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1.
Environ Microbiol Rep ; 16(5): e70017, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39374597

RESUMO

The epidemiology of Campylobacter species in wild birds is still poorly understood. This study describes the occurrence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter in adult and nestlings of yellow-legged gulls, highlighting differences between breeding locations. The gulls were captured in Croatia between 2021 and 2023. A cloacal swab was taken from each individual and tested for the presence of Campylobacter. Isolated Campylobacter species were genotyped using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. A total of 1071 gulls were captured and sampled, of which 152 samples were identified as Campylobacter species, with Campylobacter jejuni (9.90%) being the most frequently isolated bacterium, followed by Campylobacter lari (3.36%) and Campylobacter coli (0.93%). Complete sequence type (ST) profiles were generated for 141 isolates: 100 C. jejuni, 33 C. lari, and 8 C. coli. A significant difference in the occurrence of positive Campylobacter species was found depending on the sampling sites, while both sampling site and age were significant for the occurrence of C. jejuni. Adults and nestlings showed high genetic diversity for C. jejuni and C. lari, and there were no significant differences between strains isolated from adults and nestlings or between sites, suggesting a high genotype flow in the studied gull population.


Assuntos
Doenças das Aves , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter , Charadriiformes , Variação Genética , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Animais , Charadriiformes/microbiologia , Croácia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Campylobacter/genética , Campylobacter/classificação , Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Genótipo , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/classificação , Fatores Etários , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter jejuni/classificação
2.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1449856, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39415896

RESUMO

Introduction: Although Campylobacter spp., including Campylobacter coli, have emerged as important zoonotic foodborne pathogens globally, the understanding of the genomic epidemiology of C. coli of porcine origin is limited. Methods: As pigs are an important reservoir of C. coli, we analyzed C. coli genomes that were isolated (n = 3) from pigs and sequenced (this study) them along with all other C. coli genomes for which pig intestines, pig feces, and pigs were mentioned as sources in the NCBI database up to January 6, 2023. In this paper, we report the pan-genomic features, the multi-locus sequence types, the resistome, virulome, and mobilome, and the phylogenomic analysis of these organisms that were obtained from pigs. Results and discussion: Our analysis revealed that, in addition to having an open pan-genome, majority (63%) of the typeable isolates of C. coli of pig origin belonged to a single clonal complex, ST-828. The resistome of these C. coli isolates was predominated by the genes tetO (53%), blaOXA-193 (49%), and APH (3')-IIIa (21%); however, the virulome analysis revealed a core set of 37 virulence genes. Analysis of the mobile genetic elements in the genomes revealed wide diversity of the plasmids and bacteriophages, while 30 transposons were common to all genomes of C. coli of porcine origin. Phylogenomic analysis showed two discernible clusters comprising isolates originating from Japan and another set of isolates comprising mostly copies of a type strain stored in three different culture collections.


Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Genoma Bacteriano , Genômica , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Filogenia , Animais , Suínos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/classificação , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Fezes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Bacteriófagos/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética
3.
PLoS One ; 19(9): e0308030, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39316598

RESUMO

Thermotolerant Campylobacter is an important zoonotic pathogen known for causing gastroenteritis in humans, with poultry as its primary reservoir. A total of 468 samples were collected, of which 335 were chicken carcass samples (representing the food component), and 133 were chicken caeca samples (representing the animal component). These samples underwent culture, with colonies examined under a microscope. Species identification was achieved through multiplex PCR. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined using the Kirby-Bauer method, testing for sensitivity to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Additionally, 55 C. jejuni (62.5%) and 33 C. coli (37.5%) isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). A High prevalence of Campylobacter was observed, with rates of 95.5% (n = 127, CI95%: 92.5% - 98.5%) in the animal component and 72.5% (n = 243, CI95%: 69.9% - 75.1%) in the food component. Specifically, C. jejuni was detected in 33.1% (n = 42) of poultry farms and 38.3% (n = 93) of chicken carcasses, while C. coli was found in 64.6% (n = 82) of poultry farms and 60.5% (n = 147) of chicken carcasses. Antimicrobials with the highest rates of resistance (67%-100%) were ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, in both animal and food component isolates. Erythromycin resistance was notable, ranging from 22% to 33%, with only two C. jejuni isolates from retail were resistant to gentamicin. Furthermore, multidrug resistance was identified in 23% (20 isolates) of the Campylobacter isolates. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of fourteen resistance genes in both C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, including tet(O), blaOXA-460, blaOXA-184, blaOXA-489, blaOXA-193, blaOXA-784, blaOXA-603, aph(3')-IIIa, aad9, aph(2'')-If, aadE-Cc, sat4, and ant(6)-Ia. Additionally, twenty-five plasmids were detected in the 88 Campylobacter isolates examined. Interestingly, most isolates also harbored genes encoding putative virulence factors associated with pathogenicity, invasion, adherence, and production of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt): cheV, cheA, cheW, cheY, flaA, flgR, flaC, flaD, flgB, flgC, ciaB, ciaC. The WGS analysis showed the presence of several cgSTs in both animal and food components, with nine of them widely disseminated between components. Moreover, C. coli and C. jejuni isolates from different sources presented less than 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), suggesting clonality (16 isolates). Further analysis using SNP tree demonstrated widespread distribution of certain C. jejuni and C. coli clones across multiple farms and retail stores. This study presents, for the first-time, insights into the clonality, plasmid diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of thermotolerant Campylobacter strains originating from the Ecuadorian poultry industry. The identification of AMR genes associated with the main antibiotics used in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in humans, highlights the importance of the prudent use of antimicrobials in the poultry industry. Additionally, this research remarks the need for regional studies to understand the epidemiology of this pathogen.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Galinhas , Fazendas , Variação Genética , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Equador/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Humanos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Tetraciclina/farmacologia
4.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(10): 2079-2089, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39320160

