Contraceptive and Infertility Target DataBase: a contraceptive drug development tool for targeting and analysis of human reproductive specific tissues†.

The long and challenging drug development process begins with discovery biology for the selection of an appropriate target for a specific indication. Target is a broad term that can be applied to a range of biological entities such as proteins, genes, and ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Although there are numerous databases available for mining biological entities, publicly available searchable, downloadable databases to aid in target selection for a specific disease or indication (e.g., developing contraceptives and infertility treatments) are limited. We report the development of the Contraceptive and Infertility Target DataBase (https://www.citdbase.org), which provides investigators an interface to mine existing transcriptomic and proteomic resources to identify high-quality contraceptive/infertility targets. The development of similar databases is applicable to the identification of targets for other diseases and conditions.

Certified thoracic surgeons in Japan: a national database survey on risk-adjusted mortality associated with lung resection.

PURPOSE: We investigated the association between the number of certified general thoracic surgeons (GTSs) and the mortality after lung cancer surgery, based on the data from the National Clinical Database (NCD). METHODS: We analyzed the characteristics and operative and postoperative data of 120,946 patients who underwent lung cancer surgery in one of the 905 hospitals in Japan. The number of GTSs in each hospital was categorized as 0, 1-2, or 3 or more. Multivariable analysis was applied to adjust the patients' preoperative risk factors, as identified in a previous study. We calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the mortality rate based on the odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: The patients' characteristics were distributed almost uniformly regardless of the number of GTSs. Crude mortality according to the number of GTSs of 0, 1-2, or 3 or more was 0.9%, 0.8%, and 0.7%, respectively (p = 0.03). However, after adjustment, the ORs for 1-2 and 3 or more GTSs (reference: 0) were 0.86 (p = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.67-1.10) and 0.84 (p = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.64-1.09), respectively. The number of GTSs did not have a significant association with mortality. Similar results were observed for patients in the lobectomy cohort. CONCLUSION: Low surgical mortality was consistent, regardless of the number of GTSs in each hospital.

Characterizing the Patients, Hospitals, and Data Quality of the eICU Collaborative Research Database.

OBJECTIVES: The eICU Collaborative Research Database is a publicly available repository of granular data from more than 200,000 ICU admissions. The quantity and variety of its entries hold promise for observational critical care research. We sought to understand better the data available within this resource to guide its future use. DESIGN: We conducted a descriptive analysis of the eICU Collaborative Research Database, including patient, practitioner, and hospital characteristics. We investigated the completeness of demographic and hospital data, as well as those values required to calculate an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score. We also assessed the rates of ventilation, intubation, and dialysis, and looked for potential errors in the vital sign data. SETTING: American ICUs that participated in the Philips Healthcare eICU program between 2014 and 2015. PATIENTS: A total of 139,367 individuals who were admitted to one of the 335 participating ICUs between 2014 and 2015. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Most encounters were from small- and medium-sized hospitals, and managed by nonintensivists. The median ICU length of stay was 1.57 days (interquartile range, 0.82-2.97 d). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV-predicted ICU mortality was 2.2%, with an observed mortality of 5.4%. Rates of ventilation (20-33%), intubation (15-24%), and dialysis (3-5%) varied according to the query method used. Most vital sign readings fell into realistic ranges, with manually curated data less likely to contain implausible results than automatically entered data. CONCLUSIONS: Data in the eICU Collaborative Research Database are for the most part complete and plausible. Some ambiguity exists in determining which encounters are associated with various interventions, most notably mechanical ventilation. Caution is warranted in extrapolating findings from the eICU Collaborative Research Database to larger ICUs with higher acuity.

Quantifying and contextualizing the impact of bioRxiv preprints through automated social media audience segmentation.

