RESUMO
SARS-CoV-2, a severe respiratory disease primarily targeting the lungs, was the leading cause of death worldwide during the pandemic. Understanding the interplay between the oral microbiome and inflammatory cytokines during acute infection is crucial for elucidating host immune responses. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the oral microbiome and cytokines in COVID-19 patients, particularly those with and without sputum production. Saliva and blood samples from 50 COVID-19 patients were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing for oral microbiome analysis, and 65 saliva and serum cytokines were assessed using Luminex multiplex analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare cytokine levels between individuals with and without sputum production. Logistic regression machine learning models were employed to evaluate the predictive capability of oral microbiome, salivary, and blood biomarkers for sputum production. Significant differences were observed in the membership (Jaccard dissimilarity: p = 0.016) and abundance (PhILR dissimilarity: p = 0.048; metagenomeSeq) of salivary microbial communities between patients with and without sputum production. Seven bacterial genera, including Prevotella, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Atopobium, Filifactor, Leptotrichia, and Selenomonas, were more prevalent in patients with sputum production (p<0.05, Fisher's exact test). Nine genera, including Prevotella, Megasphaera, Stomatobaculum, Selenomonas, Leptotrichia, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Atopobium, and Corynebacteria, were significantly more abundant in the sputum-producing group, while Lachnoanaerobaculum was more prevalent in the non-sputum-producing group (p<0.05, ANCOM-BC). Positive correlations were found between salivary IFN-gamma and Eotaxin2/CCL24 with sputum production, while negative correlations were noted with serum MCP3/CCL7, MIG/CXCL9, IL1 beta, and SCF (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The machine learning model using only oral bacteria input outperformed the model that included all data: blood and saliva biomarkers, as well as clinical and demographic variables, in predicting sputum production in COVID-19 subjects. The performance metrics were as follows, comparing the model with only bacteria input versus the model with all input variables: precision (95% vs. 75%), recall (100% vs. 50%), F1-score (98% vs. 60%), and accuracy (82% vs. 66%).
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Microbiota , Saliva , Escarro , Humanos , COVID-19/microbiologia , Escarro/microbiologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Idoso , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/metabolismo , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Leptotrichia , Prevotella/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Actinomyces/isolamento & purificação , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , Aprendizado de Máquina , Biomarcadores/sangueRESUMO
Few studies have addressed viral diversity in lemurs despite their unique evolutionary history on the island of Madagascar and high risk of extinction. Further, while a large number of studies on animal viromes focus on fecal samples, understanding viral diversity across multiple sample types and seasons can reveal complex viral community structures within and across species. Groups of captive lemurs at the Duke Lemur Center (Durham, NC, USA), a conservation and research center, provide an opportunity to build foundational knowledge on lemur-associated viromes. We sampled individuals from seven lemur species, i.e., collared lemur (Eulemur collaris), crowned lemur (Eulemur coronatus), blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons), ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata variegata), and red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra), across two lemur families (Lemuridae, Indriidae). Fecal, blood, and saliva samples were collected from Coquerel's sifaka and black-and-white ruffed lemur individuals across two sampling seasons to diversify virome biogeography and temporal sampling. Using viral metagenomic workflows, the complete genomes of anelloviruses (n = 4), cressdnaviruses (n = 47), caudoviruses (n = 15), inoviruses (n = 34), and microviruses (n = 537) were determined from lemur blood, feces, and saliva. Many virus genomes, especially bacteriophages, identified in this study were present across multiple lemur species. Overall, the work presented here uses a viral metagenomics approach to investigate viral communities inhabiting the blood, oral cavity, and feces of healthy captive lemurs.
