Essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum-based novel hydrogel films for wound healing.

Carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum (CCFG) and citric acid (CA) based wound healing film, (CCFG-CA) was developed using the solvent casting method. Glycerol was added as a plasticizing agent. The synthesized Carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum cross-linked citric acid based hydrogel film (CCFG-CA) was evaluated morphologically, thermally, and structurally using FESEM, TGA, XRD and FTIR. Three essential oils (EO), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and thuja (Thuja occidentalis L), known for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, were loaded into the CCFG-CA film to develop essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum cross-linked citric acid based hydrogel film (CCFG-CA-EO). In vitro studies (MTT assay, disk diffusion assay, permeability tests and DPPH assay) confirm the biocompatibility, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties of the CCFG-CA-EO film. In vivo (wound healing studies on wistar rats and their histology) shows 99 % of wound healing and re-epithelialization in 14 days. Degradability (within 15 days), protein adsorption (12.05 µg/mL) and contact angle determination (69.43°×„ׄ ± 0.48) tests confirmed the potential of CCFG-CA-EO as an effective wound-healing material.

Estimation for Raw Material Plants of a Henna Product Using LC-High Resolution MS and Multivariate Analysis.

Henna is a plant-based dye obtained from the powdered leaf of the pigmented plant Lawsonia inermis, and has often been used for grey hair dyeing, treatment, and body painting. As a henna product, the leaves of Indigofera tinctoria and Cassia auriculata can be blended to produce different colour variations. Although allergy from henna products attributed to p-phenylenediamine, which is added to enhance the dye, is reported occasionally, raw material plants of henna products could also contribute to the allergy. In this study, we reported that raw material plants of commercial henna products distributed in Japan can be estimated by LC-high resolution MS (LC-HRMS) and multivariate analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plot clearly separated 17 samples into three groups [I; henna, II; blended henna primarily comprising Indigofera tinctoria, III; Cassia auriculata]. This grouping was consistent with the ingredient lists of products except that one sample listed as henna was classified as Group III, indicating that its ingredient label may differ from the actual formulation. The ingredients characteristic to Groups I, II, and III by PCA were lawsone (1), indirubin (2), and rutin (3), respectively, which were reported to be contained in each plant as ingredients. Therefore, henna products can be considered to have been manufactured from these plants. This study is the first to estimate raw material plants used in commercial plant-based dye by LC-HRMS and multivariate analysis.

Chemical detection and analysis of Astragalus-Cassia twig drug pair using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-UV methods.

The classic Astragalus-Cassia twig drug pair has a long history of proven efficacy. However, a fewer studies on material basis of the Astragalus and Cassia twig decoction (ACD) was researched at present. The method of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for classifying and identifying the main chemical components of ACD was established and the differences in composition between single decoction and co-decoction were compared by using HPLC-UV. The therapeutic role of ACD on type 2 diabetes (T2D) rats was investigated. Thirty-five compounds were resolved from the ACD. Fifteen compounds were deduced from the decoction of Astragalus, whereas nine compounds were identified from Cassia twig. Pairing of herbs make a significant effect on the chemical composition of herbal decoction. ACD can play a more obvious role in alleviating the symptoms of T2D rats, compared to the application of single herb.

Cassia alata's dual role in modulating MUC2 expression in Eimeria papillata-infected jejunum and assessing its anti-inflammatory effects.

Coccidiosis poses significant hazards to animals, particularly in terms of compromised health, reduced productivity, and economic losses in livestock farming. The conventional treatments for coccidiosis often involve synthetic drugs, contributing to concerns about drug resistance and environmental impact. The pressing need for eco-friendly alternatives is highlighted in this study, emphasizing the importance of exploring medicinal plants like Cassia alata leaf extracts (CAE) against Eimeria papillata-induced infection in mice. The CAE exhibited significant phenolic (2.17 ± 0.03 g/100 g) and flavonoid (0.14 ± 0.01 g/100 g) content and demonstrated notable antioxidant activity. In infected mice, the CAE treatment led to a substantial reduction in oocyst output (~6 fold), ameliorating necrotic enteritis and inflammatory changes in the jejunum. Additionally, CAE treatment increased goblet cell numbers (9.3 ± 0.1 / villus) and decreased macrophage infiltration in the intestinal villi. Molecular analyses revealed CAE's positive modulation of MUC2 gene and notably reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (specifically IL-1ß, IL-10, and IFN-γ) when contrasted with the infected cohort. Furthermore, CAE treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide levels (44.03 ± 2.4 µmol/mg), showcasing its anti-inflammatory properties. The findings of this study not only contribute to the understanding of CAE's therapeutic potential but also underscore the importance of seeking eco-friendly alternatives in the face of coccidiosis challenges, addressing both the well-being of animals and the sustainability of agricultural practices. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Cassia alata extract (CAE) exhibited significant phenolic and flavonoid content, displaying notable antioxidant activity. In infected mice, CAE treatment led to a substantial reduction in oocyst output, ameliorating necrotic enteritis and inflammatory changes in the jejunum. CAE treatment increased goblet cell numbers and decreased macrophage infiltration in the intestinal villi, while molecular analyses revealed its positive modulation of the MUC2 gene and notable reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, CAE treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide levels, showcasing its anti-inflammatory properties.

