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Congelamento das Extremidades , Iloprosta , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/tratamento farmacológico , Iloprosta/uso terapêutico , Iloprosta/administração & dosagem , Iloprosta/efeitos adversos , Vasodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatadores/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Frostbite is often managed conservatively; however, in severe cases, microsurgical free tissue transfer is required for soft tissue coverage and limb salvage. Given its rarity, the techniques and outcomes of these cases are not well described. The purpose of this report is to present the largest case series, to date, of frostbite injuries requiring microsurgical reconstruction for limb salvage. METHODS: A single-center retrospective review was conducted of all patients who underwent free tissue transfer by a single surgeon from 2008 to 2022. Patients of all ages were included if they suffered a frostbite injury requiring free tissue transfer. Demographics, operative details, and surgical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Eight patients with frostbite injuries were included in the report. Patients had frostbite injuries either to the lower extremities (n = 4) or to both upper and lower extremities (n = 4). Sixteen free flaps were done in total including four paired chimeric and eight single free flaps. Flap recipient sites included knees (n = 5), foot/ankle (n = 3), dorsal hands (n = 2), and thumbs (n = 2). All 16 flaps survived. Five patients had complications: four with major complications requiring operative management and two with minor complications requiring conservative management. Mean follow-up time was 505.7 days (range 115-1564). All lower extremity reconstructions were able to weight-bear at an average of 125.2 days post-injury (range 87-164). CONCLUSIONS: This case series demonstrates that free tissue transfer is a robust option for soft tissue coverage and functional limb salvage in patients with severe frostbite injuries to both upper and lower extremities.
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Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Congelamento das Extremidades , Salvamento de Membro , Microcirurgia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Salvamento de Membro/métodos , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico/transplante , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Microcirurgia/métodos , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Lesões dos Tecidos Moles/cirurgia , CriançaRESUMO
Frostbite, a severe cold injury resulting from exposure to subfreezing temperatures, damages the skin and underlying tissues of the affected area and ranges in severity from first to fourth degree. This case report investigates the impact of second-degree frostbite suffered by a marine during winter training on cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). Comparisons of CIVD before and after the injury revealed significant alterations in CIVD responses. CIVD, a physiological mechanism characterized by blood vessel dilation in response to cold exposure, plays a crucial role in operating in cold-weather environments and enhancing dexterity. The marine exhibited prolonged CIVD onset time, lower finger temperatures, increased pain sensations, and diminished dexterity after the frostbite injury during follow-up CIVD testing. The findings suggest that the frostbite-induced damage possibly compromised the microvascular function, contributing to the observed changes in CIVD. The marine reported persistent cold sensitivity and difficulty in maintaining hand warmth when assessed postinjury. This case underscores the potential long-term consequences of frostbite on CIVD and manual dexterity, emphasizing the importance of understanding these physiological changes for individuals engaged in cold-weather activities, particularly for military and occupational personnel.
Assuntos
Temperatura Baixa , Congelamento das Extremidades , Reaquecimento , Vasodilatação , Congelamento das Extremidades/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Vasodilatação/fisiologia , AdultoRESUMO
Cold injury has been documented for centuries and remains a concern for military personnel, winter recreationalists, and urban homeless populations. Treatment advances in the last decades have included thrombolytic and prostaglandin therapies however the mainstay remains early recognition and rapid rewarming. This chapter focuses on frostbite, with a brief overview of other cold related conditions.
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Congelamento das Extremidades , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/terapia , Congelamento das Extremidades/diagnóstico , Lesão por Frio/terapia , Lesão por Frio/diagnóstico , Reaquecimento/métodosRESUMO
This study examines a rare case of frostbite on the hands caused by liquid nitrogen, focusing on the scar maturation process. Frostbite is typically less prone to abnormal scarring compared to burns, and this report contrasts the differences in scar maturation between the two. A 31-year-old male hospital employee sustained first- to second-degree frostbite on his gloved hands from a 20-s exposure to liquid nitrogen while changing a cylinder. Conservative treatment was applied, and the patient was monitored for 9 months. The deeply affected area took 50 days to epithelialize but healed without hypertrophic scarring. A mild extension contracture was noted in the distal interphalangeal joint of the right index finger, but the skin remained supple and soft. Incidents of liquid nitrogen-induced frostbite are uncommon, with only 14 cases reported in PubMed previously. In frostbite, the wound healing involves a slow replacement of damaged connective tissue, which acts as an internal splint, reducing wound contraction. This contrasts with burns, where rapid connective tissue replacement occurs, often leading to significant wound contraction due to the presence of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue. In the presented case, the slow healing process and minimal wound contraction led to mature scarring without abnormalities, underlining a distinctive healing trajectory in frostbite injuries compared to burns.