RESUMO

Campylobacteriosis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are global public health concerns. Africa is estimated to have the world's highest incidence of campylobacteriosis and a relatively high prevalence of AMR in Campylobacter spp. from humans and animals. Few studies have compared Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and poultry in Africa using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We explored the population structure and AMR of 178 Campylobacter isolates from East Africa, 81 from patients with diarrhea in Kenya and 97 from 56 poultry samples in Tanzania, collected during 2006-2017. Sequence type diversity was high in both poultry and human isolates, with some sequence types in common. The estimated prevalence of multidrug resistance, defined as resistance to >3 antimicrobial classes, was higher in poultry isolates (40.9%, 95% credible interval 23.6%-59.4%) than in human isolates (2.5%, 95% credible interval 0.3%-6.8%), underlining the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in livestock systems.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Diarreia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Aves Domésticas , Humanos , Campylobacter jejuni/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/tratamento farmacológico , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , África Oriental/epidemiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Filogenia
5.
PLoS One ; 19(8): e0305581, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39159178

RESUMO

Campylobacteriosis outbreaks have previously been linked to dairy foods. While the genetic diversity of Campylobacter is well understood in high-income countries, it is largely unknown in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia. This study therefore aimed to conduct the first genomic characterization of Campylobacter isolates from the Ethiopian dairy supply chain to aid in future epidemiological studies. Fourteen C. jejuni and four C. coli isolates were whole genome sequenced using an Illumina platform. Sequences were analyzed using the bioinformatics tools in the GalaxyTrakr platform to identify MLST types, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, and infer phylogenetic relationships among the studied isolates. Assembled genomes were further screened to detect antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene sequences. Among 14 C. jejuni, ST 2084 and ST 51, which belong to the clonal complexes ST-353 and ST-443, respectively, were identified. Among the 4 sequenced C. coli isolates, two isolates belonged to ST 1628 and two to ST 830 from the clonal complex ST-828. The isolates of C. jejuni ST 2084 and ST 51 carried ß-lactam resistance gene blaOXA-605, a fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutation T86I in the gryA gene, and a macrolide resistance-associated mutation A103V in 50S L22. Only ST 2084 isolates carried the tetracycline resistance gene tetO. Conversely, all four C. coli ST 830 and ST 1628 isolates carried tetO, but only ST 1628 isolates also carried blaOXA-605. Lastly, C. jejuni ST 2084 isolates carried a total of 89 virulence genes, and ST 51 isolates carried up to 88 virulence genes. Among C. coli, ST 830 isolates carried 71 genes involved in virulence, whereas two ST 1628 isolates carried up to 82 genes involved in virulence. Isolates from all identified STs have previously been isolated from human clinical cases, demonstrating a potential food safety concern. This finding warrants further monitoring of Campylobacter in dairy foods in Ethiopia to better understand and manage the risks associated with Campylobacter contamination and transmission.