Protective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Cassia alata for DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model.

The most prevalent form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by persistent inflammation of the colorectal mucosa. It is asymptomatic, whereas Crohn's disease (CD) causes patchy lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Men and women suffer equally from ulcerative colitis, which usually strikes in the second and third decades of life and becomes more common in senior citizens. In the present study, we produced zinc oxide nanoparticles using the natural herbal plant, Cassia alata. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have remarkable antimicrobial and antitumor benefits in the field of biomedical science. Furthermore, the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were characterized using UV, XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystallite nature and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles with a uniform size and partially agglomerated morphology were verified by SEM analysis. We investigated the protective effects of environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles in dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis mouse models. Green synthesized Cassia alata zinc oxide nanoparticles (CA ZnO NPs) reversed weight loss, disease activity index, colon shortening, and colon histological damage. Zinc oxide nanoparticles reduce hypersensitivity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and protect the mucosal layer. Green synthesized CA ZnO NPs demonstrated protection against dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis via anti-inflammatory activity.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of NPK 500 capsules, a Cassia sieberiana DC. - Based herbal analgesic medicine used to treat dysmenorrhea and peptic ulcer, is mediated through the inhibition of PGE2 and iNOS.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pain and inflammation are the most frequent reasons for which people seek medical care. Currently available analgesics against these conditions produce fatal adverse effects. NPK 500 capsules is an alternative herbal analgesic employed to treat dysmenorrhea, peptic ulcer and pain. NPK 500 is produced from Cassia sieberiana. A plant used in traditional medicine to treat pain and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study reports the analysis, phytochemical characterization and mechanism of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two NPK 500 capsules, called old and new NPK500 capsules (ONPK500 and NNPK500) respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physicochemical, organoleptic, GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to analyze the NPK 500 capsules. Analgesic activity was evaluated using tail immersion, Randall-Selitto and acetic acid induced writing tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation. Additionally, pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-2 and COX-1) were quantified in the sera of the rats using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS: Thirteen major compounds were characterized in the NNPK 500 capsules via the GC-MS and LC-MS spectroscopies. Kaempferol was the major compound characterized in addition to physcion, ß-sitosterol 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, betulinic acid and nine others. Physicochemical and organoleptic indices of the capsules were also derived for its authentication and quality control. Furthermore, NNPK 500 0.5-1.5 mg/kg p.o. produce significant (P < 0.5) analgesic activity (160-197%) higher than that of ONPK500 (109.8%) and Morphine (101%) in the tail immersion test. The analgesic activity of NNPK 500 0.5-1.5 mg/kg p.o. (171.0-258.3%) and ONPK 500 (179.5%) were also significant (P < 0.01) and higher than that of Aspirin (103.00%) in the Randall-Selitto test. Both capsules also demonstrated significant (P < 0.5) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-indued paw edema tests respectively. The two NPK500 capsules also, significantly (P < 0.5) inhibited PGE2 and iNOS but not COX-2 and COX-1 in the carrageenan-indued paw edema test. CONCLUSION: These results show that NNPK 500 and ONPK 500 capsules possessed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities via inhibition of PGE2 and iNOS as a result of their chemical constituents. NPK500 capsules thus, relief acute pain and inflammation without causing gastrointestinal, renal or hepatic injuries, since they did not inhibit COX-1.

[Transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract applied at the navel for slow transit constipation in rats: therapeutic effect and analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effect of transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract applied at the navel on slow transit constipation (STC) in rats and explore the spectrum-effect relationship of the patches. METHOD: In a STC rat model established by gavage of compound diphenoxylate suspension for 14 days, the transdermal patches containing low, medium and high doses of Cassia seed extract (41.75, 125.25, and 375.75 mg/kg, respectively) were applied at the Shenque acupoint on the abdomen for 14 days after modeling, with constipation patches (13.33 mg/kg) as the positive control. After the treatment, fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rats were calculated, the pathological changes in the colon were observed with HE staining. Serum NO and NOS levels and the total protein content and NO, NOS and AChE expressions in the colon tissue were determined. HPLC fingerprints of the transdermal patches were established, and the spectrum-effect relationship between the common peaks of the patches and its therapeutic effect were analyzed. RESULTS: Treatment with the transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract significantly increased fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rat models, where no pathological changes in the colon tissue were detected. The treatment also suppressed the elevations of serum and colonic NO and NOS levels and reduction of AChE in STC rats. Twenty-eight common peaks were confirmed in the HPLC fingerprints of 6 batches of Cassia seed extract-containing patches. Analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship showed that autrantio-obtusin had the greatest contribution to the therapeutic effect of the patches in STC rats. CONCLUSION: The Cassia seed extract-containing patches alleviates STC in rats via synergistic actions of multiple active ingredients in the extract, where autrantio-obtusin, rhein, chrysoobtusin, obtusin, obtusifolin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion are identified as the main active ingredients.

Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of anthraquinones in sicklepod sprouts with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

INTRODUCTION: Sicklepod [Cassia obtusifolia L. syn Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Fabaceae] sprouts are promising ingredients with health-promoting benefits. Notwithstanding, the pharmacologically active compounds in sicklepod sprouts have not been studied or analysed in detail. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to isolate and structurally identify phytochemicals showing α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in sicklepod sprouts and simultaneously quantify the compounds in the sprouts to determine the optimal cultivation method and germination time to maximise active compounds. METHOD: A simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method with high sensitivity and accuracy was developed and used to analyse time-dependent changes in anthraquinone content during sicklepod germination. RESULTS: Thirteen anthraquinones were isolated and identified, of which six-chrysoobtusin, emodin, 1-O-methyl-2-methoxychrysophanol, 7-O-methylobtusin, chrysophanol, and physcion-showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The maximum content of anthraquinones in a sprout was observed on Day 5 under both light and dark conditions. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study revealed that sicklepod sprouts which are promising functional food materials contain a variety of anthraquinones.

Integrated Multiplatform Analysis and Separation of Thirteen Flavonoids and Anthraquinones in Seven Medicinal Cassia Species.

BACKGROUND: Cassia (Family: Fabaceae) species are a large group of flowering plants rich in bioactive anthraquinone and flavonoids used in botanical supplements and nutraceuticals. OBJECTIVE: A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method was developed and validated for separating and quantifying 13 anthraquinone and flavonoids. These compounds were further confirmed using an LC-based electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method in the leaves and flowers of selected Cassia species. A simple and rapid HPTLC method was developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of all Cassia species. METHOD: All 13 compounds were chromatographically separated on a Zorbax TC18 (4.6 × 250, 5 µm particle size) analytical column, and 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as elution solvents at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with detection at 259 nm. For HPTLC fingerprinting, the mobile phase compositions of toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5.5:4.2:0.6, v/v/v) were optimized to separate and identify all compounds using silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates. RESULTS: The validation data for the developed HPLC-PDA method for 13 compounds showed good linearity (r2 >0.99) with a sensitive LOD (0.082-1.969 µg/mL), LOQ (0.250-5.967 µg/mL), and excellent recoveries (85.22-100.32%). The quantification results were found to be precise and accurate (<5.0% and relative error), -0.77-0.44 with ESI-MS/MS confirmation in the Cassia samples. The novel HPTLC method was excellent separation for 13 compounds, with Rf values ranging between 0.12 and 0.61. CONCLUSIONS: The developed HPLC-PDA method was simple and precise and could separate and quantify anthraquinones and flavonoids along with confirmation, using a novel LC-based ESI-MS/MS. The HPTLC method was found to be simple and precise, with excellent separation capabilities for these compounds. HIGHLIGHTS: This novel multiplatform approach successfully identified and quantified 13 compounds simultaneously using an integration of data strategy in seven medicinally important Cassia species' leaves and flowers.

Application of the galactomannan gel from Cassia grandis seeds for biomedical purposes: Study of the incorporation of collagenases and their release profile.