Assuntos
Congelamento das Extremidades , Traumatismos da Mão , Nitrogênio , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/terapia , Masculino , Adulto , Traumatismos da Mão/terapia , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
High-altitude regions, cold deserts, permafrost regions, and the polar region have some of the severest cold conditions on earth and pose immense perils of cold injuries to exposed individuals. Accidental and unintended exposures to severe cold, either unintentionally or due to occupational risks, can greatly increase the risk of serious conditions including hypothermia, trench foot, and cold injuries like frostbite. Cold-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular/intravascular ice crystal formation lead to hypoxic conditions at the cellular level. The condition is exacerbated in individuals having inadequate and proper covering and layering, particularly when large area of the body are exposed to extremely cold environments. There is a paucity of preventive and therapeutic pharmacological modalities that have been explored for managing and treating cold injuries. Given this, an efficient modality that can potentiate the healing of frostbite was investigated by studying various complex pathophysiological changes that occur during severe cold injuries. In the current research, we report the effectiveness and healing properties of a standardized formulation, i.e., a herbosomal-loaded PEG-poloxamer topical formulation (n-HPTF), on frostbite. The intricate mechanistic pathways modulated by the novel formulation have been elucidated by studying the pathophysiological sequelae that occur following severe cold exposures leading to frostbite. The results indicate that n-HPTF ameliorates the outcome of frostbite, as it activates positive sensory nerves widely distributed in the epidermis transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), significantly (p < 0.05) upregulates cytokeratin-14, promotes angiogenesis (VEGF-A), prominently represses the expression of thromboxane formation (TXA2), and significantly (p < 0.05) restores levels of enzymatic (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione). Additionally, n-HPTF attenuates oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory proteins PGF-2α, NFκB-p65, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), and protein carbonylation (PCO). Masson's Trichrome staining showed that n-HPTF stimulates cellular proliferation, and increases collagen fiber deposition, which significantly (p < 0.05) promotes the healing of frostbitten tissue, as compared to control. We conclude that protection against severe cold injuries by n-HPTF is mediated via modulation of pathways involving TRPV1, VEGF-A, TXA2, redox homeostasis, and inflammatory cascades. The study is likely to have widespread implications for the prophylaxis and management of moderate-to-severe frostbite conditions.
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Homeostase , Poloxâmero , Polietilenoglicóis , Canais de Cátion TRPV , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Animais , Poloxâmero/química , Poloxâmero/farmacologia , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Polietilenoglicóis/farmacologia , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredução , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Ratos , Teste de Materiais , Lesão por Frio/metabolismo , Lesão por Frio/tratamento farmacológico , Tamanho da Partícula , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Masculino , Lipossomos/química , Humanos , Administração Tópica , Congelamento das Extremidades/metabolismo , Congelamento das Extremidades/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the beneï¬ts and risks or burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the guidelines published in 2019.
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Congelamento das Extremidades , Sociedades Médicas , Medicina Selvagem , Congelamento das Extremidades/terapia , Congelamento das Extremidades/prevenção & controle , Medicina Selvagem/normas , Medicina Selvagem/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
A 32 year-old climber sustained a grade IV frostbite injury to the right hand which required amputation at the neck of the proximal phalanges of all the long fingers. To increase range of motion and strength in the remaining metacarpophalangeal joints, tenodesis of the flexor digitalis superficialis and profundus tendons onto the proximal phalanges was performed. Several revisions for removal of bony spurs, dorsal skin advancement flaps and web space deepening were necessary. After 2 years, the patient achieved 10-0-100° metacarpophalangeal joint range of motion in extension-flexion and could do full body-weight pull-ups on 1 cm deep holds, lift 50 kg on a 2 cm deep hold (normal contralateral side, 40 kg), climb up to F7a routes and use a mechanical 4-finger functional prosthesis.