Assuntos
Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Variação Genética , Filogenia , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/patogenicidade , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter jejuni/patogenicidade , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Laticínios/microbiologia , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Humanos , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Virulência/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Animais
6.
Int J Food Microbiol ; 425: 110855, 2024 Dec 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39191191

RESUMO

Campylobacter was considered asaccharolytic, but is now known to carry saccharide metabolization pathways for L-fucose and d-glucose. We hypothesized that these clusters are beneficial for Campylobacter niche adaptation and may help establish human infection. We investigated the distribution of d-glucose and L-fucose clusters among ∼9600 C. jejuni and C. coli genomes of different isolation sources in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Finland. The L-fucose utilization cluster was integrated at the same location in all C. jejuni and C. coli genomes, and was flanked by the genes rpoB, rpoC, rspL, repsG and fusA, which are associated with functions in transcription as well as translation and in acquired drug resistance. In contrast, the flanking regions of the d-glucose utilization cluster were variable among the isolates, and integration sites were located within one of the three different 16S23S ribosomal RNA areas of the C. jejuni and C. coli genomes. In addition, we investigated whether acquisition of the L-fucose utilization cluster could be due to horizontal gene transfer between the two species and found three isolates for which this was the case: one C. jejuni isolate carrying a C. coli L-fucose cluster, and two C. coli isolates which carried a C. jejuni L-fucose cluster. Furthermore, L-fucose utilization cluster alignments revealed multiple frameshift mutations, most of which were commonly found in the non-essential genes for L-fucose metabolism, namely, Cj0484 and Cj0489. These findings support our hypothesis that the L-fucose cluster was integrated multiple times across the C. coli/C. jejuni phylogeny. Notably, association analysis using the C. jejuni isolates from the Netherlands showed a significant correlation between human C. jejuni isolates and C. jejuni isolates carrying the L-fucose utilization cluster. This correlation was even stronger when the Dutch isolates were combined with the isolates from the UK, the USA and Finland. No such correlations were observed for C. coli or for the d-glucose cluster for both species. This research provides insight into the spread and host associations of the L-fucose and d-glucose utilization clusters in C. jejuni and C. coli, and the potential benefits in human infection and/or proliferation in humans, conceivably after transmission from any reservoir.


Assuntos
Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Fucose , Glucose , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/metabolismo , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/metabolismo , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Fucose/metabolismo , Genoma Bacteriano , Transferência Genética Horizontal , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Família Multigênica , Finlândia , Países Baixos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo
7.
Biomed Res Int ; 2024: 4631351, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39166218

RESUMO

Campylobacter is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen that is often linked with gastroenteritis and other extraintestinal infections in humans. This study is aimed at determining the genetic determinants of virulence-encoding genes responsible for flagellin motility protein A (flaA), Campylobacter adhesion to fibronectin F (cadF), Campylobacter invasion antigen B (ciaB) and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) A (cdtA) in Campylobacter species. A total of 29 Campylobacter coli isolates (16 from cattle, 9 from chicken, and 4 from water samples) and 74 Campylobacter jejuni isolates (38 from cattle, 30 from chicken, and 6 from water samples) described in an earlier study in Kajiado County, Kenya, were examined for the occurrence of virulence-associated genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicon sequencing. The correlations among virulence genes were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) method. Among the 103 Campylobacter strains screened, 89 were found to harbour a single or multiple virulence gene(s), giving an overall prevalence of 86.4%. C. jejuni strains had the highest prevalence of multivirulence at 64.9% (48/74), compared to C. coli (58.6%, 17/29). The ciaB and flaA genes were the most common virulence genes detected in C. jejuni (81.1% [60/74] and 62.2% [46/74], respectively) and in C. coli (each at 62.1%; 18/29). Campylobacter isolates from chicken harboured the most virulence-encoding genes. C. jejuni strains from chicken and cattle harboured the highest proportions of the cdtA and ciaB genes, respectively. All the C. coli strains from water samples harboured the cadF and flaA genes. The results obtained further revealed a significant positive correlation between cadF and flaA (R = 0.733). C. jejuni and C. coli strains from cattle, chicken, and water harbour virulence markers responsible for motility/colonization, invasion, adherence, and toxin production, evoking their important role in campylobacteriosis development among humans and livestock. The identification of cattle, chicken, and water samples as reservoirs of virulent Campylobacter spp. highlights the possible risk to human health. These data on some virulence genes of Campylobacter will assist food safety and public health officials in formulating policy statements.


