RESUMO
There is a claimed increase in the global prevalence and incidence of emerging diseases observed in many organisms. Myxozoa represents an essential group of metazoan parasites that hold both economic and ecological significance. In the current study, 1% of the fish population at two commercial goldfish (Carassius auratus) farms in Tehran and Ghom province, Iran, developed cavitating muscular lesions resembling humps in February 2021 and January 2022. Fish displaying pathological abnormalities were transported to the Ornamental Fish Clinic and subjected to clinical examination. Light microscopy was subsequently used to examine wet smears of skin and gills, as well as whitish exudate. In addition, tissue homogenates were collected for more precise identification and molecular confirmation. The study discovered that individuals from the goldfish farms were infected with the pathogenic myxozoan Myxobolus lentisuturalis, which caused significant damage to the epaxial muscles. The spores collected from the humps had a lack of uniformity and were primarily ellipsoidal in shape. Histopathological analysis also revealed parasites in various stages of development, such as plasmodia and spores, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration (macrophage, giant cell and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration) between skeletal muscle fibers. Phylogenetic analysis of M. lentisuturalis was performed by using MEGA 11 and the maximum likelihood method. M. lentisuturalis is a myxozoan parasite that has been sparsely recorded and lacks widespread recognition. The current study is the first clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization of M. lentisuturalis isolated from the skeletal musculature of goldfish (C. auratus) in Iran.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Carpa Dourada , Myxobolus , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Filogenia , Animais , Carpa Dourada/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Myxobolus/genética , Myxobolus/classificação , AquiculturaRESUMO
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is valued in aquaculture because of its quick development and ability to thrive in various environments. Myxosporeans are among the fish parasites that affect fish productivity, as they impact fish growth and reproduction, resulting in large fish deaths in farms and hatcheries. This study has been focused on morpho-molecular identification for the myxosporean parasites infecting Nile tilapia from three governorates in Egypt and assessment of gene expression of different cytokines (Interleukin-1ßeta (IL-1ß), major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), and clusters of differentiation 4 (CD-4) and 8 (CD-8)) in tissues. Additionally, this work aimed to correlate the developed histopathological alterations and inflammatory reactions in gills with immunohistochemical expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Finally, the infected fish's cortisol levels and blood glucose were assessed. Results of BLAST sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA for the collected protozoans confirmed Myxobolus agolus, M. brachysporus, M. tilapiae, and Henneguya species. The molecular characterization of the immunological status of gills revealed marked upregulation of different inflammatory cytokines in the gills of infected fish. There was a significantly increased serum cortisol and glucose level in infected fish compared with control, non-infected ones. Severe histopathological alterations were observed in the infected fish gills, associated with increased expression of iNOS and TNF-α and related to myxosporean infection. The present study provides new insights into oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia infected with Myxosporeans and elucidates the gill's immune status changes as a portal of entry for protozoa that contribute to tissue damage.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Doenças dos Peixes , Brânquias , Myxozoa , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Animais , Brânquias/parasitologia , Brânquias/patologia , Brânquias/imunologia , Ciclídeos/parasitologia , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Ciclídeos/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Myxozoa/fisiologia , Biomarcadores , Imuno-Histoquímica , Citocinas/metabolismo , Egito , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genéticaRESUMO
Spinal deformities in finfish have the potential to impact aquaculture industries and wild populations by increasing morbidity, mortality, and reducing growth rates. Myxobolus acanthogobii has been implicated in causing scoliosis and lordosis in various aquatic species in Japan. We investigated 4 cases of spinal deformity in 2 flathead (Platycephalus) species that were submitted to the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 2015 and 2021. Flathead are commercially significant species that are popular among Australian consumers, and are also sought-after species targeted by recreational fishers. Gross deformities are concerning to the community and may impact the quality and quantity of specimens available for consumption. Three blue-spotted flathead (P. caeruleopunctatus) and one marbled flathead (P. marmoratus) were submitted, all with marked scoliosis and kyphosis; 1-2-mm cysts were present on the dorsum of the brain, most often over the optic lobe or cerebellum. Cytology and differential interference microscopy of cyst material revealed numerous oval spores, xÌ 14 ± SD 0.75 µm × xÌ 11.5 ± SD 0.70 µm, with 2 pyriform polar capsules, the morphology of which is consistent with a Myxobolus sp. PCR assay and 18S rDNA sequencing of the cyst material identified a Myxobolus sp. with 96% identity to M. acanthogobii. The identification of this Myxobolus sp. confirms the presence of parasites with the potential to cause spinal deformity in significant aquatic species in NSW waterways.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Myxobolus , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Escoliose , Animais , Myxobolus/isolamento & purificação , Myxobolus/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Escoliose/veterinária , Escoliose/patologia , Escoliose/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Cifose/veterinária , Cifose/parasitologia , Linguados/parasitologia , New South WalesRESUMO