Engagement with scientific manuscripts is frequently facilitated by Twitter and other social media platforms. As such, the demographics of a paper's social media audience provide a wealth of information about how scholarly research is transmitted, consumed, and interpreted by online communities. By paying attention to public perceptions of their publications, scientists can learn whether their research is stimulating positive scholarly and public thought. They can also become aware of potentially negative patterns of interest from groups that misinterpret their work in harmful ways, either willfully or unintentionally, and devise strategies for altering their messaging to mitigate these impacts. In this study, we collected 331,696 Twitter posts referencing 1,800 highly tweeted bioRxiv preprints and leveraged topic modeling to infer the characteristics of various communities engaging with each preprint on Twitter. We agnostically learned the characteristics of these audience sectors from keywords each user's followers provide in their Twitter biographies. We estimate that 96% of the preprints analyzed are dominated by academic audiences on Twitter, suggesting that social media attention does not always correspond to greater public exposure. We further demonstrate how our audience segmentation method can quantify the level of interest from nonspecialist audience sectors such as mental health advocates, dog lovers, video game developers, vegans, bitcoin investors, conspiracy theorists, journalists, religious groups, and political constituencies. Surprisingly, we also found that 10% of the preprints analyzed have sizable (>5%) audience sectors that are associated with right-wing white nationalist communities. Although none of these preprints appear to intentionally espouse any right-wing extremist messages, cases exist in which extremist appropriation comprises more than 50% of the tweets referencing a given preprint. These results present unique opportunities for improving and contextualizing the public discourse surrounding scientific research.

An analysis of time trends for canine heartworm disease in Grenada and its associated risk factors based on veterinary clinical pathology laboratory data base records between 2003 and 2015.

Canine heartworm (CHW) disease is a common parasitic infection in dogs in the Caribbean islands. However, studies on temporal trends and risk factors are limited for this region. This study represents the time trends in laboratory prevalence and risk factors of canine heartworm infections between 2003 and 2015. In this case series, 662 cases of laboratory-diagnosed heartworm were compared to 662 dogs without a laboratory diagnosis of heartworm (controls). One hundred and seventy two frozen serum positive samples were later analyzed for heartworm antigens using Heska solo® Step CH, and all 172 cases of microfilariae were confirmed as Dirofilaria immitis. Annual prevalence, linear trends and odds ratios (OR) for CHW were estimated using EPIINFO version 7 at a significance level of α = 0.05. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of CHW with variables showing a statistically significant univariate relationship. Laboratory prevalence of CHW decreased from 72 cases per 1000 dogs per year in 2003 to 15 cases per 1000 dogs per year in 2015 [X2 for linear trend = 151.8, p < 0.0001], with the occurrence of an epidemic of CHW between 2008 and 2010. The odds of CHW were higher among adult dogs [(OR) = 3.9 (95% CI, 2.9-7.0)] and geriatric dogs [OR = 2.1 (95% CI, 1.1-4.3)] compared to puppies. The odds of CHW were higher [OR = 1.3 (95% CI, 1.1-1.6)] among male dogs than female dogs, but the odds for CHW were lower among neutered dogs [OR = 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2 - 0.6)] compared to intact dogs. The odds of a dog being diagnosed with CHW were elevated [OR = 4.1 (95% CI, 3.2-5.2)] during the dry season compared to the rainy season. Our findings show that canine heartworm is extensive in laboratory submissions in Grenada. However, the laboratory prevalence of CHW decreased between 2003 and 2015, with an epidemic occurring between 2008 and 2010. Age of the dog, sex, neutered status, and seasonality of diagnosis were significantly associated CHW in Grenada.

The Japan Neurosurgical Database: Overview and Results of the First-year Survey.

The Japan Neurosurgical Database (JND) is a prospective observational study registry established in 2017 by the Japan Neurosurgical Society (JNS) to visualize real-world clinical practice, promote science, and improve the quality of care and neurosurgery board certification in Japan. We summarize JND's aims and methods, and describes the 2018 survey results. The JND registered in-hospital patients' clinical data mainly from JNS training institutions in 2018. Caseload, patient demographics, and in-hospital outcomes of the overall cohort and a neurosurgical subgroup were examined according to major classifications of main diagnosis. Neurosurgical caseload per neurosurgeon in training in core hospitals in 2018 was calculated as an indicator of neurosurgical training. Of 523,283 cases (male 55.3%) registered from 1360 participating institutions, the neurosurgical subgroup comprised of 33.9%. Among the major classifications, cerebrovascular diseases comprised the largest proportion overall and in the neurosurgical subgroup (53.1%, 41.0%, respectively), followed by neurotrauma (19.1%, 25.5%), and brain tumor (10.4%, 12.8%). Functional neurosurgery (6.4%, 3.7%), spinal and peripheral nerve disorders (5.1%, 10.1%), hydrocephalus/developmental anomalies (2.9%, 5.3%), and encephalitis/infection/inflammatory and miscellaneous diseases (2.9%, 1.6%) comprised smaller proportions. Most patients were aged 70-79 years in the overall cohort and neurosurgical subgroup (27.8%, 29.4%). Neurotrauma and cerebrovascular diseases in the neurosurgical subgroup comprised a higher and lower proportion, respectively, than in the overall cohort in elderly patients (e.g. 80 years, 46.9% vs. 33.5%, 26.8% vs. 54.4%). The 2018 median neurosurgical caseload per neurosurgeon in training was 80.7 (25-75th percentile 51.5-117.5). These initial results from 2018 reveal unique aspects of neurosurgical practice in Japan.