Assuntos
Fezes , Genoma Viral , Lemur , Animais , Fezes/virologia , Lemur/virologia , Filogenia , Viroma , DNA Viral/genética , Boca/virologia , Madagáscar , Sangue/virologiaRESUMO
Baculoviruses enter insect midgut epithelial cells via a set of occlusion-derived virion (ODV) envelope proteins called per os infectivity factors (PIFs). P74 of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), which was the first identified PIF, is cleaved by an endogenous proteinase embedded within the occlusion body during per os infection, but the target site(s) and function of the cleavage have not yet been ascertained. Here, based on bioinformatics analyses, we report that cleavage was predicted at an arginine and lysine-rich region in the middle of P74. A series of recombinant viruses with site-directed mutants in this region of P74 were generated. R325 or R334 was identified as primary cleavage site. In addition, we showed that P74 is also cleaved by brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of the host insect at R325 or R334, instead of R195, R196, and R199, as previously reported. Simultaneous mutations in R195, R196, and R199 lead to instability of P74 during ODV release. Bioassays showed that mutations at both R325 and R334 significantly affected oral infectivity. Taken together, our data show that both R325 and R334 of AcMNPV P74 are the primary cleavage site for both occlusion body endogenous proteinase and BBMV proteinase during ODV release and are critical for oral infection. IMPORTANCE: Cleavage of viral envelope proteins is usually an important trigger for viral entry into host cells. Baculoviruses are insect-specific viruses that infect host insects via the oral route. P74, a per os infectivity factor of baculoviruses, is cleaved during viral entry. However, the function and precise cleavage sites of P74 remain unknown. In this study, we found that R325 or R334 between the N- and C-conserved domains of P74 was the primary cleavage site by proteinase either from the occlusion body or host midgut. The biological significance of cleavage seems to be the release of the potential fusion peptide at the N-terminus of the cleaved C-terminal P74. Our results shed light on the cleavage model of P74 and imply its role in membrane fusion in baculovirus per os infection.
Assuntos
Microvilosidades , Nucleopoliedrovírus , Corpos de Oclusão Virais , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Proteínas do Envelope Viral , Animais , Microvilosidades/enzimologia , Microvilosidades/metabolismo , Nucleopoliedrovírus/genética , Nucleopoliedrovírus/metabolismo , Nucleopoliedrovírus/fisiologia , Corpos de Oclusão Virais/enzimologia , Corpos de Oclusão Virais/metabolismo , Corpos de Oclusão Virais/virologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , Células Sf9 , Spodoptera/citologia , Spodoptera/virologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/metabolismo , Vírion/química , Vírion/genética , Vírion/metabolismo , Internalização do Vírus , Mutação , Boca/virologia , Especificidade por Substrato , Liberação de VírusRESUMO
COVID-19 as a pan-epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID-19 and oral post-acute-sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis-sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD-associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS-CoV-2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for 'long-haul' oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.
Assuntos
Doenças Periodontais , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-Aguda , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/virologia , Disbiose/microbiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Boca/metabolismo , Boca/virologia , Doenças Periodontais/metabolismo , Doenças Periodontais/virologia , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-Aguda/metabolismo , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-Aguda/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Internalização do VírusRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is highly prevalent, affecting children's oral health. S-ECC development is closely associated with the complex oral microbial microbiome and its microorganism interactions, such as the imbalance of bacteriophages and bacteria. Till now, little is known about oral phageome on S-ECC. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential role of the oral phageome in the pathogenesis of S-ECC. METHODS: Unstimulated saliva (2 mL) was collected from 20 children with and without S-ECC for metagenomics analysis. Metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed to determine the two groups' phageome diversity, taxonomic and functional annotations. Statistical analysis and visualization were performed with R and SPSS Statistics software. RESULTS: 85.7 % of the extracted viral sequences were predicted from phages, in which most phages were classified into Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae. Alpha diversity decreased, and Beta diversity increased in the S-ECC phageome compared to the healthy group. The abundance of Podoviridae phages increased, and the abundance of Inoviridae, Herelleviridae, and Streptococcus phages decreased in the S-ECC group. Functional annotation revealed increased annotation on glycoside hydrolases and nucleotide metabolism, decreased glycosyl transferases, carbohydrate-binding