The galactomannan-based gel from Cassia grandis seeds was used to incorporate Penicillium sp. UCP 1286 and commercial collagenases. Experiments were carried out according to a 23-full factorial design to identify the most significant parameters for the incorporation process. The pH of the incorporation solution (pHi), stirring time (t), and initial protein concentration in the crude extract (PCi) were selected as the three independent variables, and the efficiency of collagenase incorporation (E) and collagenolytic activity (CA) after 360 min as the responses. pHi and PCi showed positive statistically significant effects on E, while CA was positively influenced by pHi and t, but negatively by PCi. The fungi collagenase was released from the gel following a pseudo-Fickian behavior. Additionally, no <76 % of collagenase was efficiently incorporated into the gel retaining a high CA (32.5-69.8 U/mL). The obtained results for the commercial collagenase (E = 93.88 %, CA = 65.8 U/mL, and n = 0.10) demonstrated a pseudo-Fickian behavior similar to the fungi-collagenase. The results confirm the biotechnological potential of the gel as an efficient matrix for the incorporation of catalytic compounds; additionally, the incorporation of collagenases was achieved by retaining the proteases CA and releasing them in a controlled manner.

Antiurolithiatic effects of Cassia fistula Lin. fruit extracts on ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis in rats.

Urinary stones are a growing disease that results from pathological biomineralization. Cassia fistula Lin. is traditionally used to treat urinary stones. However, no scientific evidence is available to prove its antilithiatic effect. This study evaluates the antilithiatic potential of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula Lin. fruit (Cff) against calcium oxalate kidney stones. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 6/group): Group I (control), Group II (rats treated with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride developed nephrolithiasis after 28 days), Group III (lithiatic rats receiving distilled water for 30 days), Group IV and V (lithiatic rats receiving aqueous extract of Cff at doses of 1 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 30 days, respectively) and Group VI and VII (lithiatic rats receiving ethanolic extract of Cff at doses of 1 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 30 days, respectively). Some parameters of urine and serum, and also renal oxidative stress and histopathology were used to determine the antilithiatic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Cff. Therefore, the types of extracts of Cff improved abnormal levels of urine, serum, and renal oxidative stress and histopathology parameters. This antilithiatic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cff, can be attributed to the anti-crystallization and antioxidant properties of the extracts and the ability to improve urine and serum biochemistry. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride-induced urolithiasis, aggregation of calcium oxalate deposits, increase of some urinary and serum parameters, relative kidney weight, kidney size and MDA activity, decrease of some urinary parameters, relative body weight and SOD activity. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cassia fistula Lin. lead to the treatment of urolithic rats by decreasing levels of urinary oxalate, phosphate, urea, serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, MDA, kidney weight and kidney size, increasing levels of urinary calcium, creatinine, magnesium, citrate, body weight and SOD activity in the kidney, eliminating CaOx deposition (esp. ethanolic extract).

In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves, stem, and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: Cellulitis is a common skin disease encountered in medical emergencies in hospitals. It can be treated using a combination of antibiotics therapy; however, the causative agent Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to develop resistance towards the currently used antibiotics. Therefore, the search for more alternative herbal origin antimicrobial agents is critical. AIM: In this study, maceration and Soxhlet extraction of the whole plant of Cassia alata Linn. (leaves, roots, and stem) were performed using four solvents with different polarities, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water. The crude extracts were screened using agar well diffusion, colorimetric broth microdilution, grid culture and bacterial growth curve analysis against Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemicals in the crude extracts were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: Agar-well diffusion analysis revealed that extraction using ethyl acetate showed the largest inhibition zone with an average diameter of 15.30 mm (root Soxhlet extract) followed by 14.70 mm (leaf Soxhlet extract) and 13.70 mm (root maceration extract). The lowest minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration in root Soxhlet extract using ethyl acetate was 0.313 and 0.625 µg µL-1, respectively. Our study proved that crude extract of the plant suppressed the growth of S. aureus as evidenced from a significant regression extension (p < 0.06, p = 0.00003) of lag phase for 6 h after the treatment with increased concentration. Based on the GC-MS analysis, 88 phytochemicals consist of fatty acids, esters, alkanes, phenols, fatty alcohols, sesquiterpenoids and macrocycle that possibly contributed to the antimicrobial properties were identified, 32 of which were previously characterized for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSION: Ethyl acetate crude extract was better than the other investigated solvents. The root and stem of C. alata showed significant antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus in this study. The remaining 56 out of 88 phytochemicals of the plant should be intensively studied for more medicinal uses.

