RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Debulking devices are often followed by a scoring or cutting balloon in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for severely calcified lesions. However, there are limited data on balloon preparation after orbital atherectomy (OA) assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). AIM: We aimed to compare the effects of a novel scoring and cutting balloon on calcified coronary lesions with OCT. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 38 patients (38 lesions) who underwent PCI with a scoring or a cutting balloon after OA. All patients underwent pre-PCI, preballooning, postballooning, and post-PCI OCT imaging. We divided the patients into novel scoring-balloon (group A: n = 22) and cutting-balloon (group B: n = 16) groups and compared the OCT findings, including minimum lumen area (MLA) and expansion ratio (MLA divided by mean reference lumen area). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 76.1 ± 8.7 years; 71.5% were male. There were no significant differences in patient background between both groups. Regarding procedural characteristics, the maximum balloon pressure was significantly higher in group A (median 23 atm, interquartile range [IQR] 18-24 vs. 12 atm [IQR: 10-12], p < 0.01). Although a calcium score of 4 was more frequently observed in group A (86.4% vs. 62.5%, p = 0.12), post-PCI MLA was comparable between both groups (3.95 mm2 [IQR: 3.27-4.41] vs. 3.43 mm2 [IQR: 2.90-4.82], p = 0.63). Furthermore, the expansion ratio was significantly greater in group A (0.83 ± 0.20 vs. 0.68 ± 0.14, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Despite a higher calcium score, a larger expansion ratio was achieved in patients with a novel scoring balloon than in those with a cutting balloon after OA.
Assuntos
Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Aterectomia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Vasos Coronários , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Aterectomia Coronária/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/instrumentação , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/efeitos adversos , Cateteres Cardíacos , Desenho de Equipamento , Angiografia CoronáriaAssuntos
Ácido Edético , Litotripsia , Humanos , Litotripsia/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Quelantes de Cálcio , Terapia Combinada , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: With an aging population and an increase in the comorbidity burden of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the management of coronary calcification for optimal PCI is critical in contemporary practice. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the trends and outcomes of coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), rotational/orbital atherectomy, or both among patients who underwent PCI in Michigan. METHODS: We included all PCIs between January 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022, performed at 48 Michigan hospitals. Outcomes included in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and procedural success. RESULTS: IVL was used in 1,090 patients (2.57%), atherectomy was used in 1,743 (4.10%) patients, and both were used in 240 patients (0.57% of all PCIs). IVL use increased from 0.04% of PCI cases in January 2021 to 4.28% of cases in June 2022, ultimately exceeding the rate of atherectomy use. The rate of MACEs (4.3% vs 5.4%; P = 0.23) and procedural success (89.4% vs 89.1%; P = 0.88) were similar among patients treated with IVL compared with atherectomy, respectively. Only 15.6% of patients treated with IVL in contemporary practice were similar to the population enrolled in the pivotal IVL trials. Among such patients (n = 169), the rate of MACEs (0.0%) and procedural success (94.7%) were similar to the outcomes reported in the pivotal IVL trials. CONCLUSIONS: Since its introduction in February 2021, coronary IVL use has steadily increased, exceeding atherectomy use in Michigan by February 2022. Contemporary use of IVL and atherectomy is generally associated with high rates of procedural success and low rates of complications.