modules, and biogenic metabolism in the S-ECC phageome. CONCLUSIONS: Metagenomic analysis revealed reduced Streptococcus phages and significant changes in functional annotations within the S-ECC phageome. These findings suggest a potential weakening of the regulatory influence of oral bacteria, which may indicate the development of innovative prevention and treatment strategies for S-ECC. These implications deserve further investigation and hold promise for advancing our understanding and management of S-ECC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The findings of this study indicate that oral phageomes are associated with bacterial genomes and metabolic processes, affecting the development of S-ECC. The reduced modulatory effect of the oral phageome in counteracting S-ECC's cariogenic activity suggests a new avenue for the prevention and treatment of S-ECC.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Cárie Dentária , Metagenômica , Saliva , Humanos , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Cárie Dentária/virologia , Saliva/virologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Metagenômica/métodos , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacteriófagos/classificação , Bacteriófagos/isolamento & purificação , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Masculino , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , Microbiota , Metagenoma , CriançaRESUMO
Candida species are the primary cause of fungal infections in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite the increasing prevalence of Candida-related infections, monitoring the progression of these infections from colonization in COVID-19 ICU patients lacks sufficient information. This study aims prospectively to compare 62 COVID-19 and 60 non-COVID-19 ICU patients from admission to discharge in terms of colonization development, rates, isolated Candida species, risk factors, and Candida infections during hospitalization. A total of 1464 samples were collected at specific time intervals from various body sites [mouth, skin (axilla), rectal, and urine]. All samples were inoculated onto CHROMagar Candida and CHROMagar Candida Plus media, and isolates identified using MALDI-TOF MS. COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly higher colonization rates in oral, rectal, and urine samples compared to non-COVID-19 patients, (p < 0.05). Among the Candida species, non-albicans Candida was more frequently detected in COVID-19 patients, particularly in oral (75.8%-25%; p < 0.001) and rectal regions (74.19% - 46.66%; p < 0.05). Colonization with mixed Candida species was also more prevalent in the oropharyngeal region (p < 0.05). Mechanical ventilation and corticosteroid use emerged as elevated risk factors among COVID-19 patients (p < 0.05). Despite the colonization prevalence, both COVID-19-positive and negative patients exhibited low incidences of Candida infections, with rates of 9.67% (n = 6/62) and 6.67% (n = 3/60), respectively. Consequently, although Candida colonization rates were higher in COVID-19 ICU patients, there was no significant difference in Candida infection development compared to the non-COVID-19 group. However, the elevated rate of non-albicans Candida isolates highlights potential future infections, particularly given their intrinsic resistance in prophylactic or empirical treatments if needed. Additionally, the high rate of mixed colonization emphasizes the importance of using chromogenic media for routine evaluation.
This is the first prospective cohort study comparing Candida colonization features including species and body sites from the time of admission to the externalization in intensive care unit patients with and without COVID-19. It provides key points that can be referenced for fungal approaches in future disasters.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Candida , Candidíase , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19/microbiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candida/classificação , Idoso , Candidíase/epidemiologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Turquia/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores de Risco , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Few reports focused on the role of oral microbiome diversity in HIV infection. We characterized the microbiota-immunity axis in a cohort of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) focusing on the oral microbiome (OM) and immunological responsivity. METHODS: The sequencing of 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable region was performed on salivary samples of 15 healthy control (HC) and 12 HIV + patients before starting ART and after reaching virological suppression. Then, we correlated the OM composition with serum cytokines and the Short Chain Fatty acids (SCFAs). RESULTS: The comparison between HIV patients and HC oral microbiota showed differences in the bacterial α-diversity and richness. We documented a negative correlation between oral Prevotella and intestinal valeric acid at before starting ART and a positive correlation between oral Veillonella and gut acetic acid after reaching virological suppression. Finally, an increase in the phylum Proteobacteria was observed comparing saliva samples of immunological responders (IRs) patients against immunological non-responders (INRs). CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we described an increase in the oral pro-inflammatory Proteobacteria phylum in INRs compared to IRs. We provided more evidence that saliva could be a non-invasive and less expensive approach for research involving the oral cavity microbiome in HIV patients.