Anthraquinone Removal from Cassia obtusifolia Seed Water Extract Using Baking, Stir-Frying, and Adsorption Treatments: Effects on the Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Properties of Polysaccharides, and Antioxidant Activities of the Water Extract.

Safety issues of the controversial anthraquinones from Cassia obtusifolia seed water extracts (CWEs) limit its application. This work aimed to remove the anthraquinones of CWEs by baking treatment (BT), stir-frying treatment (ST), and adsorption treatment (AT). Effects of these treatments on the chemical composition, physicochemical properties of polysaccharides, and antioxidant activities of CWEs were analyzed and compared. Results indicated that AT exhibited the best removal effect on the total anthraquinone among the three treatments. After AT, the contents of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, and aurantio-obtusin of the CWE were below the limit of detection. In addition, AT increased the contents of neutral sugars in CWEs in comparison to BT and ST. None of the treatments had an obvious influence on the structural characteristics of polysaccharides. However, AT decreased the antioxidant activity of CWEs due to their lower anthraquinone content. In summary, AT was considered as an efficient and simple method to remove anthraquinones, while retaining the features of polysaccharides.

Standardized Ethanol Extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino Ameliorates Obesity via Regulation of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity is a major cause of conditions such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, posing a threat to public health worldwide. Here, we analyzed the anti-obesity effects of a standardized ethanol extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino (EECM) in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with EECM suppressed adipogenesis and lipogenesis via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway by downregulating the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, and fatty acid synthase and upregulating the acetyl-CoA carboxylase. EECM inhibited mitotic clonal expansion during early adipocyte differentiation. Oral administration of EECM for 10 weeks significantly alleviated body weight gain and body fat accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. EECM mitigated adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in white adipose and liver tissues of HFD-induced obese mice. It regulated the levels of adipogenic hormones including insulin, leptin, and adipokine in the blood plasma. In brown adipose tissue, EECM induced the expression of thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-α, PPARγ co-activator-1α, sirtuin 1, and cytochrome c oxidase IV. EECM restored the gut microbiome composition at the phylum level and alleviated dysbiosis. Therefore, EECM may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention of obesity.

Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic profiles reveal the germination-associated dynamic changes for the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L.

INTRODUCTION: The seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. (Cassiae [C.] semen) have been widely used as both food and traditional Chinese medicine in China. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze the metabolic mechanisms underlying C. semen germination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different samples of C. semen at various germination stages were collected. These samples were subjected to 1 H-NMR and UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis together with transcriptomics analysis. RESULTS: A total of 50 differential metabolites (mainly amino acids and sugars) and 20 key genes involved in multiple pathways were identified in two comparisons of different groups (36 h vs 12 h and 84 h vs 36 h). The metabolite-gene network for seed germination was depicted. In the germination of C. semen, fructose and mannose metabolism was activated in the testa rupture period, indicating more energy was needed (36 h). In the embryonic axis elongation period (84 h), the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were activated, which suggested some nutrient sources (nitrogen and sugar) were in demand. Furthermore, oxygen, energy, and nutrition should be supplied throughout the whole germination process. These global views open up an integrated perspective for understanding the complex biological regulatory mechanisms during the germination process of C. semen.

Antiproliferative Activity of Green Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles of Cassia Marginata Roxb.

Green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been identified as a promising new therapy pathway for cancer because of their anti-angiogenic potency. In the present study, CM-AgNPs were biosynthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Cassia marginata Roxb (CM) and were confirmed by spectral studies like UV-Visible and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. The structure and shape of the biosynthesized CM-AgNPs were confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay methods, and the IC50 values were found to be 19.58 ± 1.62 and 742.33 ± 14.57 µg, respectively. The anticancer activity of CM-AgNPs was evaluated against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the IC50 values were found to be 21.02 ± 1.67 and 26.21 ± 0.33 µg/ml, respectively. These results provide promising information about the biosynthesized CM-AgNPs that can be used in the development of novel anticancer drugs.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cassia Auriculata: Targeting antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and evaluation of their possible effects on saltwater microcrustacean, Artemia Nauplii (non-target organism).