[Are studies of claims databases reproducible? The hypothesis of an instituted ethical misconduct in public health]. / Les études portant sur les bases de données médico-administratives sont-elles reproductibles ? - L'hypothèse d'une inconduite éthique en santé publique.

Methodological reproducibility refers to the ability to reproduce exactly the same results by reproducing the same study protocol on the same data. The aim of this study was to assess the methodological reproducibility of studies published in the Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique between 2008 and 2017 and using data from the national health data system. Our results suggest that only 49% of the studies could be replicated without the help of the authors. The results may reveal a lack of concern about the purpose of public health research. It is difficult to attribute responsibility for this default of reproducibility solely to researchers, so we hypothesize an instituted ethical misconduct.

TITLE: Les études portant sur les bases de données médico-administratives sont-elles reproductibles ? - L'hypothèse d'une inconduite éthique en santé publique. ABSTRACT: La reproductibilité méthodologique fait référence à la capacité à obtenir exactement les mêmes résultats, en reproduisant le même protocole d'étude sur les mêmes données. Nous avons voulu évaluer la reproductibilité méthodologique des études publiées entre 2008 et 2017 dans la Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, qui font appel à des données issues du système national des données de santé. Nos résultats suggèrent que seules 49 % des études portant sur ce système national pourraient être reproduites sans le recours aux auteurs initiaux. L'absence de partage systématique des programmes peut révéler un manque de préoccupation quant à la finalité de la recherche en santé publique. Il est difficile d'attribuer la responsabilité de ce manque de reproductibilité aux seuls chercheurs, et nous faisons donc l'hypothèse d'une inconduite éthique instituée.

Comparison of Methods for Identification of Pediatric Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Virtual Pediatric Systems Database.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of three methods of identifying children with severe sepsis and septic shock from the Virtual Pediatric Systems database to prospective screening using consensus criteria. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Single-center PICU. PATIENTS: Children admitted to the PICU in the period between March 1, 2012, and March 31, 2014. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During the study period, all PICU patients were prospectively screened daily for sepsis, and those meeting consensus criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock on manual chart review were entered into the sepsis registry. Of 7,459 patients admitted to the PICU during the study period, 401 met consensus criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock (reference standard cohort). Within Virtual Pediatric Systems, patients identified using "Martin" (n = 970; κ = 0.43; positive predictive value = 34%; F1 = 0.48) and "Angus" International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification codes (n = 1387; κ = 0.28; positive predictive value = 22%; F1 = 0.34) showed limited agreement with the reference standard cohort. By comparison, explicit International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification codes for severe sepsis (995.92) and septic shock (785.52) identified a smaller, more accurate cohort of children (n = 515; κ = 0.61; positive predictive value = 57%; F1 = 0.64). PICU mortality was 8% in the reference standard cohort and the cohort identified by explicit codes; age, illness severity scores, and resource utilization did not differ between groups. Analysis of discrepancies between the reference standard and Virtual Pediatric Systems explicit codes revealed that prospective screening missed 66 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. After including these patients in the reference standard cohort as an exploratory analysis, agreement between the cohort of patients identified by Virtual Pediatric Systems explicit codes and the reference standard cohort improved (κ = 0.73; positive predictive value = 70%; F1 = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Children with severe sepsis and septic shock are best identified in the Virtual Pediatric Systems database using explicit diagnosis codes for severe sepsis and septic shock. The accuracy of these codes and level of clinical detail available in the Virtual Pediatric Systems database allow for sophisticated epidemiologic studies of pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock in this large, multicenter database.