Assuntos
Aterectomia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Litotripsia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/tendências , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Michigan , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , Feminino , Litotripsia/tendências , Litotripsia/efeitos adversos , Aterectomia Coronária/efeitos adversos , Aterectomia Coronária/tendências , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Fatores de Risco , Medição de Risco , Padrões de Prática Médica/tendências , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Sistema de Registros , Estudos RetrospectivosAssuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Litotripsia , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de Risco , Intervenção Coronária PercutâneaAssuntos
Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Aterectomia Coronária , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Idoso , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Aterectomia , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia Coronária , FemininoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic performance of fractional flow reserve with computed tomography (FFR-CT) is affected by the presence of calcified plaque. Subtraction can remove the influence of calcification in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to increase confidence in the diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis. Our purpose is to investigate the accuracy of post-subtraction FFR-CT in predicting early revascularization. DESIGN: Based on CCTA data of 237 vessels from 79 patients with coronary artery disease, subtraction CCTA images were obtained at a local post-processing workstation, and the conventional and post-subtraction FFR-CT measurements and the difference in proximal and distal FFR-CT values of the narrowest segment of the vessel (ΔFFR-CT) were analyzed for their accuracy in predicting early coronary artery hemodynamic reconstruction. RESULTS: With FFR-CT ≤ 0.8 as the criterion, the accuracy of conventional and post-subtraction FFR-CT measurements in predicting early revascularization was 73.4% and 77.2% at the patient level, and 64.6% and 72.2% at the vessel level, respectively. The specificity of post-subtraction FFR-CT measurements was significantly higher than that of conventional FFR-CT at both the patient and vessel levels (P of 0.013 and 0.015, respectively). At the vessel level, the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic was 0.712 and 0.797 for conventional and post-subtraction ΔFFR-CT, respectively, showing a difference (P = 0.047), with optimal cutoff values of 0.07 and 0.11, respectively. CONCLUSION: The post-subtraction FFR-CT measurements enhance the specificity in predicting early revascularization. The post-subtraction ΔFFR-CT value of the stenosis segment > 0.11 may be an important indicator for early revascularization.
Assuntos
Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Angiografia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Estenose Coronária , Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Miocárdico , Revascularização Miocárdica , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Estenose Coronária/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose Coronária/fisiopatologia , Estenose Coronária/terapia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Vasos Coronários/fisiopatologia , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/fisiopatologia , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetectores , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tempo para o Tratamento , Angiografia DigitalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) in the treatment of severe coronary artery calcification (CAC) lesions. METHODS: In this study, we selected patients diagnosed with severe CAC lesions confirmed by coronary angiography (CAG) who were hospitalized in Yulin First People's Hospital between December 2021 and December 2022 and required percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Using a random number table, we divided all patients into the IVL group and the PCI group in the order of interventional therapy. We compared both groups in terms of the surgical success rate, intraoperative manipulation characteristics, procedural complication, and cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS: (1) There were no differences in the surgical success rate, incidence of MACE, and occurrence of procedural complication between the two groups; (2) Compared with the conventional PCI group, patients in the IVL group used fewer predilatation balloons, and the difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05); (3) Compared with the conventional PCI group, patients in the IVL group had lesser surgery time and lesser radiation time, with lesser proportion of patients who were assisted with stent implantation using coronary artery rotational atherectomy, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); (4) The mean stent diameter and length in the IVL group was greater than those in the conventional PCI group but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, we found that IVL was a highly safe and effective procedure in the treatment of severe CAC lesions that did not increase the surgery and radiation time, and it could also reduce the use of predilatation balloons, thus improving the management of CAC lesions. Thus, IVL can be a novel choice in treating severe CAC lesions.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Litotripsia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Litotripsia/métodos , Masculino , Feminino , Calcificação Vascular/cirurgia , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Angiografia Coronária , Resultado do Tratamento , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasos Coronários/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of calcified coronary arteries is associated with poor outcomes. Poorly modified calcified lesion hinders the stent delivery, disrupts drug-carrying polymer, impairs drug elution kinetics and results in under-expanded stent (UES). UES is the most common cause of acute stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis after PCI of calcified lesions. Angiography has poor sensitivity for recognition and quantification of coronary calcium, thereby mandating the use of intravascular imaging. Intravascular imaging, like intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography, has the potential to accurately identify and quantify the coronary calcium and to guide appropriate modification device before stent placement. Available options for the modification of calcified plaque include modified balloons (cutting balloon, scoring balloon and high-pressure balloon), atherectomy devices (rotational atherectomy and orbital atherectomy) and laser atherectomy. Coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is the newest addition to the tool box for calcified plaque modification. It produces the acoustic shockwaves, which interact with the coronary calcium to cause multiplanar fractures. These calcium fractures increase the vessel compliance and result in desirable minimum stent areas. Coronary IVL has established its safety and efficacy for calcified lesion in series of Disrupt CAD trials. Its advantages over atherectomy devices include ease of use on workhorse wire, ability to modify deep calcium, no debris embolization causing slow flow or no-flow and minimal thermal injury. It is showing promising results in modification of difficult calcified lesion subsets such as calcified nodule, calcified left main bifurcation lesions and chronic total occlusion. In this review, authors will summarize the mechanism of action for IVL, its role in contemporary practice, evidence available for its use, its advantages over atherectomy devices and its imaging insight in different calcified lesion scenarios.