Assuntos
Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Galinhas , Fezes , Animais , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/patogenicidade , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Bovinos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/patogenicidade , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Virulência/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Quênia/epidemiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Microbiologia da Água , Flagelina/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética
8.
Epidemiol Infect ; 152: e101, 2024 Aug 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39168635

RESUMO

Campylobacter spp. are leading bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens. Infections are largely underreported, and the burden of outbreaks may be underestimated. Current strategies of testing as few as one isolate per sample can affect attribution of cases to epidemiologically important sources with high Campylobacter diversity, such as chicken meat. Multiple culture method combinations were utilized to recover and sequence Campylobacter from 45 retail chicken samples purchased across Norwich, UK, selecting up to 48 isolates per sample. Simulations based on resampling were used to assess the impact of Campylobacter sequence type (ST) diversity on outbreak detection. Campylobacter was recovered from 39 samples (87%), although only one sample was positive through all broth, temperature, and plate combinations. Three species were identified (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari), and 33% of samples contained two species. Positive samples contained 1-8 STs. Simulation revealed that up to 87 isolates per sample would be required to detect 95% of the observed ST diversity, and 26 isolates would be required for the average probability of detecting a random theoretical outbreak ST to reach 95%. An optimized culture approach and selecting multiple isolates per sample are essential for more complete Campylobacter recovery to support outbreak investigation and source attribution.


Assuntos
Campylobacter , Galinhas , Galinhas/microbiologia , Animais , Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter/genética , Campylobacter/classificação , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Surtos de Doenças , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Variação Genética , Campylobacter lari/genética , Campylobacter lari/isolamento & purificação
9.
Arch Razi Inst ; 79(1): 41-54, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39192957

RESUMO

Campylobacter spp. genera is one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. This study aimed to find out how common Campylobacter organisms were in raw meat from large livestock in Iran, as well as to determine their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Several 550 fresh, ready-to-eat meat samples were collected from slaughterhouses, butcher shops, and restaurants in the study region. The samples were collected from cattle (n=138), goats (n=102), camels (n=56), and sheep (n=254). Campylobacter spp. were isolated and identified using normal bacteriological methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping was performed using PCR to identify virulence genes. The disc diffusion technique was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. The two Campylobacter spp. were found in 84 (15.27%) of the 550 meat samples tested. Cattle and camel samples accounted for the highest (52.38%) and lowest (3.57%) frequencies of Campylobacter spp., respectively. There were significant differences in the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in cattle (2=43.04 or OR=7.68, CI=3.40-17.30, P<0.01). Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli accounted for 82.14% (n=69) of Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw meat. While C. jejuni was found in 39.28% of the samples (n=33), C. coli was observed in 42.85% (n=36). Other Campylobacter spp. formed 17.85 % (n=15) of the samples. The most common genotypes observed in C. jejuni bacteria collected from different types of large animal samples were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%). On the other hand, virbll (7.69%) was the C. jejuni strain found with the lowest incidence in different large animal samples. The most frequent genotypes found in C. coli bacteria were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%). C. coli isolates dnaJ (0%), wlaN (0%), virbll (0%), and ceuE (0%) were detected with the lowest frequency in several samples from large livestock. Campylobacter spp. isolated from different sample types and sources were 100% sensitive to aphA-3-1 and GM10. The isolates were reported to be resistant to E15 (76.93%), cmeB (69.24%), aadE1 (69.24%), CIP5 (69.24%), and AM10 (69.24%). According to this study, Campylobacter was found in food from factory farming. Consequently, the disease can be transmitted by eating raw or undercooked meat. Therefore, proper handling and preparation of meat meals, as well as hygiene measures from the slaughterhouse to the retailer, are critical in preventing Campylobacter infections.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Camelus , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Cabras , Carne , Animais , Campylobacter jejuni/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , Ovinos , Camelus/microbiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Gado/microbiologia
10.
PLoS One ; 19(7): e0304409, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38959220