The use of an electronic health record system reduces errors in the National Hip Fracture Database.

AIM: to compare the validity of data submitted from a UK level 1 trauma centre to the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) before and after the introduction of an electronic health record system (EHRS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: a total of 3224 records were reviewed from July 2009 to July 2017. 2,133 were submitted between July 2009 and October 2014 and 1,091 between October 2014 and July 2017, representing data submitted before and after the introduction of the EHRS, respectively. Data submitted to the NHFD were scrutinised against locally held data. RESULTS: use of an EHRS was associated with significant reductions in NHFD errors. The operation coding error rate fell significantly from 23.2% (494/2133) to 7.6% (83/1091); P < 0.001. Prior to EHRS introduction, of the 109 deaths recorded in the NHFD, 64 (59%) were incorrect. In the EHRS dataset, all the 112 recorded deaths were correct (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the error rate for fracture coding. In the EHRS dataset, after controlling for sample month, entries utilising an operation note template with mandatory fields relevant to NHFD data were more likely to be error free than those not using the template (OR 2.69; 95% CI 1.92-3.78). CONCLUSION: this study highlights a potential benefit of EHR systems, which offer automated data collection for auditing purposes. However, errors in data submitted to the NHFD remain, particularly in cases where an NHFD-specific operation note template is not used. Clinician engagement with new technologies is vital to avoid human error and ensure database integrity.

[Inclusion of a deterministic post-processing stage to increase the performance of probabilistic record linkage]. / Inclusão de etapa de pós-processamento determinístico para o aumento de performance do relacionamento (linkage) probabilístico.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the application of a deterministic post-processing stage, based on measures of similarity, to increase the performance of probabilistic record linkage with and without manual revision. The databases used in the study were the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases and the Brazilian Mortality Information System, from 2007 to 2015, in Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. The probabilistic software was OpenRecLink, and a deterministic post-processing stage was applied to the data obtained from three different probabilistic linkage strategies. The three strategies were compared to each other, and the deterministic post-processing stage was added. The sensibility of the probabilistic strategies without manual revision varied from 69.1% and 77.8%, while the same strategies plus the deterministic post-processing stage varied from 92.9% to 96.3%. Sensitivity of the two probabilistic strategies with manual revision was similar to that obtained by the deterministic post-processing stage, but the number of matches that were referred to manual revision by the two probabilistic strategies varied between 1,177 and 1,132 records, compared to 149 and 145 after the deterministic post-processing stage. Our findings suggest that the deterministic post-processing stage is a promising option, both to increase the sensitivity and to reduce the number of matches that need to be reviewed manually, or even to eliminate the need for manual revision altogether.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi demonstrar a aplicação de uma etapa de pós-processamento determinístico, baseada em medidas de similaridade, para aumentar a performance do relacionamento probabilístico com e sem a etapa de revisão manual. As bases de dados utilizadas no estudo foram o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, no período de 2007 a 2015, do Município de Palmas, Tocantins, Brasil. O software probabilístico utilizado foi o OpenRecLink; foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma etapa de pós-processamento determinístico aos dados obtidos por três diferentes estratégias de pareamento probabilístico. As três estratégias foram comparadas entre si e acrescidas da etapa de pós-processamento determinístico. A sensibilidade das estratégias probabilísticas sem revisão manual variou entre 69,1% e 77,8%, já as mesmas estratégias, acrescidas da etapa de pós-processamento determinístico, apresentaram uma variação entre 92,9% e 96,3%. A sensibilidade de duas estratégias probabilísticas com revisão manual foi semelhante à obtida pela etapa de pós-processamento determinístico, no entanto, o número de pares destinados à revisão manual pelas duas estratégias probabilísticas variou entre 1.177 e 1.132 registros, contra 149 e 145 após a etapa de pós-processamento determinístico. Nossos resultados sugerem que a etapa de pós-processamento determinístico é uma opção promissora, tanto para aumentar a sensibilidade quanto para reduzir o número de pares que precisam ser revisados manualmente, ou mesmo para eliminar sua necessidade.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue mostrar la aplicación de una etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico, basada en medidas de similitud, con el objeto de aumentar el rendimiento del enlace probabilístico con y sin etapa de revisión manual. Las bases de datos utilizadas en el estudio fueron el Sistema de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria y el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad, durante el período de 2007 a 2015, en el municipio de Palmas, Tocantins, Brasil. El software probabilístico utilizado fue el OpenRecLink; se desarrolló y aplicó una etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico con los datos obtenidos mediante tres estrategias diferentes de emparejamiento probabilístico. Las tres estrategias se compararon entre sí y se añadieron a la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico. La sensibilidad de las estrategias probabilísticas sin revisión manual varió entre el 69,1% y el 77,8%, incluso las mismas estrategias, añadidas de la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico, presentaron una variación entre 92,9% y 96,3%. La sensibilidad de las dos estrategias probabilísticas con revisión manual fue semejante a la obtenida por la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico, sin embargo, el número de pares destinados a la revisión manual por las dos estrategias probabilísticas varió entre 1.177 y 1.132 registros, frente 149 y 145 tras la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico es una opción prometedora, tanto para aumentar la sensibilidad, como para reducir el número de pares que necesitan ser revisados manualmente, o incluso para eliminar su necesidad.