Shock the rock with coronary intravascular lithotripsyPresence of coronary calcium during stenting is associated with the risk of stent under expansion. It's imperative to adequately modify this coronary calcium before placing the stent. Till recent past, the most effective method for calcium modification is debulking it with rotational artherectomy, which is associated with the risk of coronary perforation, slow flow or abrupt vessel closure. Recently, a balloon-based lithotripsy device has established its safety and efficacy for treating such lesions. Coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is an easy to use calcium modification device and is associated with almost negligible complications, when compared with artherectomy devices. In this review, we will discuss the mechanism of IVL action and its use in different scenarios of calcified coronary artery disease.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Litotripsia , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Litotripsia/efeitos adversos , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/instrumentação , Stents , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de Risco , Placa Aterosclerótica , Ultrassonografia de IntervençãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Calcified lesions are one of the most challenging cases for PCI, where optimal angiographic results and satisfying outcomes are hard to achieve. METHODS: We evaluated the baseline clinical, procedures characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe coronary artery calcification (CAC) who underwent coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) and rotational atherectomy (RA). RESULTS: Respectively 152 and 238 patients who underwent IVL and RA are enrolled from January 2023 to November 2023. Regarding demographic characteristics, the gender proportion, medical history of PCI and smoke history among groups reach statistical significance. Left anterior descending and right coronary artery were the main vessels treated in both groups. The 2.5 and 3.0 mm IVL balloons and 1.5 mm burr were the most commonly used. 99.3% cases were successfully implanted drug-eluting stents after IVL balloon pre-treatment, which was higher than in the group treated with RA. During hospitalization, there were no serious adverse events in the IVL group, but there were two adverse events in the RA group. Procedural complications were higher in the RA group than the IVL group (5.5% vs. 0.7%, P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: IVL appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of severe CAC lesions compared to RA.
Assuntos
Aterectomia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Litotripsia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Aterectomia Coronária/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Feminino , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Stents Farmacológicos , Angiografia Coronária , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/instrumentação , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/efeitos adversos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) combined with rotational atherectomy (RA), known as Rotatripsy, is used to treat severe coronary artery calcification (CAC), though data on efficacy, midterm safety and use sequence is limited. We aimed to identify indicators for Rotatripsy use and to assess its safety and success rates, both acutely and at 1-year follow-up. METHODS: Patients undergoing Rotatripsy for severe CAC across six centers from May 2019 to December 2023 were included. Demographic, clinical, procedural and follow-up data were collected. Efficacy endpoints included device success (delivery of the RA-burr and IVL-balloon across the target lesion and administration of therapy without related complications), technical success (TIMI 3 flow and residual stenosis <30% by quantitative coronary analysis) and procedural success [composite of technical success with absence of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiac death, myocardial infarction or target vessel revascularization). Safety endpoints comprised Rotatripsy-related complications and MACE at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients (75 ± 9 years, 78% male) underwent Rotatripsy for 120 lesions. In the majority of procedures RA was followed by IVL, mostly electively (n = 68, 57%) but also for balloon underexpansion (n = 37, 31%) and stent crossing failure (n = 1, 1%). Diverse and complex target lesions were addressed with an average SYNTAX score of 24.6 ± 13.0. Device, technical and procedural success were 97%, 94% and 93%, respectively. Therapy-related complications included two (2%) coronary perforations, one (1%) coronary dissection and one (1%) burr entrapment. At 1-year follow-up(present in 77(67%) patients), MACE occurred in 7(9%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Over a 1-year follow-up period, Rotatripsy was safe and effective, predominantly using RA electively before IVL.