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Microbiota , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Saliva , Viremia , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Masculino , Adulto , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/imunologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Feminino , Saliva/microbiologia , Saliva/virologia , Saliva/imunologia , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Viremia/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/metabolismo , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely recognized as a key contributing factor in cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. However, there has been limited research on the prevalence of concurrent HPV infections in various anatomic regions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and specific types of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections in the cervical and oral regions of females in Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving women seeking care for general gynecologic issues at the gynecologic Outpatient Department of Lady Wallington Hospital in Lahore. After interviews and clinical examinations, we collected whole-saliva samples and high vaginal swabs from each participant. HR-HPV detection and genotyping were performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction at both the anatomic sites. RESULTS: In this study, 170 females, averaging 35.36 ± 8.305 years, participated. HR-HPV infection was more prevalent in the cervix (83/170 [48.8%]) than in the oral cavity (19/170 [11.2%]). Concordant HPV infections occurred in 10/170 participants (5.9%). HPV 16 was the most common genotype in cervical and oral locations, at rates of 21.8% and 5.3%, respectively, among concordant HR-HPV types. Socioeconomic status (P = .013), age at first sexual intercourse (P = .015), and history of oral sex (P = .01) were significantly associated with concurrent HR-HPV infection in both regions. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that HR-HPV cervical infections may increase the risk of oral transmission, especially during orogenital sexual practices. Thus, it is important to recognize that HPV infections may be linked in both areas. We emphasize the importance of comprehensive cervical and oral examinations and HPV vaccination in young women irrespective of their sexual practices.
Assuntos
Colo do Útero , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Feminino , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Adulto , Colo do Útero/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca/virologia , Prevalência , Adulto Jovem , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Risco , GenótipoRESUMO
The role of the oral microbiota in the overall health and in systemic diseases has gained more importance in the recent years, mainly due to the systemic effects that are mediated by the chronic inflammation caused by oral diseases, such as periodontitis, through the microbial communities of the mouth. The chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts at the tissue level (e.g. gut, genital tract, brain) to create reservoirs; the modulation of the gut microbiota by HIV infection is a good example of these interactions. The purpose of the present review is to assess the state of knowledge on the oral microbiota (microbiome, mycobiome and virome) of HIV-infected patients in comparison to that of HIV-negative individuals and to discuss the reciprocal influence of HIV infection and oral microbiota in patients with periodontitis on the potential establishment of a viral gingival reservoir. The influence of different clinical and biological parameters are reviewed including age, immune and viral status, potent antiretroviral therapies, smoking, infection of the airway and viral coinfections, all factors that can modulate the oral microbiota during HIV infection. The analysis of the literature proposed in this review indicates that the comparisons of the available studies are difficult due to their great heterogeneity. However, some important findings emerge: (i) the oral microbiota is less influenced than that of the gut during HIV infection, although some recurrent changes in the microbiome are identified in many studies; (ii) severe immunosuppression is correlated with altered microbiota and potent antiretroviral therapies correct partially these modifications; (iii) periodontitis constitutes a major factor of dysbiosis, which is exacerbated in HIV-infected patients; its pathogenesis can be described as a reciprocal reinforcement of the two conditions, where the local dysbiosis present in the periodontal pocket leads to inflammation, bacterial translocation and destruction of the supporting tissues, which in turn enhances an inflammatory environment that perpetuates the periodontitis cycle. With the objective of curing viral reservoirs of HIV-infected patients in the future years, it appears important to develop further researches aimed at defining whether the inflamed gingiva can serve of viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.