Comparative effectiveness of canagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors and non-SGLT2 inhibitors on the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world meta-analysis of 4 observational databases (OBSERVE-4D).

AIMS: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are indicated for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); some SGLT2i have reported cardiovascular benefit, and some have reported risk of below-knee lower extremity (BKLE) amputation. This study examined the real-world comparative effectiveness within the SGLT2i class and compared with non-SGLT2i antihyperglycaemic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 4 large US administrative claims databases were used to characterize risk and provide population-level estimates of canagliflozin's effects on hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and BKLE amputation vs other SGLT2i and non-SGLT2i in T2DM patients. Comparative analyses using a propensity score-adjusted new-user cohort design examined relative hazards of outcomes across all new users and a subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Across the 4 databases (142 800 new users of canagliflozin, 110 897 new users of other SGLT2i, 460 885 new users of non-SGLT2i), the meta-analytic hazard ratio estimate for HHF with canagliflozin vs non-SGLT2i was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.26-0.60) in the on-treatment analysis. The estimate for BKLE amputation with canagliflozin vs non-SGLT2i was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.40-1.41) in the on-treatment analysis and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.93-1.10) in the intent-to-treat analysis. Effects in the subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease were similar for both outcomes. No consistent differences were observed between canagliflozin and other SGLT2i. CONCLUSIONS: In this large comprehensive analysis, canagliflozin and other SGLT2i demonstrated HHF benefits consistent with clinical trial data, but showed no increased risk of BKLE amputation vs non-SGLT2i. HHF and BKLE amputation results were similar in the subpopulation with established cardiovascular disease. This study helps further characterize the potential benefits and harms of SGLT2i in routine clinical practice to complement evidence from clinical trials and prior observational studies.

Prevalence and predictors of postdisaster major depression: Convergence of evidence from 11 disaster studies using consistent methods.

The objective of this study was to examine predictors of postdisaster major depression in two separate datasets of survivors of various disasters. Postdisaster major depression was examined in two disaster databases using consistent research methodology, permitting combination of databases into a combined dataset including 1181 survivors of 11 disasters representing all major disaster typologies with full diagnostic assessment using structured diagnostic interviews from two databases. The first database includes 808 directly-exposed survivors of 10 disasters. The second includes 373 survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City's World Trade Center, recruited from employees of eight organizations affected by the disaster. This rich dataset permitted comparison of predictors of postdisaster major depression between databases and across survivors of different disasters. Identical models applied to both databases found postdisaster major depression to be independently associated with pre-existing major depression, indirect exposure to disaster trauma through family/friends, and disaster-related PTSD. In a final model limited to directly-exposed disaster across both databases, postdisaster major depression was independently associated with terrorism in addition to the 3 variables that predicted postdisaster major depression in the two separate databases. Replication of findings from one model to the next across different types of disasters and populations in this study suggests that these three variables could potentially provide a powerful tool for estimating likelihood of postdisaster major depression.