Assuntos
Aterectomia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Litotripsia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Fatores de Tempo , Aterectomia Coronária/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/mortalidade , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Litotripsia/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Background: Heavily calcified peripheral artery lesions increase the risk of vascular complications, constituting a severe challenge for the operator during catheter-based cardiovascular interventions. Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL) technology disrupts subendothelial calcification by using localized pulsative sonic pressure waves and represents a promising technique for plaque modification in patients with severe calcification in peripheral arteries. Purpose: Our aim was to systematically review and summarize available data regarding the safety and efficacy of IVL in preparing severely calcified peripheral arteries and its use in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI). Patients and methods: This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases from their inception to February 23, 2023, for studies assessing the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing IVL in the peripheral vasculature. The diameter of the vessel lumen before and after IVL was estimated. The occurrence of peri-procedural complications was assessed using a random-effects model. Results: 20 studies with a total of 1,223 patients with heavily calcified peripheral lesions were analysed. The mean age of the cohort was 70.6 ± 17.4 years. Successful IVL delivery achieved in 100% (95% CI: 100%-100%, I2 = 0%), with an increase in the luminal diameter (SMD: 4.66, 95% CI: 3.41-5.92, I2 = 90.8%) and reduction in diameter stenosis (SMD: -4.15, 95% CI: -4.75 to -3.55, I2 = 92.8%), and a concomitant low rate of complications. The procedure was free from dissection in 97% (95% CI: 91%-100%, I2 = 81.4%) while dissections of any type (A, B, C, or D) were observed in 6% (95% CI: 2%-10%, I2 = 85.3%) of the patients. Several rare cases of abrupt closure, no-reflow phenomenon, perforation, thrombus formation, and distal embolization were recorded. Finally, the subgroup analysis of patients who underwent a TAVI with IVL assistance presented successful implantation in 100% (95% CI: 100%-100%, I2 = 0%) of the cases, with only 4% (95% CI: 0%-12%, I2 = 68.96%) presenting dissections of any sort. Conclusions: IVL seems to be an effective and safe technique for modifying severely calcified lesions in peripheral arteries and it is a promising modality in TAVI settings. Future prospective studies are needed to validate our results.
Assuntos
Litotripsia , Doença Arterial Periférica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Substituição da Valva Aórtica Transcateter , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Litotripsia/efeitos adversos , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Substituição da Valva Aórtica Transcateter/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença Arterial Periférica/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Fatores de Risco , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Coronary calcific disease represents one of the main challenges for the interventional cardiologist, for whom optimal lesion preparation and percutaneous coronary intervention optimization are paramount for correct management. In this perspective, intravascular imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is becoming an increasingly indispensable tool. This work aims to provide a detailed overview of the complexity of calcified lesions, first analyzing their various morphologies and their clinical impact: spotty calcium seems to be more present in plaques at higher risk of destabilization, while diffuse calcification is typical of stable coronary stenosis; the eruptive calcific nodule is one of the three culprit lesion phenotypes responsible for acute coronary syndromes.In the second part of this review, the available technologies for the treatment of calcified lesions are described, with the aid of illustrative OCT images. Intravascular lithotripsy causes fractures at various levels of the calcified plaque, both circumferentially and longitudinally, with an improvement in vessel compliance; atherectomy acts by modifying the composition of the plaque with selective action on the hard calcific component. OCT, providing a comprehensive overview of lesion characteristics, can guide in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy, while also offering important information on the effectiveness of the chosen treatment.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Aterectomia Coronária/métodos , Litotripsia/métodos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Placa Aterosclerótica/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Over the last few decades, endovascular revascularization techniques have revolutionized the treatment of peripheral artery disease, offering a less invasive alternative to surgery. However, the successful treatment of heavily calcified lesions is often compromised by various vascular complications, including recoils, dissections, and the need for target vessel reinterventions. This has prompted the development of several tools for lesion preparation, with the aim of achieving better procedural outcomes. This review aims to summarize the main characteristics and current evidence related to the available devices for preparing severely calcified peripheral lesions.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Endovasculares , Doença Arterial Periférica , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Procedimentos Endovasculares/métodos , Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Doença Arterial Periférica/cirurgia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaAssuntos
Aterectomia Coronária , Placa Aterosclerótica , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Aterectomia Coronária/métodos , Placa Aterosclerótica/cirurgia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/cirurgia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) represents a novel approach in the management of coronary calcification. This technique employs acoustic pressure waves, generated by a shockwave balloon, to effectively fracture both superficial and deep calcification in situ. The efficacy and safety of IVL have been convincingly demonstrated through the Disrupt CAD I-IV studies. While IVL is associated with the occurrence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, there is no evidence to indicate it causes myocardial ischemia. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 71-year-old man was admitted presenting with chest pain. His previous coronary angiography revealed stenosis and calcification in the left anterior descending branch. An attempt to predilate the lesion using two Lacrosse non-slip element balloons was unsuccessful. Ventricular premature beats and transient ST-segment depression were captured during the utilization of IVL. The operator gradually extended the pulse emission interval across two consecutive cycles to mitigate myocardial ischemia. Notably, when the interval reached 30s, the patient had no chest pain or ST-segment changes. Subsequent images of intravascular ultrasound confirmed calcification ruptures. Therapeutic intervention included the placement of a stent and the application of a drug-coated balloon in the left anterior descending branch. A telephonic follow-up six months later indicated the patient had no discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: This case underscores the effectiveness of gradually extending the pulse emission interval as a strategic complement to the clinical application of IVL. In certain clinical scenarios, it may become imperative to suspend the pulse delivery to improve myocardial blood supply.