Assuntos
Gengiva , Infecções por HIV , Microbiota , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Gengiva/microbiologia , Gengiva/virologia , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Periodontite/microbiologia , Periodontite/virologia , Viroma , Disbiose/microbiologia , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , HIVRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the microbial variations and biomarkers in the vaginal and oral environments of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer (CC) and to develop novel prediction models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 164 samples collected from both the vaginal tract and oral subgingival plaque of 82 women. The participants were divided into four distinct groups based on their vaginal and oral samples: the control group (Z/KZ, n = 22), abortion group (AB/KAB, n = 17), HPV-infected group (HP/KHP, n = 21), and cervical cancer group (CC/KCC, n = 22). Microbiota analysis was conducted using full-length 16S rDNA gene sequencing with the PacBio platform. RESULTS: The vaginal bacterial community in the Z and AB groups exhibited a relatively simple structure predominantly dominated by Lactobacillus. However, CC group shows high abundances of anaerobic bacteria and alpha diversity. Biomarkers such as Bacteroides, Mycoplasma, Bacillus, Dialister, Porphyromonas, Anaerococcus, and Prevotella were identified as indicators of CC. Correlations were established between elevated blood C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and local/systemic inflammation, pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion, which contribute to unevenness in the vaginal microenvironment. The altered microbial diversity in the CC group was confirmed by amino acid metabolism. Oral microbial diversity exhibited an inverse pattern to that of the vaginal microbiome, indicating a unique relationship. The microbial diversity of the KCC group was significantly lower than that of the KZ group, indicating a link between oral health and cancer development. Several microbes, including Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Neisseria, were identified as CC biomarkers. Moreover, periodontal pathogens were associated with blood CRP levels and oral hygiene conditions. Elevated oral microbial amino acid metabolism in the CC group was closely linked to the presence of pathogens. Positive correlations indicated a synergistic relationship between vaginal and oral bacteria. CONCLUSION: HPV infection and CC impact both the vaginal and oral microenvironments, affecting systemic metabolism and the synergy between bacteria. This suggests that the use of oral flora markers is a potential screening tool for the diagnosis of CC.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Boca , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Vagina , Humanos , Feminino , Vagina/microbiologia , Vagina/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/microbiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/microbiologia , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Papillomaviridae/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Papillomavirus HumanoRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is increasing in incidence, yet very little is known about oral HPV infection in the general population. In this Australian-based study we assess oral HPV prevalence according to HPV vaccination status. Participants of the Oral Diversity Study were Australian residents, aged 18 to 70 years, who filled out a questionnaire about lifestyle and sexual behaviour, and donated a saliva sample in 2020 to 2021. We obtained permission to access HPV vaccination status through record linkage with the Australian Immunisation Register. Saliva samples were DNA extracted, DNA quality checked and analysed for HPV. We recruited 1023 participants to the Oral Diversity Study. Nine hundred twenty-one returned a saliva sample for analysis, 911 passed the DNA quality check and were included in the study. The oral HPV prevalence was 7.2%, and was strongly associated with sexual behaviours. We identified 27 different HPV types; 53% of participants carried high-risk HPV types, with no difference between the vaccinated and the unvaccinated groups (53% both, P = .979). Two hundred thirty participants (26%) were HPV vaccinated. The oral prevalence of the nine HPV types included in the nonavalent HPV vaccine was significantly lower in the vaccinated participants compared to the unvaccinated (0.9% vs 3.4%; P = .022). These findings suggest that a sizeable minority of Australian residents harbour oral HPV infections, and many of these are high-risk subtypes. We found some evidence that HPV vaccination resulted in lower prevalence of oral HPV infections of vaccine-specific types. Larger surveys are required to confirm these findings.
Assuntos
Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Humanos , Austrália/epidemiologia , Papillomavirus Humano , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Vacinação , Boca/virologia , Saliva/virologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To characterize the oral shedding of herpes viruses in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) and investigate its relationship with clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic digestion were performed to identify the oral shedding of the members of the Herpesviridae family in 31 patients. The samples were collected from the oral cavity at five timestamps. RESULTS: The presence of each herpesvirus in the oral cavity was observed in 3.2%, 12.9%, 19.3%, 32.2%, 54.8% and 93.5% patients for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A, herpes simplex virus-1, HHV-6B, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and HHV-7, respectively. Oral shedding of herpes virus was not uncommon after alloHSCT. There was a statistically significant association between the EBV and CMV oral shedding at C1 and the cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). The results suggested that the presence of HSV-1 at C2 was related to a relapse. The HHV-7 oral shedding at C2 suggests a possible link between relapse, progression-free survival and overall survival of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who developed aGVHD showed higher CMV and EBV shedding in the oral cavity at aplasia, suggesting modifications to the pattern of immune cell response and inflammatory microenvironment.
