Tuberculose e infecção pelo HIV no Brasil: magnitude do problema e estratégias para o controle / Tuberculosis and HIV infection in Brazil: magnitude of the problem and strategies for control

O objetivo do artigo foi propor, a partir da análise da situação e da interação entre a tuberculose e a Aids, estratégias que minimizem o impacto epidemiológico de uma doença sobre a outra no Brasil. Analisa-se a maneira como políticas de saúde para o controle da epidemia de HIV/Aids - como acesso aos anti-retrovirais, campanhas para o conhecimento precoce da infecção pelo HIV e adesão ao tratamento - impactam as metas de controle da tuberculose. Discutem-se também a implementação de ações para prevenção do aparecimento de tuberculose no indivíduo infectado com HIV, detecção precoce da tuberculose-doença e garantia de adesão ao tratamento. São feitas considerações sobre o papel que o Brasil pode desempenhar no cenário global de desenvolvimento de arsenal terapêutico e a necessidade de trabalho articulado das áreas programáticas de tuberculose e de HIV/Aids.

The aim of the article was to propose, based on an analysis of the current scenario and of the interaction between tuberculosis and AIDS, strategies to minimize the epidemiological impact of one disease over the other in Brazil. The manner by which health policies aimed at controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic is analyzed - such as access to antiretroviral drugs and campaigns for the early detection of HIV infection and for encouraging adherence to treatment - and their impact on the achievement of goals related to controlling tuberculosis. The implementation of measures for preventing the onset of tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals, early detection of tuberculosis disease, and ensuring treatment adherence, is discussed. It is commented upon the role that Brazil may assume in the global effort to develop a therapeutic arsenal and the need for integrated work between the fields of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

Bioavailability of rifampicin in a separate formulation and fixed dose combination with isoniazid NIH: a case for a fixed dose combination (FDC) for the treatment of tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: To study and compare the bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF), in two locally manufactured formulations; an FDC and a separate formulation and an imported FDC formulation. DESIGN: Open within subjects, single blind cross over study. INTERVENTIONS: Each volunteer subject, acting as their own control, received the two fixed dose combinations and the separate formulation with the same amount of 450 mg RIF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cmax (peak drug concentration achieved), Tmax (time at which peak drug concentration is achieved), T1/2el (biological half-life of elimination) and area under the curve (AUC) for zero to 10 hours and zero to infinity. These are obtained from plotting plasma concentration against time. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the Cmax between free and RIF combined with INH (6.1 and 7.6 mg/l respectively) and no significant difference in the other parameters measured, of the local products. Comparison of the local products and imported product showed no significant difference in AUC but significant differences in T1/2el, C max and Tmax (p = 0.003, 0.041 and 0.025 respectively). CONCLUSION: The Zimbabwe manufactured and the German products had "demonstrable bioavailability" as defined by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (IUATLD). The local manufacturer appeared to have the technological capability to produce a registrable combined RIF/INH table to be used in the treatment of tuberculosis and to prevent the irrational use of RIF.