes/química , Têxteis , Biodegradação Ambiental , Cor , Indústria Têxtil , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Resíduos IndustriaisRESUMO
UVB radiation is known to induce photodamage to the skin, disrupt the skin barrier, elicit cutaneous inflammation, and accelerate the aging process. Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is an edible medicinal and nutritional fungus. One of its constituents, Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide (ABP), has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects, which suggests potential effects that protect against photodamage. In this study, a UVB-induced photodamage HaCaT model was established to investigate the potential reparative effects of ABP and its two constituents (A1 and A2). Firstly, two purified polysaccharides, A1 and A2, were obtained by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography, and their physical properties and chemical structures were studied. A1 and A2 exhibited a network-like microstructure, with molecular weights of 1.5 × 104 Da and 6.5 × 104 Da, respectively. The effects of A1 and A2 on cell proliferation, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and inflammatory factors were also explored. The results show that A1 and A2 significantly promoted cell proliferation, enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and increased the relative content of filaggrin (FLG) and aquaporin-3 (AQP3). The down-regulated JAK-STAT signaling pathway was found to play a role in the response to photodamage. These findings underscore the potential of ABP to ameliorate UVB-induced skin damage.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Proliferação de Células , Proteínas Filagrinas , Células HaCaT , Raios Ultravioleta , Agaricus/química , Humanos , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/efeitos da radiação , Citocinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Agaricus mushrooms are an important genus in the Agaricaceae family, belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycota. Among them, Agaricus bisporus is a common mushroom for mass consumption, which is not only nutritious but also possesses significant medicinal properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The rare edible mushroom, Agaricus blazei, contains unique agaricol compounds with significant anticancer activity against liver cancer. Agaricus blazei is believed to expel wind and cold, i.e., the pathogenic factors of wind and cold from the body, and is an important formula in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its nutritional richness and outstanding medicinal value, Agaricus mushrooms have not been systematically compiled and summarized. Therefore, the present review compiles and classifies 70 natural products extracted from Agaricus mushrooms over the past six decades. These compounds exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities, with particular emphasis on antitumor and antioxidant properties. While A. blazei and A. bisporus are the primary producers of these compounds, studies on secondary metabolites from other Agaricus species remain limited. Further research is needed to explore and understand the anticancer and nutritional properties of Agaricus mushrooms. This review contributes to the understanding of the structure, bioactivity, and biosynthetic pathways of Agaricus compounds and provides insights for the development of functional foods using these mushrooms.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Antineoplásicos , Antioxidantes , Produtos Biológicos , Metabolismo Secundário , Agaricus/química , Agaricus/metabolismo , Humanos , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Animais , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Due to their high water content, frozen mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were greatly affected by ice crystal formation, which can lead to the destruction of tissue structure, serious browning, high juice loss, and difficulty in maintaining good sensory characteristics. In order to improve the quality of frozen Agaricus bisporus, this study employed Artificial neural network and genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to optimize the amount of composite color protectant, and identified the optimal freezing conditions for freezing Agaricus bisporus by determining the freezing curves under different magnetic field-assisted freezing conditions, the color variance, texture and structure, drip loss, and distribution of moisture. Furthering, using X-ray µCT three dimensional images were taken to characterize the microstructure of the samples. Among them, the 6 mT magnetic field-assisted freezing treatment group was significantly better than the control group, and the results showed that the magnetic field-assisted freezing combined with chemical color protectant as a composite processing technology improved the quality of frozen Agaricus bisporus. This provides a theoretical basis and technical support for enhanced processing of frozen Agaricus bisporus.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Congelamento , Campos Magnéticos , Agaricus/química , Agaricus/efeitos da radiação , Cor , Redes Neurais de Computação , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Conservação de Alimentos/instrumentação , AlgoritmosRESUMO
Brazil-grown outdoor-cultivated Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 fruiting body (KA21) significantly increases the production of serum anti-beta-glucan antibody. Therefore, KA21 ingestion may be useful for the prevention and alleviation of fungal infections. This study aimed to determine the effects of KA21 in fungal infections in animals. KA21 was administered to nine dogs infected with Malassezia. Notably, the anti-beta-glucan antibody titer remained unchanged or tended to decrease in the oral steroid arm, whereas in the non-steroid arm, antibody titer increased in almost all animals after KA21 ingestion. Dogs showing improved clinical symptoms exhibited increased anti-beta-glucan antibody titers. The results of this study suggest that KA21 ingestion may alleviate the symptoms of Malassezia and other fungal infections and that continuous ingestion may help prolong recurrence-free intervals. Additionally, the ingestion of KA21 during oral steroid dosage reduction or discontinuation may enable smoother steroid withdrawal.