Linguatula is a food born zoonotic parasite in which carnivores and herbivores serve as final and intermediate hosts, respectively. Human infection with Linguatula spp. occurs following consumption of raw or undercooked infected internal organs of the intermediate host and/or consumption of water and/or vegetables contaminated with eggs released from final hosts. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and risk factors of Linguatula spp. in sheep, cattle, buffalo, goats and camels slaughtered at the Tabriz abattoir, Iran. In addition, effect of temperature and sodium chloride (NaCl) on survival time of Linguatula spp. nymphs was assessed. For this purpose, 25,520 mesenteric lymph nodes from 2552 animals and the livers and lungs from 656 animals were collected randomly and examined. To evaluate the effect of temperature and NaCl on the survival of Linguatula spp. nymphs in infected livers and lungs, 30 g of each liver and lung with dimensions of 2 × 3 × 4 cm, were exposed to temperatures of -20, 10, 50, 60 and 72 °C and NaCl concentrations of 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, in triplicate. Based on the mesenteric lymph nodes, 25.7 % (656 of 2552 animals) were infected with Linguatula spp. Of the 656 liver and lungs assessed, 141 (21.5 %) and 62 (9.5 %) were infected with Linguatula spp., respectively. The rate of infection of mesenteric lymph nodes in all animals was significant with age (P < 0.05), with more older animals infected. In regards to sex, except for camels, more female animals were infected than male animals (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in survival of nymphs based on temperature and/or NaCl and time (P < 0.0001). At 72 h, all temperatures assessed except 10 °C, resulted in all nymphs being inactivated. Sodium chloride was more effective against Linguatula spp. nymphs in livers than in lungs with 100 % efficacy only achieved against nymphs in livers at 20 % concentration after 48 h and at 10 and 15 % concentration after 72 h. Based on these results, heating and application of common salt as a food preservative in meat products reduces the survival time of Linguatula spp. nymphs and their use could decrease the risk of food-born microorganisms.
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Pentastomídeos , Humanos , Bovinos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Ovinos , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Cloreto de Sódio , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Camelus , Pentastomídeos/fisiologia , Ninfa/fisiologia , Fatores de Risco , Cabras , Búfalos , OvosRESUMO
Skin biopsies from 20 Apennine brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus), 17 of which displaying skin lesions, were investigated by histopathology. Different degrees of dermatitis characterized by folliculitis and furunculosis accompanied by epidermal hyperplasia and epidermal and follicular hyperkeratosis were detected. In the most severe lesions, the superimposition of traumatic wounds, probably self-induced by scratching, was observed. In 8 out of 17 (47.0%) affected bears, cross- and longitudinally-sectioned nematode larvae were present within the lumen of hair follicles, whose localization and morphological characteristics were consistent with Pelodera strongyloides. P. strongyloides is a free-living saprophytic nematode whose third-stage larvae can invade the skin causing pruritic dermatitis in several mammalian species. This is the first report of Pelodera infection in the brown bear. Although capable of causing primary dermatitis, the finding of Pelodera is not sufficient to conclude that it is the cause of the lesions observed in bears. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of the infection is indicative of a diffuse phenomenon that requires further specific investigations given the interest and conservational relevance of this relict bear population.
Assuntos
Infecções por Nematoides , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Dermatopatias Parasitárias , Ursidae , Animais , Biópsia/veterinária , Dermatite/parasitologia , Dermatite/patologia , Dermatite/veterinária , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/patologia , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologia , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/patologia , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Ursidae/parasitologiaRESUMO
"The piscine respiratory system is represented by gills. Gill diseases are extremely common and may be caused by a large variety of etiologic agents. The gills are in direct contact with water and reflect its quality, for example, pollution, and they also must face the presence of biotic agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Evolution has established many defense mechanisms to combat these agents. Failure of these mechanisms is life-threatening for the fish, due to impaired respiration. Gills are relatively easily accessible for clinical examination and sampling, which facilitates intravital diagnosis."