Due to their huge surface area to volume ratio, metallic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important in numerous spheres of life. Here, initially, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of Cassia auriculata (CA) extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Then, we evaluated its antimicrobial potential and antioxidant capacity, as well as performed in silico analysis, and investigated the possible non-toxic effect of AgNPs on Artemia nauplii. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were used to characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. Our data indicate that Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were susceptible to the biosynthesized AgNPs, whose effect was concentration-response. With a ZOI of 10 mm, the AgNPs were most efficient against gram-positive B. cereus bacteria at the highest concentration (75 µg/mL). The biosynthesized AgNPs (at 25 to 125 µg/mL) showed good antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Oleanolic acid from CA exhibited strong binding affinity and high binding energy to E. coli and B. cereus (-9.66 and - 9.74 kcal/mol) on in silico research. According to the comparative non-toxicity analysis, AgNPs, AgNO3, and CA bark extract had the least toxic effects on A. nauplii, with respective mortality rates of 28.14, 32.26, and 38.42 %, respectively. In conclusion, the current work showed that AgNPs produced from CA bark could be a promising material for diverse applications.

Anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Cinnamon cassia bark extracts: an in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach.

The present investigation was aimed to study the anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic potential of Cinnamon cassia (Lauraceae family) bark in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical analysis (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts), GC-MS analysis (ethanol), in vitro (aqueous, ethanol and methanol), in vivo (ethanol) and in silico anti-diabetic activity with hypolipidemic effect of C. cassia bark was analysed. The ethanolic extract of the C. cassia bark has a fine inhibitory activity than the aqueous and methanolic extract. Out of 20 different compounds identified, seven compounds were biologically active, and 9-octadecenoic acid has highly interacted with PPARα/γ in docking studies. The levels of diabetic markers, enzymes, and lipid profiles were altered in STZ-induced rats, but after the treatment of C. cassia, the levels were returned to the normal. The study may prove the ethanolic extract of C. cassia has a powerful anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

Antibacterial activity of essential oils extracted from the unique Chinese spices cassia bark, bay fruits and cloves.

Spices are widely used in daily life such as diet and have certain activity. Especially in China, spices have been mainly used as condiments for thousands of years in order to improve the sensory quality of food; in addition, they and their derivatives can also be used as preservatives. In this study, three spices with unique Chinese characteristics widely used were selected: cassia bark (bark of Cinnamomum camphora Presl), bay fruits (Laurus nobilis), and cloves (Syzygiumaromaticum). The main components and antibacterial ability of these three spices were analyzed by simulated extraction method. Through headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, it was determined that the main active compounds in the essential oils of cassia bark, bay fruits and cloves were cinnamaldehyde (78.11%), cinnamaldehyde (61.78%) and eugenol (75.23%), respectively. The agar plate diffusion test and the simulated food culture medium experiment confirmed that the essential oils extracted from the three flavors have antibacterial effects on Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria grayi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The antibacterial activity of different strains has different optimal extraction conditions. Generally speaking, cinnamon essential oil has the strongest antibacterial activity, while laurel fruit has the lowest antibacterial activity. The study proved the antibacterial activity of these three Chinese-specific spices and provided some new ideas and methods for the subsequent research and preparation of natural food additives and food antibacterial agents.

Simultaneous determination of seven anthraquinones in Cassiae semen by natural deep eutectic solvent extraction.

INTRODUCTION: Anthraquinones are considered to be an important class of bioactive substances in Cassiae semen, and the content of anthraquinones is an essential indicator of the quality of Cassiae semen raw herbal materials. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to propose a novel, efficient and effective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of aurantio-obtusin, aloe-emodin, rhein, obtusin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion, with the help of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) as extraction solvents. METHODOLOGY: NADESs were introduced to the simultaneous extraction of anthraquinones from Cassiae semen samples. Several NADESs were designed by menthol, choline chloride, d-glucose as hydrogen bond acceptors, with nine different acids and appropriate water as hydrogen bond donors. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of seven anthraquinones were demonstrated in detail. RESULTS: Among the obtained NADESs, the highest extraction efficiency was demonstrated by a solution consisting of d-glucose, lactic acid and water with a molar ratio of 1:5:4. The seven anthraquinones were separated on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 µm) and detected within 12 min by a photodiode array (PDA) detector at 254 and 284 nm. The limits of detection and quantitation were from 1.00 to 7.26 µg/l and 3.29 to 24.22 µg/l, respectively. And Cassiae semen sample-based recoveries ranged from 81.13% to 113.78% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 6) of 1.4% to 10.1%. CONCLUSION: The developed method demonstrated that NADESs were applied successfully to analyse the anthraquinones in Cassiae semen samples collected from different regions in China.