Assuntos
Litotripsia , Isquemia Miocárdica , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Litotripsia/métodos , Isquemia Miocárdica/terapia , Angiografia Coronária , Calcificação Vascular/terapiaRESUMO
Calcified nodules (CNs) are among the most challenging lesions to treat in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention. CNs may be divided into 2 subtypes, eruptive and noneruptive, which have distinct histopathological and prognostic features. An eruptive CN is a biologically active lesion with a disrupted fibrous cap and possibly adherent thrombus, whereas a noneruptive CN has an intact fibrous cap and no adherent thrombus. The use of intravascular imaging may allow differentiation between the 2 subtypes, thus potentially guiding treatment strategy. Compared with noneruptive CNs, eruptive CNs are more likely to be deformable, resulting in better stent expansion, but are paradoxically associated with worse clinical outcomes, in part because of their frequent initial presentation as an acute coronary syndrome and subsequent reprotrusion of the CN into the vessel lumen through the stent struts. Pending the results of ongoing studies, a tailored therapeutic approach based on the distinct features of the different CNs may be of value.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Stents , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/instrumentação , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Placa Aterosclerótica , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção , Angiografia Coronária , Tomada de Decisão ClínicaRESUMO
A 66-year-old man with multiple comorbidities including severe peripheral artery disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction presented with complex coronary artery disease with an elevated Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality for coronary artery bypass grafting and a Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score of 18. With a multidisciplinary heart team approach, the patient successfully underwent percutaneous axillary venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) supported high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention of a heavily calcified left main bifurcation lesion. Given the patient's peripheral artery disease, alternative arterial access for ECMO cannulation was performed percutaneously via the right axillary artery. Additionally, adequate coronary calcium modification was critical to successful stenting of a heavily calcified left main bifurcation. This case highlights a novel approach to obtaining alternative arterial access for ECMO cannulation and emphasizes the importance of calcium modification to achieve excellent stent results.
Assuntos
Artéria Axilar , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , Artéria Axilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/fisiopatologia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/instrumentação , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo Periférico , Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença Arterial Periférica/fisiopatologia , Stents , Angiografia CoronáriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) offers a safe alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA), but severe calcification is currently considered a contraindication in carotid artery stenting. This study aims to describe the safety and effectiveness of TCAR with intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) in patients with traditionally prohibitive calcific disease. METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent TCAR+IVL from 2018-2022 at nine institutions were identified. IVL was combined with pre-dilatation angioplasty to treat calcified vessels before stent deployment. The primary outcome was a new ipsilateral stroke within 30 days. Secondary outcomes included any new ipsilateral neurologic event (stroke/transient ischemic attack [TIA]) at 30 days, technical success, and <30% residual stenosis. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients (62% male; mean age, 78 ± 6.6 years) underwent TCAR+IVL, with 22 (38%) for symptomatic disease. Fifty-seven patients (98%) met high-risk anatomical or physiologic criteria for CEA. Forty-seven patients had severely calcific lesions. Fourteen patients (30%) had isolated eccentric plaque, 20 patients (43%) had isolated circumferential plaque, and 13 (27%) had eccentric and circumferential calcification. Mean procedure and flow reversal times were 87 ± 27 minutes and 25 ± 14 minutes. The median number of lithotripsy pulses per case was 90 (range, 30-330), and mean contrast usage was 29 mL. No patients had electroencephalogram changes or new deficits observed intraoperatively. Technical success was achieved in 100% of cases, with 98% having <30% residual stenosis on completion angiography. One patient had an in-hospital post-procedural stroke (1.72%). Four patients total had any new ipsilateral neurologic event (stroke/TIA) within 30 days for an overall rate of 6.8%. One TIA and one stroke occurred during the index hospitalization, and two TIAs occurred after discharge. Preoperative mean stenosis in patients with any postoperative neurologic event was 93% (vs 86% in non-stroke/TIA patients; P = .32), and chronic renal insufficiency was higher in patients who had a new neurologic event (75% vs 17%; P = .005). No differences were observed in calcium, procedural, or patient characteristics between the two groups. The mean follow-up was 132 days (range, 19-520 days). Three stents developed recurrent stenosis (5%) on follow-up duplex; the remainder were patent without issue. There were no reported interventions for recurrent stenosis during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: IVL sufficiently remodels calcified carotid arteries to facilitate TCAR effectively in patients with traditionally prohibitive calcific disease. One patient (1.7%) suffered a stroke within 30 days, although four patients (6.8%) sustained any new neurological event (stroke/TIA). These results raise concerns about the risks of TCAR+IVL and whether it is an appropriate strategy for patients who could potentially undergo CEA.