Self-reported Health Status Differs for Amazon's Mechanical Turk Respondents Compared With Nationally Representative Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform has become a data source for peer-reviewed academic research publications, with over 24,000 Google Scholar search results. Although well-developed and supportive in other disciplines, the literature in health and medicine comparing results from samples generated on MTurk to gold standard, nationally representative health and medical surveys is beginning to emerge. OBJECTIVE: To compare the demographic, socioeconomic, and self-reported health status variables in an MTurk sample to those from 2 prominent national probability surveys, including the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). RESEARCH DESIGN: We analyze weighted and unweighted tabulations of the MTurk, MEPS, and BRFSS. Wald tests identify statistical significance. MEASURES: Demographic, socioeconomic, and health status variables in an adult MTurk sample collected in 2016 (n=1916), the 2015 MEPS household survey component (n=21,210), and the 2015 BRFSS (n=283,502). RESULTS: Our findings indicate statistically significant differences in the demographic, socioeconomic, and self-perceived health status tabulations in the MTurk sample relative to the unweighted and weighted MEPS and BRFSS. The MTurk sample is more likely to be female (65.8% in MTurk, 50.9% in MEPS, 50.2% in BRFSS), white (80.1% in MTurk, 76.9% in MEPS, and 73.9% in BRFSS), non-Hispanic (91.1%, 82.4%, and 81.4%, respectively), younger, and less likely to report excellent health status (6.8% in MTurk, 28.3% in MEPS, and 20.2% in BRFSS). CONCLUSIONS: We find significant differences across variables that warrant hesitation in using MTurk data as a replacement for the gold standard datasets in health services research.

Rapid vs. slow antipsychotic initiation in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: How antipsychotics should be initiated/titrated in patients with acute schizophrenia as well as patients undergoing an antipsychotic switch remains a question. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials examining rapid vs. slow antipsychotic initiation in patients with schizophrenia were selected. Data on study discontinuation, psychopathology, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were extracted and synthesized in studies including clinically different populations of acute patients and stable patients undergoing an antipsychotic switch. RESULTS: Among 11 studies that met eligibility criteria, 8 and 3 studies involving 809 and 777 patients were identified as acute patient studies and stable patient switching studies, respectively. Rapid antipsychotic initiation was not significantly different from slow antipsychotic initiation in acute patient studies for all-cause study discontinuation, while the former was significantly inferior to the latter in stable patient switching studies (N=3, n=777, RR=1.45, 95% CI=1.05-2.00, P=0.02). In contrast, rapid initiation was significantly superior to slow initiation for all psychopathology outcomes including the PANSS/BPRS total score (N=3, n=336, SMD=-0.28, 95% CI=-0.51--0.05, P=0.02) in acute patient studies, but not different in stable patient switching studies. Any other outcomes except for nausea did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid initiation of antipsychotics may represent a reasonable option for the treatment of acute schizophrenia, while slower initiation may be a safer strategy when switching antipsychotics in stable schizophrenia. Because of the low to very low quality of evidence, findings should be considered preliminary.

Inclusão de etapa de pós-processamento determinístico para o aumento de performance do relacionamento (linkage) probabilístico / Inclusion of a deterministic post-processing stage to increase the performance of probabilistic record linkage / Inclusión de la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico para el aumento del rendimiento del enlace (linkage) probabilístico