Assuntos
Traumatismos dos Dedos , Congelamento das Extremidades , Montanhismo , Tenodese , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/cirurgia , Adulto , Masculino , Traumatismos dos Dedos/cirurgia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Falanges dos Dedos da Mão/cirurgia , Falanges dos Dedos da Mão/lesõesRESUMO
Cold-induced injuries are a major challenge for burn surgeons, leading to significant sequelae for the patients including amputations, long-term disability, and death. Rapid assessment and diagnosis are essential for optimal outcomes. Various therapies have emerged to improve outcomes. Topical, oral, and intravenous agents have shown to minimize the impact of cold-induced injuries. Thrombolytics have shown the greatest promise in improving tissue perfusion outcomes in cold-induced injuries. This article provides an update on the evidence-based assessment and management of cold-induced injuries, as well as reviews outcomes and future directions of this challenging pathology.
Assuntos
Congelamento das Extremidades , Cirurgiões , Humanos , Amputação CirúrgicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accidental hypothermia with severe frostbite is a rare combination of injuries with a high risk for long-term sequelae. There are widely accepted recommendations for the management of avalanche victims and for frostbite treatment, but no recommendation exists for the treatment of frostbite in severe hypothermic patients, specifically for the management of hypothermic avalanche victims presenting with frostbite. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a previously healthy, 53-year-old male skier who was critically buried by an avalanche at 2300 m of altitude at an ambient temperature of - 8 °C for nearly 23 h. The victim was found with the right hand out of the snow and an air connection to outside. He was somnolent with Glasgow Coma Scale 11 (Eye 4, Verbal 2, Motor 5) and spontaneously breathing, in a severely hypothermic state with an initial core temperature of 23.1 °C and signs of cold injuries in all four extremities. After rescue and active external forced air rewarming in the intensive care unit, the clinical signs of first-degree frostbite on both feet and the left hand vanished, while third- to fourth-degree frostbite injuries became apparent on all fingers of the right hand. After reaching a core body temperature of approximately 36 °C, aggressive frostbite treatment was started with peripheral arterial catheter-directed thrombolysis with alteplase, intravenous iloprost, ibuprofen, dexamethasone and regional sympathicolysis with a right-sided continuous axillary block. After ten months, the patient had no tissue loss but needed neuropathic pain treatment with pregabalin. CONCLUSION: The combination of severe accidental hypothermia and severe frostbite is rare and challenging, as drug metabolism is unpredictable in a hypothermic patient and no recommendations for combined treatment exist. There is general agreement to give hypothermia treatment the priority and to begin frostbite treatment as early as possible after full rewarming of the patient. More evidence is needed to identify the optimal dosage and time point to initiate treatment of frostbite in severely hypothermic patients. This should be taken into consideration by future treatment recommendations.
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Avalanche , Congelamento das Extremidades , Hipotermia , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipotermia/complicações , Reaquecimento/efeitos adversos , Congelamento das Extremidades/terapia , Congelamento das Extremidades/complicações , AltitudeRESUMO
A 19-year-old male presented with facial frostbite and severe oropharyngeal edema after prolonged riding of a snowmobile without any facial covering. The diffuse swelling eventually progressed to airway obstruction, requiring a surgical airway. No alternative explanation was found for his presentation, making this the first case found in the literature of airway obstruction secondary to environmental cold exposure.
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Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias , Congelamento das Extremidades , Veículos Off-Road , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/etiologia , Edema , Congelamento das Extremidades/diagnóstico , Congelamento das Extremidades/etiologia , Congelamento das Extremidades/terapiaRESUMO
Cold injury or frostbite is a common medical condition that causes serious clinical complications including sensory abnormalities and chronic pain ultimately affecting overall well-being. Opioids are the first-choice drug for the treatment of frostbite-induced chronic pain; however, their notable side effects, including sedation, motor incoordination, respiratory depression, and drug addiction, present substantial obstacle to their clinical utility. To address this challenge, we have exploited peripheral mu-opioid receptors as potential target for the treatment of frostbite-induced chronic pain. In this study, we investigated the effect of dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1-4) amide (DALDA), a peripheral mu-opioid receptor agonist, on frostbite injury and hypersensitivity induced by deep freeze magnet exposure in rats. Animals with frostbite injury displayed significant hypersensitivity to mechanical, thermal, and cold stimuli which was significant ameliorated on treatment with different doses of DALDA (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg). Further, molecular biology investigations unveiled heightened oxido-nitrosative stress, coupled with a notable upregulation in the expression of TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPM8), glial cell activation, and neuroinflammation (TNF-α, IL-1ß) in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and spinal cord of frostbite-injured rats. Treatment with DALDA leads to substantial reduction in TRP channels, microglial activation, and suppression of the inflammatory cascade in the ipsilateral L4-L5 DRG and spinal cord of rats. Overall, findings from the present study suggest that activation of peripheral mu-opioid receptors mitigates chronic pain in rats by modulating the expression of TRP channels and suppressing glial cell activation and neuroinflammation.