Assuntos
Estenose das Carótidas , Litotripsia , Stents , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/complicações , Litotripsia/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Fatores de Risco , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estenose das Carótidas/terapia , Estenose das Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Fatores de Tempo , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Medição de Risco , Estados Unidos , Procedimentos Endovasculares/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Endovasculares/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Almost 35 years after its introduction, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) not only survived technological advances but became one of the cornerstones of contemporary cardiovascular imaging. Its simplicity and quantitative nature established it as one of the most robust approaches for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk stratification in primary prevention and a powerful tool to guide therapeutic choices. Groundbreaking advances in computational models and computer power translated into a surge of artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches directly or indirectly linked to CACS analysis. This review aims to provide essential knowledge on the AI-based techniques currently applied to CACS, setting the stage for a holistic analysis of the use of these techniques in coronary artery calcium imaging. While the focus of the review will be detailing the evidence, strengths, and limitations of end-to-end CACS algorithms in electrocardiography-gated and non-gated scans, the current role of deep-learning image reconstructions, segmentation techniques, and combined applications such as simultaneous coronary artery calcium and pulmonary nodule segmentation, will also be discussed.
Assuntos
Angiografia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Vasos Coronários , Aprendizado Profundo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Calcificação Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcificação Vascular/terapia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Prognóstico , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inteligência Artificial , Técnicas de Imagem de Sincronização CardíacaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coronary calcification negatively impacts optimal stenting. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a new calcium modification technique. AIMS: We aimed to assess the impact of different calcium morphologies on IVL efficacy. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicentre study (13 tertiary referral centres). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed before and after IVL, and after stenting. OCT-defined calcium morphologies were concentric (mean calcium arc >180°) and eccentric (mean calcium arc ≤180°). The primary outcomes were angiographic success (residual stenosis <20%) and the presence of fracture by OCT in concentric versus eccentric lesions. RESULTS: Ninety patients were included with a total of 95 lesions: 47 concentric and 48 eccentric. The median number of pulses was 60 (p=1.00). Following IVL, the presence of fracture was not statistically different between groups (79.0% vs 66.0% for concentric vs eccentric; p=0.165). The number of fractures/lesion (4.2±4.4 vs 2.3±2.8; p=0.018) and ≥3 fractures/lesion (57.1% vs 34.0%; p=0.029) were more common in concentric lesions. Angiographic success was numerically but not statistically higher in the concentric group (87.0% vs 76.6%; p=0.196). By OCT, no differences were noted in final minimum lumen area (5.9±2.2 mm2 vs 6.2±2.1 mm2; p=0.570), minimum stent area (5.9±2.2 mm² vs 6.25±2.4 mm2; p=0.483), minimum stent expansion (80.9±16.7% vs 78.2±19.8%), or stent expansion at the maximum calcium site (100.6±24.2% vs 95.8±27.3%) (p>0.05 for all comparisons of concentric vs eccentric, respectively). Calcified nodules were found in 29.5% of lesions; these were predominantly non-eruptive (57%). At the nodule site, dissection was more common than fracture with stent expansion of 103.6±27.2%. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective, multicentre study, the effectiveness of IVL followed by stenting was not significantly affected by coronary calcium morphology.