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Children with under-five year age disproportionally affected with foodborne illness. Campylobacteriosis is the most common foodborne disease next to Norovirus infection. Macrolides are commonly prescribed as the first line of treatment for Campylobacter gastroenteritis, with fluoroquinolone and tetracycline as secondary options. However, resistance to these alternatives has been reported in various regions worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, associated risk-factors and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli among under-five children with diarrhea. METHODS: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2022 to April 2023. The study sites were selected using a random sampling technique, while the study subjects were included using a convenient sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were inoculated onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and incubated for 48 hours. The suspected colonies were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to confirm the species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a disc diffusion technique. All potential covariates (independent variables) were analyzed one by one using bivariate logistic regression model to identify candidate variables with P value < 0.25. Multivariable logistic analysis was used to identify potential associated factors using the candidate variables. A p value ≤ 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was statistically significant. RESULT: Among the 428 samples, 7.0% (CI: 4.5-9.3) were confirmed Campylobacter species. The prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli among under-five children was 5.1% (CI: 3.0-7.0) and 1.9% (CI: 0.7-3.3), respectively. C. jejuni (73.3%) was dominant over C. coli (26.7%). The resident, contact with domestic animals, and parents/guardians education level were significantly associated with campylobacteriosis among under-five children. One-third of the Campylobacter isolates (33.3%, 10/30) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline whereas 10.0% (3/30) were resistant to erythromycin. Furthermore, 3.3% (1/30) of the Campylobacter were found to be multidrug-resistant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Campylobacter species was 7.0%. The resistance rate of Campylobacter species of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline-resistance strains was 33.3%. Peri-urban residence, contact with domestic animals, and low parental educational statuses were significantly associated factors with increased risk of Campylobacter infection. Continuous surveillance on antimicrobial resistance and health education of personal and environmental hygiene should be implemented in the community.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Diarreia , Humanos , Campylobacter jejuni/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Feminino , Masculino , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Prevalência , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Recém-Nascido , Fatores de Risco
11.
Braz J Microbiol ; 55(3): 2547-2556, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38977544

RESUMO

Campylobacter is gram-negative bacteria considered the predominant genera isolated from poultry samples and associated with gastroenteritis. Due to the problems in conventional cultural methods of time-consuming and technically demanding requirements, a rapid and feasible method for their identification and discrimination of the closely related spp. Including Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, and Campylobacter jejuni is needed. This study analyzes the chicken and sheep meats samples (n = 125) using culture and pre-enrichment-based Quadraplex real-time PCR by targeting OrfA, CstA, HipO, and 16 S rRNA genes of C. coli, C. fetus, C. jejuni and Campylobacter spp. Respectively. The analysis of 125 chicken and sheep meat samples by culture and real-time PCR showed high concordance between the results of the two methods. The present study show high prevalence of Campylobacter species (35% and 32% from chicken and meat respectively) of which C. jejuni were the most abundant. Reaction efficiencies were between 90 and 110%, and detect as low as 8.9 fg in C. jejuni. The need for quick detection and discrimination methods in sheep and chicken meat can be met using the described Quadraplex real-time PCR methodology.


Assuntos
Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Galinhas , Carne , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Ovinos/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/classificação , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter jejuni/classificação , Carne/microbiologia , Campylobacter fetus/genética , Campylobacter fetus/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter fetus/classificação , Campylobacter/genética , Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter/classificação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , DNA Bacteriano/genética
12.
J Glob Antimicrob Resist ; 38: 27-34, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38821444

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Campylobacter is a significant zoonotic pathogen primarily transmitted through poultry. Our study aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance and genetic relationships among Campylobacter isolates from retail chicken meat and humans in Taiwan. METHODS: Campylobacter isolates were analysed using whole-genome sequencing to investigate their antimicrobial resistance, genetic determinants of resistance, and genotypes. RESULTS: Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni accounted for 44.9% and 55.1% of chicken meat isolates, and 11.4% and 88.6% of human isolates, respectively. C. coli displayed significantly higher resistance levels. Furthermore, isolates from chicken meat exhibited higher levels of resistance to most tested antimicrobials compared to isolates from humans. Multidrug resistance was observed in 96.3% of C. coli and 43.3% of C. jejuni isolates from chicken meat and 80.6% of C. coli and 15.8% of C. jejuni isolates from humans. Macrolide resistance was observed in 85.5% of C. coli isolates, primarily attributed to the erm(B) rather than the A2075G mutation in 23S rRNA. Among the 511 genomes, we identified 133 conventional MLST sequence types, indicating significant diversity among Campylobacter strains. Notably, hierarchical Core-genome multilocus sequence typing clustering, including HC0, HC5, and HC10, revealed a significant proportion of closely related isolates from chicken meat and humans. CONCLUSIONS: Our research highlights significant associations in antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness between Campylobacter isolates from chicken meat and humans in Taiwan. The genetic analysis data suggest that campylobacteriosis outbreaks may occur more frequently in Taiwan than previously assumed. Our study emphasizes the need for strategies to control multidrug-resistant strains and enhance outbreak prevention.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Galinhas , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Carne , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Animais , Humanos , Taiwan , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Genótipo , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos
13.
J Food Prot ; 87(7): 100308, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38815809