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Brânquias/microbiologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Peixes , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Viroses/patologia , Viroses/virologiaRESUMO
Passive immunization constitutes an emerging field of interest in aquaculture, particularly with the restrictions for antibiotic use. Enteromyxum leei is a myxozoan intestinal parasite that invades the paracellular space of the intestinal epithelium, producing a slow-progressing disease, leading to anorexia, cachexia and mortalities. We have previously demonstrated that gilthead sea bream (GSB, Sparus aurata) that survive E. leei infection become resistant upon re-exposure, and this resistance is directly related to the presence of high levels of specific IgM in serum. Thus, the current work was aimed to determine if passive immunization could help to prevent enteromyxosis in GSB and to study in detail the nature of these protective antibodies. Serum from a pool of resistant (SUR) or naïve (NAI) animals was intracoelomically injected 24 h prior to the E. leei-effluent challenge and at 9 days post-challenge (dpc). Effluent challenge lasted for 23 days, and then the injected groups were allocated in separate tanks with clean water. A non-lethal parasite diagnosis was performed at 56 dpc. At the final sampling (100 dpc), blood, serum and tissues were collected for histology, molecular diagnosis and the detection of circulating antibodies. In parallel, we performed an immunoglobulin repertoire analysis of the fish generating SUR and NAI sera. The results showed that, fish injected with parasite-specific antibodies (spAbs) became infected with the parasite, but showed lower disease signs and intensity of infection than the other groups, indicating a later establishment of the parasite. Repertoire analysis revealed that E. leei induced a polyclonal expansion of diverse IgM and IgT subsets that could be in part an evasion strategy of the parasite. Nonetheless, GSB was able to produce sufficient levels of parasite-spAbs to avoid re-infection of surviving animals and confer certain degree of protection upon passive transfer of antibodies. These results highlight the crucial role of spAb responses against E. leei and set the basis for the development of effective treatment or prophylactic methods for aquaculture.
Assuntos
Myxozoa/imunologia , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Dourada/imunologia , Dourada/parasitologia , Animais , Aquicultura/métodos , Proteínas de Peixes , Pesqueiros , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Imunização Passiva/veterinária , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologiaRESUMO
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) is the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), which affects both wild and farmed salmonid fish. The objective of this study was to outline differences in susceptibility to PKD in different salmonid species, hybrids and breeding lineages. Susceptibility to T. bryosalmonae infection was established based on cumulative mortality, pathological findings and detection of T. bryosalmonae in the kidney using immunohistochemistry and molecular methods. Determination of pure and hybrid individuals of different species in the genus Salvelinus, and dissimilarity of rainbow trout lineages, was performed using traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microsatellite analyses. Rainbow trout displayed higher disease severity compared with brook trout and Alsatian charr. Moreover, the results indicated differences in infection susceptibility, not only among different salmonid species but also among different lineages of charr and rainbow trout. Our study indicated that some salmonid species and even different lineages of the same species are more suitable for farming under PKD pressure.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Nefropatias/patologia , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Truta/parasitologia , Animais , Aquicultura , República Tcheca , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Repetições de Microssatélites , Myxozoa/genética , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaRESUMO
We report Armillifer moniliformis species infecting the endemic Sri Lankan brown palm civet (Paradoxurus montanus) from the Knuckles Range Forest Conservation Area, Sri Lanka. Larval stages of A. moniliformis were found during the postmortem of three civet cats found dead. Morphological studies were done by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Histopathological examination was conducted using tissue samples obtained from the liver. For the molecular analysis, DNA was extracted from the isolated third-stage larvae. The NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) and the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-2), a portion of the large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (28S), a portion of 18S ribosomal rRNA gene (18S), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COX1) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Excysted third-stage larvae were observed in the lungs, omentum, the pleural cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the surface of the spleen and the pericardium. Around 88 third-stage larvae were isolated from three civet cats. First-stage larvae in the liver were surrounded by outer fibrous layer over the inner germinal layer and filled with clear fluid. Slight hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration, and mild hepatocellular degeneration in the liver were observed. The SEM examination indicated the unique oral apparatus comprises the oval-shaped mouth opening in between two pairs of curved, retractile hamuli. The sequences obtained for ND5, ITS-2, 28S, 18S, and COX1 were 301, 382, 325, 414, and 644 bp in length respectively. Morphology, sequence similarity search, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic analysis identified this parasite as A. moniliformis.