Assuntos
Congelamento das Extremidades , Microglia , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Peptídeos Opioides , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Congelamento das Extremidades/tratamento farmacológico , Congelamento das Extremidades/complicações , Congelamento das Extremidades/patologia , Hiperalgesia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/patologia , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/metabolismo , Microglia/patologia , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/metabolismo , Peptídeos Opioides/metabolismo , Peptídeos Opioides/farmacologia , Peptídeos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/metabolismo , Dor/patologia , Receptores Opioides mu/metabolismo , Receptores Opioides mu/agonistas , Canais de Potencial de Receptor Transitório/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Frostbite in the pediatric population, where skeletal maturity has not been achieved, can have important repercussions on subsequent growth. Yet, the optimal management of frostbite injuries in children remains vague. This review aims to summarize the current evidence for frostbite management in children and understand Canadian practice trends on this topic. METHODS: A review using Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature was performed to identify relevant literature on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment options in pediatric frostbite. An online survey was sent to plastic surgeons through the Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons (CSPS) mailing list to further identify national practices and trends for pediatric frostbite management. RESULTS: A total of 109 articles were reviewed. No article provided a specific algorithm for pediatric frostbite, with existing recommendations suggesting the use of adult guidelines for treating children. Our survey yielded 9 responses and highlighted the rarity of pediatric frostbite cases, with no responder treating more than 10 cases per year. Most (55.6%) do not use a pediatric-specific treatment algorithm, whereas 30% apply adult guidelines. A conservative approach focusing on rewarming (55.6%), limb elevation (50%), and tetanus status verification (66.7%) was predominant. Imaging and surgical interventions seem to be reserved for severe cases. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature for pediatric frostbite management lacks specificity. Canadian practices vary, with a trend toward a conservative approach. The limited evidence and rarity of experience highlight the need for further research, ideally in a collaborative multicentric manner, to create a consensus for pediatric frostbite care.
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Congelamento das Extremidades , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/terapia , Congelamento das Extremidades/diagnóstico , Congelamento das Extremidades/epidemiologia , Canadá/epidemiologia , Criança , Reaquecimento/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Frostbite, a debilitating condition, significantly affects the well-being of military veterans and high-altitude residents, causing severe clinical complications such as chronic pain that markedly impacts overall quality of life. There has been a notable increase in the development of pre-clinical models for studying frostbite injury, but their suitability for pain evaluation remains limited. The major hurdle in the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of frostbite-induced chronic pain is the unavailability of well-established preclinical models. In this study, we employed deep-frozen magnets to induce frostbite injury and conducted validation for chronic pain through assessments of face, predictive, and mechanistic validity. Behavioral assays demonstrated that frostbite injury exhibited significant mechanical, thermal & cold hypersensitivity in rats. Further, molecular analysis indicated that frostbite injury triggered the activation of TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPM8), microgliosis, and neuroinflammation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord of rats. Notably, NR2B protein expressions were significantly upregulated in the DRG of injured rats, while no changes were observed in spinal NR2B expressions. Furthermore, the administration of ibuprofen (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in a significant improvement in behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations in frostbite-injured rats. Overall, results suggested that established frostbite model effectively recapitulates face, pharmacological, and mechanistic validity, highlighting its potential for screening future treatment modalities and exploring the intricate mechanisms associated with frostbite-induced chronic pain.