RESUMO

Human gastrointestinal infections caused by Campylobacter species is the second most important foodborne illness after salmonellosis worldwide. Poultry represent one of the main sources of Campylobacter organisms. In the present study, the short variable region of flagellin gene (SVR-flaA) typing was carried out to determine the variation among the circulating strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from poultry and poultry meat were screened for the presence of virulence determinants like cadF, flaA, cdtB, and wlaN gene. The screening for wlaN gene is crucial in view of the fact that most patients with Guillian Barre's (GB) syndrome with a preceding history of diarrheal illness have been found to harbor wlaN gene-positive C jejuni strains. Out of the 200 samples comprising poultry meat and cloacal swabs, 21.5% of samples were found to harbor Campylobacter spp. of which 2.5% were Campylobacter jejuni, and 19% were confirmed as Campylobacter coli. The cadF, flaA, cdtB virulence genes were detected in all the Campylobacter spp. isolated in the present study. The presence of the wlaN gene in the Campylobacter jejuni isolated in the present study may pose a public health threat with long-term human health implications. The SVR-flaA typing of twelve Campylobacter isolates obtained in the present study revealed that Campylobacter coli flaA sequence OL471375 is a new strain with a novel allele type 1,675 and peptide sequence 5 which stands deposited in pubMLST database for Campylobacter. The other flaA-SVR gene sequences identified in this study were OL471369, OL471370, OL471371, OL471372, OL471373, and OL471374. Among twelve Campylobacter spp., three distinct DdeI-RFLP patterns were observed, each varying in size from 100 to 1,000 base pairs. Antimicrobial profiling of the Campylobacter spp. isolated in the present study revealed that 50% of the strains were multidrug resistant. All the Campylobacter spp. were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP), ampicillin (AMP), penicillin (PEN), and nalidixic acid (NAL) whereas 57.1% of strains were resistant to tetracycline (TET) and erythromycin (ERY) 28% to amoxicillin (AMX) and enrofloxacin (ENO), 85% to amikacin (AMK). The high degree of resistance to fluoroquinolones observed in the present study is crucial in view of fluoroquinolones being drugs of choice for the treatment of human Campylobacter infections.


Assuntos
Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Flagelina , Aves Domésticas , Animais , Flagelina/genética , Humanos , Campylobacter jejuni/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Índia , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Virulência , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Campylobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter/genética , Carne/microbiologia , Variação Genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
14.
Vet Microbiol ; 293: 110083, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38593623

RESUMO

Campylobacter spp., such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are important zoonotic Gram-negative pathogens that cause acute intestinal diseases in humans. In this study, a retrospective analysis was conducted on previously collected Campylobacter isolates from antimicrobial resistance surveillance. A total of 29 optrA-positive C. coli strains were identified and subjected to second-generation sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses demonstrated that the 29 optrA-positive isolates were genetically homogeneous. Notably, among the 29 isolated strains, the ΔoptrA variants exhibit a nonsense mutation at position 979 where the base C is substituted by T, leading to the formation of a premature termination codon. The alignment of sequences and genetic environmental characteristics suggested that ΔoptrA located on a chromosomally carried multidrug-resistant genomic island. There are other resistant genes on the multidrug resistance genomic island, such as aph(2'')-If, aph(3')-III, aadE, tet(O), tet(L), cat, erm(A), optrA and blaOXA-61. As a result, the 29 ΔoptrA-positive strains displayed susceptibility to both florfenicol and linezolid. The ΔoptrA gene is linked to the erm(A) gene, resulting in the formation of translocatable unit (TU) that are encompassed by two copies of IS1216 mobile elements. Multiple occurrences of similar TUs have been documented in numerous C. coli and provided evidence for the significance of TUs in facilitating the transfer of drug resistance genes in C. coli.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Galinhas , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Ilhas Genômicas , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhas Genômicas/genética , Galinhas/microbiologia , Animais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
15.
mBio ; 15(6): e0058124, 2024 Jun 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38683013