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Pentastomídeos/citologia , Pentastomídeos/genética , Viverridae/parasitologia , Animais , Proteínas de Artrópodes/genética , Larva/classificação , Larva/citologia , Larva/genética , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Pentastomídeos/classificação , Pentastomídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Myxobolidae) is one of the most species-rich genera of myxosporean parasites infecting fish. Although common in nature, there are few reports of these parasites causing important disease in aquaculture. In this paper, we describe a new species of Henneguya infecting Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), a fish host introduced to the Mediterranean Sea from Japan in the late 1980s. RESULTS: Large plasmodia of the parasite were found in the bulbus arteriosus and in the ventricle of the infected fish. Spores were found mainly in the kidney and heart and were accompanied by melanized macrophages or vascular intimal proliferation mixed with a mild non-suppurative response, respectively. Comparisons of morphometric data for spore and polar capsule length and width, suggest a unique combination of features in the newly described species. Molecular analysis, based on 18S rDNA sequence of the parasite, followed by phylogenetic analysis, indicated that the parasite described here is a novel species of Henneguya, clustered with the marine congeneric species. CONCLUSIONS: Henneguya aegea n. sp. infects in aquaculture P. major, a host introduced as eggs to the Mediterranean from Japan. Despite the high host specificity of the myxobolid parasites, H. aegea n. sp. seems to be able to use P. major as a host and propagate successfully, causing morbidity and mortality. This could result in spillback of the new species from high density cultured non-native P. major to native fish hosts.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Perciformes/parasitologia , Animais , Aquicultura , Vasos Sanguíneos/parasitologia , Vasos Sanguíneos/patologia , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Grécia , Átrios do Coração/parasitologia , Ventrículos do Coração/parasitologia , Rim/parasitologia , Rim/patologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Mar Mediterrâneo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Myxozoa/classificação , Myxozoa/genética , Myxozoa/ultraestrutura , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Filogenia , Esporos de Protozoários/genética , Esporos de Protozoários/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Causes of morbidity and mortality and a survey of infectious disease agents were collated from wild and colony-raised endangered Amargosa voles (Microtus californicus scirpensis). Six voles from the wild and 295 voles in the captive-breeding colony were included in the study upon identification of an infectious agent during screening, identification of clinical signs of disease, or finding a pathological condition or infectious agent on necropsy. Findings included 28 significant or incidental pathological conditions of seven organ systems and 19 parasitic, viral, bacterial, or fungal agents. Several voles captured in the wild had fungal osteomyelitis of the tail that disseminated systemically in a vole brought from the wild to the colony and may have been caused by a Penicillium sp. Three voles reintroduced from the colony to the wild experienced inanition and subsequent severe hepatic and moderate renal tubular lipidosis. The most common significant pathological conditions in colony-reared voles were chronic interstitial nephritis with proteinosis; cardiomyopathy; trichobezoars that, in intestines or cecocolic junctions, sometimes induced local rupture or infarction with peritonitis; multifocal gastrointestinal ulceration and colibacillosis; acute renal tubular necrosis or nephritis; sepsis; hepatic and renal lipidosis; molar apical elongation sometimes progressing to invasion of the calvarium; and mammary tumors. Uncommon diagnoses included intervertebral disc disease; microvascular dysplasia; and multifocal bacterial abscessation. Common or clinically important infectious agents included Demodex sp. mites in hair follicles, Demodex sp. in esophageal mucosa, and an outbreak of tropical rat mites thought to have been introduced via the straw bedding; gastrointestinal Helicobacter sp.; attaching and effacing Escherichia coli; and Citrobacter braakii, a possible zoonotic bacterium. This survey of species-specific diseases and pathogens was possible because the established health surveillance program that is part of the species recovery plan allowed for monitoring of voles throughout the duration of their natural life spans in captivity.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Arvicolinae , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças dos Roedores/etiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Abrigo para Animais , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Doenças dos Roedores/mortalidade , Doenças dos Roedores/patologiaRESUMO
Lernaeenicus radiatus, a mesoparasitic pennellid copepod, has long been known in the northwest Atlantic with metamorphosed females infecting the muscle of marine fish. The study herein is the first to identify a definitive first host, black sea bass Centropristis striata, for L. radiatus supporting larval development to adults and sexual reproduction in the gills. This finding suggests a two-host life cycle for L. radiatus, with black sea bass as the first host. Heavy infections in the gill were associated with considerable pathology related to a unique and invasive attachment process that penetrated the gill and selectively attached to the gill filament cartilage. The morphology of the developing copepod was highly conserved with that of a related pennellid copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, though was distinguished by the attachment process, unique pigmentation and other morphologic features described herein. Sequencing the small and large subunits of the ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes demonstrated L. radiatus to share closer identities with Lernaeocera and Haemobaphes spp. pennellid copepods rather than other Lernaeenicus spp. available in GenBank to date. Taxonomy of L. radiatus is discussed in relation to life cycles, tissue tropism, morphology and genetics of other closely related pennellid copepods.