Assuntos
Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Infecções por Herpesviridae , Herpesviridae , Boca , Eliminação de Partículas Virais , Humanos , DNA Viral/análise , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Herpesviridae/genética , Recidiva , Infecções por Vírus de DNA , Boca/virologiaRESUMO
The emerging coronavirus pneumonia epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread rapidly around the world. The main routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are currently recognised as aerosol/droplet inhalation. However, the involvement of the oral cavity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly known. The current data indicates the presence of viral RNA in oral samples, suggesting the implication of saliva in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, however, no direct observation of SARS-CoV-2 particles in different oral samples has been reported. In this study, we investigated whether particles of SARS-CoV-2 were present in oral samples collected from three symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the correlative strategy of light microscopy and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we showed the presence of SARS-like particles in RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2-positive saliva, dental plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples. In the saliva samples, we demonstrated the presence of epithelial oral cells with morphogenetic features of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Inside those cells, vacuoles filled with nascent particles were observed, suggesting the potential infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in oral tissues. Our results corroborate previous studies and confirm that the oral cavity may be a potential niche for SARS-CoV-2 infection and a potential source of transmission.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Boca , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Placa Dentária/virologia , Saliva/virologia , Boca/virologiaRESUMO
Bacteriophages (phages) are an integral part of the human oral microbiome. Their roles in modulating bacterial physiology and shaping microbial communities have been discussed but remain understudied due to limited isolation and characterization of oral phage. Here, we report the isolation of LC001, a lytic phage targeting human oral Schaalia odontolytica (formerly known as Actinomyces odontolyticus) strain XH001. We showed that LC001 attached to and infected surface-grown, but not planktonic, XH001 cells, and it displayed remarkable host specificity at the strain level. Whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous LC001-resistant, surface-grown XH001 mutants revealed that the majority of the mutants carry nonsense or frameshift mutations in XH001 gene APY09_05145 (renamed ltg-1), which encodes a putative lytic transglycosylase (LT). The mutants are defective in LC001 binding, as revealed by direct visualization of the significantly reduced attachment of phage particles to the XH001 spontaneous mutants compared that to the wild type. Meanwhile, targeted deletion of ltg-1 produced a mutant that is defective in LC001 binding and resistant to LC001 infection even as surface-grown cells, while complementation of ltg-1 in the mutant background restored the LC001-sensitive phenotype. Intriguingly, similar expression levels of ltg-1 were observed in surface-grown and planktonic XH001, which displayed LC001-binding and nonbinding phenotypes, respectively. Furthermore, the overexpression of ltg-1 failed to confer an LC001-binding and -sensitive phenotype to planktonic XH001. Thus, our data suggested that rather than directly serving as a phage receptor, ltg-1-encoded LT may increase the accessibility of phage receptor, possibly via its enzymatic activity, by cleaving the peptidoglycan structure for better receptor exposure during peptidoglycan remodeling, a function that can be exploited by LC001 to facilitate infection. IMPORTANCE The evidence for the presence of a diverse and abundant phage population in the host-associated oral microbiome came largely from metagenomic analysis or the observation of virus-like particles within saliva/plaque samples, while the isolation of oral phage and investigation of their interaction with bacterial hosts are limited. Here, we report the isolation of LC001, the first lytic phage targeting oral Schaalia odontolytica. Our study suggested that LC001 may exploit the host bacterium-encoded lytic transglycosylase function to gain access to the receptor, thus facilitating its infection.