RESUMO

Recombination of short DNA fragments via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can introduce beneficial alleles, create genomic disharmony through negative epistasis, and create adaptive gene combinations through positive epistasis. For non-core (accessory) genes, the negative epistatic cost is likely to be minimal because the incoming genes have not co-evolved with the recipient genome and are frequently observed as tightly linked cassettes with major effects. By contrast, interspecific recombination in the core genome is expected to be rare because disruptive allelic replacement is likely to introduce negative epistasis. Why then is homologous recombination common in the core of bacterial genomes? To understand this enigma, we take advantage of an exceptional model system, the common enteric pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli that are known for very high magnitude interspecies gene flow in the core genome. As expected, HGT does indeed disrupt co-adapted allele pairings, indirect evidence of negative epistasis. However, multiple HGT events enable recovery of the genome's co-adaption between introgressing alleles, even in core metabolism genes (e.g., formate dehydrogenase). These findings demonstrate that, even for complex traits, genetic coalitions can be decoupled, transferred, and independently reinstated in a new genetic background-facilitating transition between fitness peaks. In this example, the two-step recombinational process is associated with C. coli that are adapted to the agricultural niche.IMPORTANCEGenetic exchange among bacteria shapes the microbial world. From the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes to fundamental questions about the nature of bacterial species, this powerful evolutionary force has preoccupied scientists for decades. However, the mixing of genes between species rests on a paradox: 0n one hand, promoting adaptation by conferring novel functionality; on the other, potentially introducing disharmonious gene combinations (negative epistasis) that will be selected against. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to analyze natural populations of the enteric bacteria Campylobacter, an ideal example of long-range admixture, we demonstrate that genes can independently transfer across species boundaries and rejoin in functional networks in a recipient genome. The positive impact of two-gene interactions appears to be adaptive by expanding metabolic capacity and facilitating niche shifts through interspecific hybridization. This challenges conventional ideas and highlights the possibility of multiple-step evolution of multi-gene traits by interspecific introgression.


Assuntos
Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Epistasia Genética , Transferência Genética Horizontal , Genoma Bacteriano , Recombinação Genética , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter coli/genética , Evolução Molecular , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Adaptação Biológica/genética
16.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 18(3): e0012018, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427700

RESUMO

Campylobacter causes bacterial enteritis, dysentery, and growth faltering in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Campylobacter spp. are fastidious organisms, and their detection often relies on culture independent diagnostic technologies, especially in LMICs. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are most often the infectious agents and in high income settings together account for 95% of Campylobacter infections. Several other Campylobacter species have been detected in LMIC children at an increased prevalence relative to high income settings. After doing extensive whole genome sequencing of isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli in Peru, we observed heterogeneity in the binding sites for the main species-specific PCR assay (cadF) and designed an alternative rpsKD-based qPCR assay to detect both C. jejuni and C. coli. The rpsKD-based qPCR assay identified 23% more C.jejuni/ C.coli samples than the cadF assay among 47 Campylobacter genus positive cadF negative samples verified to have C. jejuni and or C. coli with shotgun metagenomics. This assay can be expected to be useful in diagnostic studies of enteric infectious diseases and be useful in revising the attribution estimates of Campylobacter in LMICs.


Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Campylobacter , Criança , Humanos , Campylobacter coli/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Infecções por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia
17.
BMC Microbiol ; 24(1): 46, 2024 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38302896

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and are known obligate microaerophiles. Despite being sensitive to oxygen and its reduction products, both species are readily isolated from animal food products kept under atmospheric conditions where they face high oxygen tension levels. RESULTS: In this study, Transposon Directed Insertion-site Sequencing (TraDIS) was used to investigate the ability of one C. jejuni strain and two C. coli strains to overcome oxidative stress, using H2O2 to mimic oxidative stress. Genes were identified that were required for oxidative stress resistance for each individual strain but also allowed a comparison across the three strains. Mutations in the perR and ahpC genes were found to increase Campylobacter tolerance to H2O2. The roles of these proteins in oxidative stress were previously known in C. jejuni, but this data indicates that they most likely play a similar role in C. coli. Mutation of czcD decreased Campylobacter tolerance to H2O2. The role of CzcD, which functions as a zinc exporter, has not previously been linked to oxidative stress. The TraDIS data was confirmed using defined deletions of perR and czcD in C. coli 15-537360. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate gene fitness in both C. jejuni and C. coli under oxidative stress conditions and highlights both similar roles for certain genes for both species and highlights other genes that have a role under oxidative stress.


Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Animais , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/metabolismo , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia
18.
Epidemiol Infect ; 152: e41, 2024 Feb 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38403893

RESUMO

Foodborne infections with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter spp. remain an important public health concern. Publicly available data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chickens and turkeys at the slaughterhouse level across the United States between 2013 and 2021 were analysed. A total of 1,899 chicken-origin (1,031 Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and 868 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)) and 798 turkey-origin (673 C. coli and 123 C. jejuni) isolates were assessed. Chicken isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (43.65%), moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (19.5%), and low resistance to clindamycin (4.32%) and azithromycin (3.84%). Turkey isolates exhibited very high resistance to tetracycline (69%) and high resistance to ciprofloxacin (39%). The probability of resistance to all tested antimicrobials, except for tetracycline, significantly decreased during the latter part of the study period. Turkey-origin Campylobacter isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials than isolates from chickens. Compared to C. jejuni isolates, C. coli isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials, except for ciprofloxacin. The study findings emphasize the need for poultry-type-specific strategies to address differences in AMR among Campylobacter isolates.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Campylobacter , Animais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Perus/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia
19.
Poult Sci ; 103(4): 103485, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38335668

RESUMO

Chickens are the primary reservoirs of Campylobacter spp., mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, that cause human bacterial gastrointestinal infections. However, genomic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in low- to middle-income countries need more comprehensive exploration. This study aimed to characterize 21 C. jejuni and 5 C. coli isolates from commercial broilers and native chickens using whole genome sequencing and compare them to 28 reference Campylobacter sequences. Among the 26 isolates, 13 sequence types (ST) were identified in C. jejuni and 5 ST in C. coli. The prominent ST was ST 2274 (5 isolates, 19.2%), followed by ST 51, 460, 2409, and 6455 (2 isolates in each ST, 7.7%), while all remaining ST (464, 536, 595, 2083, 6736, 6964, 8096, 10437, 828, 872, 900, 8237, and 13540) had 1 isolate per ST (3.8%). Six types of antimicrobial resistance genes (ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, blaOXA, cat, erm(B), and tet(O)) and one point mutations in the gyrA gene (Threonine-86-Isoleucine) and another in the rpsL gene (Lysine-43-Arginine) were detected. The blaOXA resistance gene was present in all isolates, the gyrA mutations was in 95.2% of C. jejuni and 80.0% of C. coli, and the tet(O) resistance gene in 76.2% of C. jejuni and 80.0% of C. coli. Additionally, 203 virulence-associated genes linked to 16 virulence factors were identified. In terms of phenotypic resistance, the C. jejuni isolates were all resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, with lower levels of resistance to tetracycline (76.2%), tylosin (52.3%), erythromycin (23.8%), azithromycin (22.2%), and gentamicin (11.1%). Most C. coli isolates were resistant to all tested antimicrobials, while 1 C. coli was pan-susceptible except for tylosin. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms concordance varied widely, with differences of up to 13,375 single-nucleotide polymorphisms compared to the reference Campylobacter isolates, highlighting genetic divergence among comparative genomes. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in Thai chicken production systems.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Campylobacter , Animais , Humanos , Galinhas/genética , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Tilosina , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Campylobacter/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/veterinária , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária
20.
Microb Genom ; 10(1)2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38214338

RESUMO

Campylobacter spp. are a common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in Australia, primarily acquired from contaminated meat. We investigated the relationship between genomic virulence characteristics and the severity of campylobacteriosis, hospitalisation, and other host factors.We recruited 571 campylobacteriosis cases from three Australian states and territories (2018-2019). We collected demographic, health status, risk factors, and self-reported disease data. We whole genome sequenced 422 C. jejuni and 84 C. coli case isolates along with 616 retail meat isolates. We classified case illness severity using a modified Vesikari scoring system, performed phylogenomic analysis, and explored risk factors for hospitalisation and illness severity.On average, cases experienced a 7.5 day diarrhoeal illness with additional symptoms including stomach cramps (87.1 %), fever (75.6 %), and nausea (72.0 %). Cases aged ≥75 years had milder symptoms, lower Vesikari scores, and higher odds of hospitalisation compared to younger cases. Chronic gastrointestinal illnesses also increased odds of hospitalisation. We observed significant diversity among isolates, with 65 C. jejuni and 21 C. coli sequence types. Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in 20.4 % of isolates, but multidrug resistance was rare (0.04 %). Key virulence genes such as cdtABC (C. jejuni) and cadF were prevalent (>90 % presence) but did not correlate with disease severity or hospitalisation. However, certain genes (e.g. fliK, Cj1136, and Cj1138) appeared to distinguish human C. jejuni cases from food source isolates.Campylobacteriosis generally presents similarly across cases, though some are more severe. Genotypic virulence factors identified in the literature to-date do not predict disease severity but may differentiate human C. jejuni cases from food source isolates. Host factors like age and comorbidities have a greater influence on health outcomes than virulence factors.


Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Gastroenterite , Humanos , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Campylobacter coli/genética , Austrália/epidemiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Genômica
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