Assuntos
Bass , Copépodes/fisiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Copépodes/genética , Feminino , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Brânquias/patologia , Masculino , New Jersey , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologiaRESUMO
A Henneguya sp., morphologically resembling Henneguya nyongensis Fomena & Bouix, 1996, was isolated from the gills of Peter's elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii Günther, imported from Nigeria. Plasmodia were located between lamellae and within the gill epithelium, often leading to lamellar fusion. Although slightly smaller, the myxospores from these fish were morphologically consistent with H. nyongensis. In valvular view, spores are elongate, pyriform with a rounded posterior and tapering caudal processes. Myxospore bodies are 9.6-12.3 (mean 11.2) µm long and 4.0-4.7 (mean 4.3) µm wide. Polar capsules are pyriform, elongate, 4.5-5.2 (4.7) µm long and 1.3-1.6 (1.4) µm wide, with a characteristic neck-like structure at the apical end. Sequence generated for the 18S small subunit rRNA gene did not directly match any sequences available on GenBank, but demonstrated 91% nucleotide similarity to an unpublished Henneguya sp. infecting Mormyrus kannume Forsskål. Herein, the description of H. nyongensis is supplemented with new data on histopathology, molecular characterisation, and expanded host and geographical range.
Assuntos
Cnidários/classificação , Peixe Elétrico/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Cnidários/anatomia & histologia , Cnidários/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Brânquias/patologia , Nigéria , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the animal production sector, enteritis is responsible for serious economic losses, and intestinal parasitism is a major stress factor leading to malnutrition and lowered performance and animal production efficiency. The effect of enteric parasites on the gut function of teleost fish, which represent the most ancient bony vertebrates, is far from being understood. The intestinal myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum leei dwells between gut epithelial cells and causes severe enteritis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), anorexia, cachexia, growth impairment, reduced marketability and increased mortality. METHODS: This study aimed to outline the gut failure in this fish-parasite model using a multifaceted approach and to find and validate non-lethal serum markers of gut barrier dysfunction. Intestinal integrity was studied in parasitized and non-parasitized fish by immunohistochemistry with specific markers for cellular adhesion (E-cadherin) and tight junctions (Tjp1 and Cldn3) and by functional studies of permeability (oral administration of FITC-dextran) and electrophysiology (Ussing chambers). Serum samples from parasitized and non-parasitized fish were analyzed using non-targeted metabolomics and some significantly altered metabolites were selected to be validated using commercial kits. RESULTS: The immunodetection of Tjp1 and Cldn3 was significantly lower in the intestine of parasitized fish, while no strong differences were found in E-cadherin. Parasitized fish showed a significant increase in paracellular uptake measured by FITC-dextran detection in serum. Electrophysiology showed a decrease in transepithelial resistance in infected animals, which showed a diarrheic profile. Serum metabolomics revealed 3702 ions, from which the differential expression of 20 identified compounds significantly separated control from infected groups in multivariate analyses. Of these compounds, serum inosine (decreased) and creatine (increased) were identified as relevant and validated with commercial kits. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the disruption of tight junctions and the loss of gut barrier function, a metabolomic profile of absorption dysfunction and anorexia, which further outline the pathophysiological effects of E. leei.