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Dor Crônica , Congelamento das Extremidades , Ratos , Animais , Dor Crônica/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Qualidade de Vida , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
To prevent frostbite in cold environments, proper dimensions and materials for different parts of shoes along with the optimal design of shoe geometry were investigated. Furthermore, the optimal geometry of shoes was computed using an optimization algorithm to provide maximum thermal protection for the foot while having the lowest weight. The results showed that the length of the shoe sole and the thickness of the sock are the most effective parameters in foot protection against frostbite. Using thicker socks, which only increased the weight by roughly 11%, enhanced the minimum foot temperature by more than 2.3 times. HIGHLIGHTSOptimal design of shoe geometry is used to prevent frostbite in cold environments.A model of a biothermal nonlinear model is developed for the barefoot.Length of the shoe sole and the thickness of the sock are the most effective parameters in protecting the foot against frostbite.For the selected weather conditions, the toes are most likely to have frostbite.The best shoe for the selected weather conditions is the shoe that has the highest amount of thermal insulation in the toe area.
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Congelamento das Extremidades , Sapatos , Humanos , Pé , Extremidade Inferior , Congelamento das Extremidades/prevenção & controle , AlgoritmosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Frostbite is a medically significant form of tissue injury that can lead to the potential need for amputation or necessitate tissue regeneration. It occurs most frequently at cryogenic temperatures in extreme altitude climbing, winter sports, and military activities. While acupuncture and herbal medicine have been reported to possess tissue regeneration effectiveness, there is currently no clinical evidence supporting their use in treating grade 3 frostbite cases at risk of amputation. CASE PRESENTATION: Three patients were diagnosed with grade 3 frostbite based on the extent and severity of tissue damage after alpine climbing in the Himalayas. After an urgent treatment, partial body amputation was advised. In order to seek any complementary treatment options and avoid amputation, they were referred to a frostbite expert in traditional Korean medicine. They received a comprehensive treatment consisting of acupuncture, bloodletting, direct moxibustion, and herbal medicine. All the patients showed notable healing of the damaged tissue, which prevented the need for amputation. No adverse effects or other sequelae were observed. CONCLUSION: This case series suggests that complementary medicine, primarily acupuncture and herbal medicine, could be effective for severe frostbite. Further studies with larger sample sizes and control groups are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of this treatment modality for frostbite management.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Congelamento das Extremidades , Humanos , Congelamento das Extremidades/tratamento farmacológico , Cicatrização , Amputação Cirúrgica , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Cold injuries are a predictable and preventable threat. Continuous surveillance is essential to prevent cold weather injuries and mitigate their adverse impacts on military operations. Military training and combat operations require continued emphasis on effective cold weather injury prevention strategies and adherence to relevant policies and procedures to protect service members against such injuries. For all active component service members (ACSM), the rate of cold weather injuries in 2022-2023 decreased by 15.2% compared to the preceding cold season. The decrease was most pronounced in the Marine Corps, with a 22.0% reduction in the incidence rate of cold injuries. This year's report includes cold injury rates for the Coast Guard. From July 2022 through June 2023, a total of 423 members of the active (n=376) and reserve (n=47) components of the U.S. Armed Forces had at least 1 cold weather injury. The crude overall incidence rate of cold injury among all ACSM during the 2022-2023 cold season was 28.5 per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs), 15.2% lower than the rate observed during the 2021-2022 cold season (33.6 per 100,000 p-yrs). The rates of cold injuries varied among the Armed Forces, with the highest rates per 100,000 p-yrs observed in the Army, at 50.9, followed by the Marine Corps, at 32.2, the Air Force, at 18.9, the Navy, at 8.1, and the Coast Guard, at 5.1. Consistent with previous cold seasons, frostbite (54.0%) remained the most common type of cold injury among ACSM during the 2022-2023 cold season, while the proportions of hypothermia and immersion injuries were 16.5% and 30.3%, respectively. Cold injury rates among ACSM during the 2018 to 2023 cold seasons were generally highest for males, non-Hispanic Blacks, those under 20 years of age, and enlisted members. The number of cold injuries identified in service members deployed outside the U.S during the 2022-2023 cold season (n=10) was comparable to the 2 preceding cold seasons (11 in 2020-2021 and 12 in 2021-2022), with frostbite accounting for half (n=5) of the 2022-2023 cases.