Assuntos
Actinomycetaceae , Bacteriófagos , Glicosiltransferases , Actinomycetaceae/enzimologia , Actinomycetaceae/virologia , Receptores de Bacteriófagos/metabolismo , Bacteriófagos/enzimologia , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Glicosiltransferases/genética , Glicosiltransferases/metabolismo , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Humanos , Microbiota , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/virologia , Mutação , Peptidoglicano/metabolismo , Plâncton/virologia , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
Assuntos
COVID-19/patologia , Boca , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/fisiologia , Animais , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Humanos , Boca/metabolismo , Boca/patologia , Boca/virologia , Mucosa Bucal/metabolismo , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Mucosa Bucal/virologia , Patologia Bucal , Receptores Virais/genética , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Internalização do VírusRESUMO
The objective of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of rapid antigen detection tests versus those of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using oral, anterior nasal, and nasopharyngeal swabs. The underlying prospective, diagnostic case-control-type accuracy study included 87 hospitalized and nonhospitalized participants in a positive and a negative sample cohort between 16 March and 14 May 2021 in two hospitals in Vienna. SARS-CoV-2 infection status was confirmed by RT-PCR. Participants self-performed one oral and one anterior nasal swab for the rapid antigen test, immediately followed by two nasopharyngeal swabs for the rapid antigen test and RT-PCR by the investigator. Test results were read after 15 min, and participants completed a questionnaire in the meantime. Test parameters were calculated based on the evaluation of 87 participants. The overall sensitivity of rapid antigen detection tests versus that of RT-PCR with oral, anterior nasal, and nasopharyngeal samples was 18.18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.19% to 32.71%), 63.04% (95% CI 47.55% to 76.79%), and 73.33% (95% CI 58.06% to 85.4%), respectively. All sampling methods had a test specificity of 100% regardless of the cycle threshold (CT) value. Rapid antigen detection tests using self-collected anterior nasal swabs proved to be as sensitive as and more tolerable than professionally collected nasopharyngeal swabs for CT values up to 30 determined by RT-PCR. This finding illustrates the reliability of tests obtained by adequate self-collected anterior nasal specimen. Sensitivity was dependent upon the CT value for each sampling method. While the main advantage of rapid antigen detection tests is the immediate availability of results, PCR should be preferred in crucial settings wherever possible. IMPORTANCE Rapid antigen detection devices for SARS-CoV-2 represent a valuable tool for monitoring the spread of infection. However, the reliability of the tests depends largely on the test performance and the respective sampling method. Nasopharyngeal swabs mark the gold standard for sample collection in suspected respiratory tract infections but are unsuitable for widespread application, as they must be performed by medically trained personnel. With the underlying study, the head-to-head test performance and the usability of self-collected samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection using rapid antigen detection devices were evaluated. The results confirm similar sensitivity of self-collected anterior nasal swabs to that of professionally collected nasopharyngeal swabs for patients with a CT of < 30 determined by RT-PCR.
Assuntos
Teste Sorológico para COVID-19/métodos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Boca/virologia , Nasofaringe/virologia , Nariz/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos Virais/análise , COVID-19/virologia , Teste de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Estudos Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We found and genetically described two novel SARS-like coronaviruses in feces and oral swabs of the greater (R. ferrumequinum) and the lesser (R. hipposideros) horseshoe bats in southern regions of Russia. The viruses, named Khosta-1 and Khosta-2, together with related viruses from Bulgaria and Kenya, form a separate phylogenetic lineage. We found evidence of recombination events in the evolutionary history of Khosta-1, which involved the acquisition of the structural proteins S, E, and M, as well as the nonstructural genes ORF3, ORF6, ORF7a, and ORF7b, from a virus that is related to the Kenyan isolate BtKY72. The examination of bats by RT-PCR revealed that 62.5% of the greater horseshoe bats in one of the caves were positive for Khosta-1 virus, while its overall prevalence was 14%. The prevalence of Khosta-2 was 1.75%. Our results show that SARS-like coronaviruses circulate in horseshoe bats in the region, and we provide new data on their genetic diversity.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/virologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Quirópteros/classificação , Evolução Molecular , Fezes/virologia , Metagenômica , Boca/virologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , Recombinação Genética , Federação Russa , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) relies on collecting pig blood specimens and adult mosquitoes in the past. Viral RNAs extracted from pig blood specimens suffer from low detecting positivity by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The oronasal transmission of the virus has been demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs. This observation suggested oronasal specimens could be useful source in the virus surveillance. However, the role of this unusual route of transmission remains unproven in the operational pig farm. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using pig oronasal secretions collected by chewing ropes to improve the positivity of detection in commercial pig farms. The multiplex genotype-specific RT-PCR was used in this study to determine and compare the positivity of detecting JEV viral RNAs in pig's oronasal secretions and blood specimens, and the primary mosquito vector. Oronasal specimens had the overall positive rate of 6.0% (95% CI 1.3%-16.6%) (3/50) to 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%-26.5%) (3/30) for JEV during transmission period despite the negative results of all blood-derived specimens (n = 2442). Interestingly, pig oronasal secretions and female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito samples collected from the same pig farm showed similar viral RNA positive rates, 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%-26.5%) (3/30) and 8.9% (95% CI 2.5%-21.2%) (4/45), respectively (p> 0.05). Pig oronasal secretion-based surveillance revealed the seasonality of viral activity and identified closely related genotype I virus derived from the mosquito isolates. This finding indicates oronasal secretion-based RT-PCR assay can be a non-invasive, alternative method of implementing JEV surveillance in the epidemic area prior to the circulation of virus-positive mosquitoes.