Assuntos
Enterite/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Metabolômica , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Dourada/parasitologia , Animais , Caderinas/metabolismo , Claudina-3/metabolismo , Creatina/sangue , Dextranos/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eletrofisiologia , Enterite/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fluoresceína-5-Isotiocianato/análogos & derivados , Fluoresceína-5-Isotiocianato/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inosina/sangue , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/parasitologia , Intestinos/patologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Permeabilidade , Proteína da Zônula de Oclusão-1/metabolismoRESUMO
There are multiple Henneguya spp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) endemic to North American catfish aquaculture that affect the gills of channel catfish and their hybrids. These parasites are morphologically similar, and confusion exists regarding the predilection sites and pathologic changes associated with different species. In the spring of 2018, channel (Ictalurus punctatus) female × blue (Ictalurus furcatus) male hybrid catfish from 2 separate commercial operations in northwest Mississippi were submitted for diagnostic assessment in response to observed morbidity and reduced feeding activity. Fish presented with unusually heavy infections of Henneguya spp. plasmodia in the gills. The majority of gill filaments contained widespread, pinpoint, raised, white nodules corresponding microscopically to myxospore-filled plasmodia that obliterated interlamellar spaces. The bipolar myxospores were consistent with Henneguya spp. described from North American ictalurids, possessing slender fusiform spore bodies and elongate bifurcate caudal processes. Associated microscopic lesions included lamellar fusion, epithelial hyperplasia, infrequent, localized, granulomatous branchitis, and rare cartilage lysis, suggesting impaired gill function. Mature plasmodia were excised by laser capture microdissection from ethanol-fixed, hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections for molecular analysis. Fragments (700 bp) of a highly variable region of the 18S rRNA gene, diagnostic for the Myxobolidae, were 100% similar at the nucleotide level to Henneguya exilis. Although mortality was negligible, fish in the affected ponds exhibited signs of respiratory distress similar to proliferative gill disease (PGD) caused by Henneguya ictaluri in channel and hybrid catfish. However, gross and microscopic lesions differed markedly from PGD, known colloquially as "hamburger gill disease." While H. exilis has been reported from channel catfish, it is not typically associated with morbidity and mortality and has not previously been reported from channel × blue catfish hybrids. This work characterizes lesions and confirms the etiology of gill disease induced by the myxozoan H. exilis. In addition to PGD and other non-parasitic conditions, massive interlamellar H. exilis infection should be a differential consideration in pond-raised channel and hybrid catfish experiencing signs of respiratory distress.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Ictaluridae/parasitologia , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Transtornos Respiratórios/veterinária , Animais , Aquicultura , Feminino , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Brânquias/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Masculino , Mississippi/epidemiologia , Morbidade , Myxozoa/classificação , Myxozoa/genética , Myxozoa/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Transtornos Respiratórios/epidemiologia , Transtornos Respiratórios/parasitologia , Transtornos Respiratórios/patologiaRESUMO
In most species, variation in age among individuals is the strongest and most visible form of phenotypic variation. Individual-level age effects on disease traits, caused by differences in the age at exposure of the host or its parents, have been widely documented in invertebrates. They can influence diverse traits, such as host susceptibility, virulence, parasite reproduction and further transmission, and may cascade to the population level, influencing disease prevalence and within-host competition. Here, I summarize what is known about the relationship between individual-level age/stage effects and infectious disease in invertebrates. I also attempt to link age effects to the theory of aging (senescence), and highlight the importance of population age structure to disease epidemiology and evolution. I conclude by identifying gaps in our understanding of individual- and population-level age effects in invertebrates. As the age structure of populations varies across space and time, age effects have strong epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary implications for explaining variation in infectious diseases of invertebrates.