Assuntos
Agaricus , Doenças do Cão , Carpóforos , Malassezia , Animais , Cães , Agaricus/química , Carpóforos/química , Malassezia/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Dermatomicoses/prevenção & controle , Dermatomicoses/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , beta-Glucanas/administração & dosagem , beta-Glucanas/farmacologia , Masculino , Brasil , Dermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite/veterinária , Dermatite/microbiologia , Dermatite/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/sangueRESUMO
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) holds valuable microbiota that can be useful in remediating polluted soils with hydrocarbons. However, the microorganisms behind the bioremediation process remain uncertain. In this work, a bioremediation assay of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) polluted soil by SMS application was performed to elucidate the microorganisms and consortia involved in biodegradation by a metabarcoding analysis. Untreated polluted soil was compared to seven bioremediation treatments by adding SMS of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, and combinations. Soil microbial activity, TPH biodegradation, taxonomic classification, and predictive functional analysis were evaluated in the microbiopiles at 60 days. Different metagenomics approaches were performed to understand the impact of each SMS on native soil microbiota and TPHs biodegradation. All SMSs enhanced the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, being A. bisporus the most effective, promoting an efficient consortium constituted by the bacterial families Alcanivoraceae, Alcaligenaceae, and Dietziaceae along with the fungal genera Scedosporium and Aspergillus. The predictive 16 S rRNA gene study partially explained the decontamination efficacy by observing changes in the taxonomic structure of bacteria and fungi, and changes in the potential profiles of estimated degradative genes across the different treatments. This work provides new insights into TPHs bioremediation.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Biodegradação Ambiental , Hidrocarbonetos , Petróleo , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos/metabolismo , Petróleo/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Agaricus/metabolismo , Fungos/metabolismo , Fungos/genética , Pleurotus/metabolismo , Agaricales/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
In this study, the effect of formaldehyde on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. Synthetic compost based on wheat straw was prepared by fermentation and disinfection. After steam pasteurization, 5 g of A. bisporus mycelia were inoculated into 1 kg of compost. To determine the effects of formaldehyde, 2, 4, and 6% concentrations were added to the composts, while compost without formaldehyde was used for the control group. The harvesting period was set at 10 weeks. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, macro- and microelement profile, and phenolic content were analyzed in the harvested A. bisporus samples. Macro- and microelement content was determined by ICP-OES, and phenolic compound profile was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. Formaldehyde levels in A. bisporus samples were determined by the acetylacetone spectrophotometry method. The antioxidant capacity of A. bisporus samples was determined by DPPH scavenging activity; antimutagenic effects of samples were determined by Allium test. Application of 2, 4, and 6% formaldehyde resulted in a 1.12-, 1.19-, and 2.07-fold reduction in total phenolic content, respectively. The total phenolic content was reduced between 34.4% and 71.8%. These changes were confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Compounds such as protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and 4-OH benzoic acid, which were detected in the control group, could not be detected in the samples treated with 6% formaldehyde, and it was found that the application of formaldehyde reduced the phenolic content. Similar changes were also observed in macro- and microelements, and significant changes in elemental contents were observed after formaldehyde application. While the presence of formaldehyde at a low level, which may be due to natural production, was detected in the control group, a residue of 11.41 ± 0.93 mg/kg was determined in the 6% FMD applied group. All these changes resulted in a decrease in the antioxidant activity of A. bisporus. The DPPH scavenging activity, which was determined in the range of 21.6-73.3% in the control samples, decreased to 12.3-56.7% in the samples treated with formaldehyde. These results indicate that the application of formaldehyde at different stages of A. bisporus cultivation leads to significant changes in the nutritional value and biological activity of A. bisporus.