Assuntos
Secreções Corporais/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/isolamento & purificação , Encefalite Japonesa/veterinária , Boca/virologia , Cavidade Nasal/virologia , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Manejo de Espécimes/normas , Animais , Bioensaio , Culex/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/genética , Encefalite Japonesa/prevenção & controle , Encefalite Japonesa/transmissão , Fazendas , Feminino , Genótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , RNA Viral/genética , SuínosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) disease, which has been shown to trigger multiple affectations. One of the first tissue areas to come into contact with the virus is the oral cavity, which develops various alterations. Hence, the objective of this systematic review was to identify the main signs and symptoms of this disease in the oral cavity, and the following research question was established: What are the main oral signs and symptoms in COVID-19-positive persons? METHODS: The electronic databases of PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIENCE DIRECT were analyzed, the keywords "ORAL DISEASES," "ORAL MANIFESTACTIONS," and "COVID-19" were used taking into account the following inclusion criteria: studies whose main objective was oral manifestations secondary to the confirmation of COVID-19, plus clinical cases, case series, and retrospective or prospective studies. For the assessment of the risk of bias the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series tool was used. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies were included, the most common initial signs/symptoms after contagion of SARS-CoV-2 were dysgeusia, dry mouth, and burning mouth, and the main signs/symptoms were the presence of ulcerative lesions, dysgeusia, and Candida albicans infections. CONCLUSIONS: It is very important to detect any alteration in the mucosa in patients with COVID-19 and to provide assertive treatment to avoid complications, and try to maintain adequate oral hygiene throughout the course of the disease to avoid the colonization of opportunistic microorganisms and to avoid complications both orally and systemically.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças da Boca/virologia , Boca/virologia , Candidíase Bucal , Disgeusia , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Infection with human tumor viruses is one of the hypothesized causes of cancer. The current investigation aimed to explore the presence and quantitative analysis of a new human tumor virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in tissue samples of 114 patients with oral cavity lesions including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral lichen planus (OLP), Dysplasia and oral irritation fibroma (OIF) in Northern Iran. METHODS: From 114 formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples; 35 with SCC, 29 with OLP, 14 with dysplasia and 36 with OIF were cut, deparaffinized and DNA was extracted. Quantitative detection of MCPyV large T antigen was performed by absolute quantitative Real-Time PCR. RESULT: MCPyV DNA was detected in 30.6% (n: 11/36) of IF, 24.1% (n; 7/29) of OLP, 21.4% (n:3/14) of dysplasia and 20% (n;7/35) of OSCC samples. The mean MCPyV DNA copy number was 2.32×10-2 ± 3.97 ×10-2, 2.02×10-2 (SD=3.13×10-2), 2.69×10-4 (SD=2.51×10-4), and 2.56×10-4 (SD=6.73×10-4) per cell in OSCC, dysplasia and both of OLP and OIF samples, respectively (P=0.76). CONCLUSION: This study provides the first data from Iran regarding the presence of MCPyV genome in oral cavity lesions and oral cancer. These results also emphasize that MCPyV has an active role in the occurrence of oral lesions and progression to cancer. Further studies should be carried out to clarify the role of MCPyV in oral cavity lesions.