O objetivo do presente estudo foi demonstrar a aplicação de uma etapa de pós-processamento determinístico, baseada em medidas de similaridade, para aumentar a performance do relacionamento probabilístico com e sem a etapa de revisão manual. As bases de dados utilizadas no estudo foram o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, no período de 2007 a 2015, do Município de Palmas, Tocantins, Brasil. O software probabilístico utilizado foi o OpenRecLink; foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma etapa de pós-processamento determinístico aos dados obtidos por três diferentes estratégias de pareamento probabilístico. As três estratégias foram comparadas entre si e acrescidas da etapa de pós-processamento determinístico. A sensibilidade das estratégias probabilísticas sem revisão manual variou entre 69,1% e 77,8%, já as mesmas estratégias, acrescidas da etapa de pós-processamento determinístico, apresentaram uma variação entre 92,9% e 96,3%. A sensibilidade de duas estratégias probabilísticas com revisão manual foi semelhante à obtida pela etapa de pós-processamento determinístico, no entanto, o número de pares destinados à revisão manual pelas duas estratégias probabilísticas variou entre 1.177 e 1.132 registros, contra 149 e 145 após a etapa de pós-processamento determinístico. Nossos resultados sugerem que a etapa de pós-processamento determinístico é uma opção promissora, tanto para aumentar a sensibilidade quanto para reduzir o número de pares que precisam ser revisados manualmente, ou mesmo para eliminar sua necessidade.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the application of a deterministic post-processing stage, based on measures of similarity, to increase the performance of probabilistic record linkage with and without manual revision. The databases used in the study were the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases and the Brazilian Mortality Information System, from 2007 to 2015, in Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. The probabilistic software was OpenRecLink, and a deterministic post-processing stage was applied to the data obtained from three different probabilistic linkage strategies. The three strategies were compared to each other, and the deterministic post-processing stage was added. The sensibility of the probabilistic strategies without manual revision varied from 69.1% and 77.8%, while the same strategies plus the deterministic post-processing stage varied from 92.9% to 96.3%. Sensitivity of the two probabilistic strategies with manual revision was similar to that obtained by the deterministic post-processing stage, but the number of matches that were referred to manual revision by the two probabilistic strategies varied between 1,177 and 1,132 records, compared to 149 and 145 after the deterministic post-processing stage. Our findings suggest that the deterministic post-processing stage is a promising option, both to increase the sensitivity and to reduce the number of matches that need to be reviewed manually, or even to eliminate the need for manual revision altogether.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue mostrar la aplicación de una etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico, basada en medidas de similitud, con el objeto de aumentar el rendimiento del enlace probabilístico con y sin etapa de revisión manual. Las bases de datos utilizadas en el estudio fueron el Sistema de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria y el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad, durante el período de 2007 a 2015, en el municipio de Palmas, Tocantins, Brasil. El software probabilístico utilizado fue el OpenRecLink; se desarrolló y aplicó una etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico con los datos obtenidos mediante tres estrategias diferentes de emparejamiento probabilístico. Las tres estrategias se compararon entre sí y se añadieron a la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico. La sensibilidad de las estrategias probabilísticas sin revisión manual varió entre el 69,1% y el 77,8%, incluso las mismas estrategias, añadidas de la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico, presentaron una variación entre 92,9% y 96,3%. La sensibilidad de las dos estrategias probabilísticas con revisión manual fue semejante a la obtenida por la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico, sin embargo, el número de pares destinados a la revisión manual por las dos estrategias probabilísticas varió entre 1.177 y 1.132 registros, frente 149 y 145 tras la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la etapa de postprocesamiento determinístico es una opción prometedora, tanto para aumentar la sensibilidad, como para reducir el número de pares que necesitan ser revisados manualmente, o incluso para eliminar su necesidad.

Are data from national quality registries used in quality improvement at Swedish hospital clinics?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of data from national quality registries (NQRs) in local quality improvement as well as purported key factors for effective clinical use in Sweden. DESIGN: Comparative descriptive: a web survey of all Swedish hospitals participating in three NQRs with different levels of development (certification level). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Heads of the clinics and physician(s) at clinics participating in the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke), the Swedish National Registry of Gallstone Surgery and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (GallRiks) and the Swedish Lung Cancer Registry (NLCR). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Individual and unit level use of NQRs in local quality improvement, and perceptions on data quality, organizational conditions and user motivation. RESULTS: Riksstroke data were reported as most extensively used at individual and unit levels (x̅ 17.97 of 24 and x̅ 27.06 of 35). Data quality and usefulness was considered high for the two most developed NQRs (x̅ 19.86 for Riksstroke and x̅ 19.89 for GallRiks of 25). Organizational conditions were estimated at the same level for Riksstroke and GallRiks (x̅ 12.90 and x̅ 13.28 of 20) while the least developed registry, the NLCR, had lower estimates (x̅ 10.32). In Riksstroke, the managers requested registry data more often (x̅ 15.17 of 20). CONCLUSIONS: While there were significant differences between registries in key factors such as management interest, use of NQR data in local quality improvement seems rather prevalent, at least for Riksstroke. The link between the registry's level of development and factors important for routinization of innovations such as NQRs needs investigation.