Assuntos
Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Invertebrados/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/transmissãoRESUMO
To achieve a contemporary understanding of the common and rare lesions that affect wild, urban Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus), we conducted a detailed pathology analysis of 672 rats from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Grossly evident lesions, such as wounds, abscesses, and neoplasms, were present in 71 of 672 rats (11%) and tended to be severe. The most common and significant lesions were infectious and inflammatory, most often affecting the respiratory tract and associated with bite wounds. We assessed a subset of rats (up to n = 406 per tissue) for the presence of microscopic lesions in a variety of organ systems. The most frequent lesions that could impact individual rat health included cardiomyopathy (128 of 406; 32%), chronic respiratory tract infections as indicated by pulmonary inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (270 of 403; 67%), tracheitis (192 of 372; 52%), and thyroid follicular hyperplasia (142 of 279; 51%). We isolated 21 bacterial species from purulent lesions in rats with bacterial infections, the most frequent of which were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Parasitic diseases in rats resulted from infection with several invasive nematodes: Capillaria hepatica in the liver (242 of 672; 36%), Eucoleus sp. in the upper gastrointestinal tract (164 of 399; 41%), and Trichosomoides crassicauda in the urinary bladder (59 of 194; 30%). Neoplastic, congenital, and degenerative lesions were rare, which likely reflects their adverse effect on survival in the urban environment. Our results establish a baseline of expected lesions in wild urban rats, which may have implications for urban rat and zoonotic pathogen ecology, as well as rat control in cities worldwide.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Cardiopatias/veterinária , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Ratos , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Doenças dos Roedores/patologia , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Colúmbia Britânica/epidemiologia , Cidades , Anormalidades Congênitas/epidemiologia , Anormalidades Congênitas/patologia , Anormalidades Congênitas/veterinária , Cardiopatias/epidemiologia , Cardiopatias/patologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/veterinária , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/patologia , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A new myxozoan species, Henneguya sp., is described based on material from skin of Cyphocharax modestus. Mature myxospores are were elongate and ellipsoidal, measuring 21.4⯱â¯1.2 (19.4-23.2) µm in total length, 5.1⯱â¯0.3 (4.5-5.8) µm in width, 11.9⯱â¯0.5 (10.9-12.7) µm in body length and 9.6⯱â¯0.7 (8.4-10.5) µm in length of the caudal process. The polar capsules were elongated and had unequal sizes, with length of 5.1⯱â¯0.4 (4.5-6.0) µm and 5.6⯱â¯0.4 (4.9-6.3) µm for smaller and larger respectively and width of 1.8⯱â¯0.2 (1.4-2.0) µm. The larger polar capsule had 8 turns in polar filament while the smaller polar capsule had 5 turns in polar filament. The macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of large nodules, which were located before and after the dorsal fin of the hosts. The histopathological analysis showed the development of nodules filled with plasmodia, surrounded by loose connective tissue, developed in the dermis of the skin. Many cysts containing countless spores, as well as free spores, were located in the dermis and hypodermis of the hosts, causing the disorganization of the connective tissue that is responsible for the support. This is the first record of a Henneguya species in C. modestus.
Assuntos
Caraciformes/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Myxozoa/isolamento & purificação , Myxozoa/patogenicidade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Pele/parasitologia , Simbiose , Animais , Brasil , Myxozoa/anatomia & histologia , Myxozoa/citologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Filogenia , Rios , Alimentos Marinhos/parasitologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Esporos , Tela Subcutânea/parasitologia , Tela Subcutânea/patologiaRESUMO
Objetivou-se descrever os distúrbios reprodutivos associados à infecção experimental por Toxoplasma gondii através da inseminação artificial com sêmen contaminado em quatro cabras no estágio crônico da infecção. As características do trato reprodutor foram avaliadas através de ultrassonografia transretal, visando o diagnóstico gestacional ou de desordens reprodutivas, após a infecção experimental. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram necropsiados e avaliações histopatológicas e PCR foram realizados. Dentre os animais infectados que exibiram mortalidade embrionária, duas apresentaram anestro e duas apresentaram repetição de estro, sendo que destas uma apresentou intervalos entre estros reduzido (sete dias) e outra em intervalo regular (21 dias). Todavia, ambas foram submetidas a monta natural durante os estros naturais subsequentes e não foi confirmada gestação até o final do experimento (90 dias). Duas cabras exibiram alterações nos exames de ultrassonografia, sendo identificadas um cisto ovariano, e uma hidrossalpinge, ambas confirmadas no exame post-mortem. As principais lesões microscópicas nesse grupo foram infiltração neutrofílica dos pulmões, glomerulonefrite intersticial e infiltração neutrofílica do fígado. O DNA de T. gondii foi encontrado nos órgãos (coração e cérebro) de três cabras. Em conclusão, cabras infectadas com sêmen contendo T. gondii no momento da inseminação artificial apresentam distúrbios reprodutivos na fase crônica da infecção que podem estar associados à toxoplasmose.
The aim of this study was to describe the reproductive disorders related to experimental infection by artificial insemination with semen contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii of four goats in the chronic phase of the infection. In the end of the study, the does were submitted to necropsy, and PCR and histopathological evaluations were performed. Among infected does that exhibited embryonic loss, two were in anestrus and two exhibited repeated estrus. One of the latter animals exhibited clinical signs of estrus at seven-day intervals, whereas the other had a 21-day estrous cycle. However, both does were naturally mated on subsequent natural estrous and were not able to get pregnant until the end of the experiment (90 d). Two of the goats exhibited abnormalities in the ultrasound examinations, one of which was an ovarian cyst, while the other was a hydrosalpinx, both of which were confirmed in the post-mortem examination. The main microscopic injuries in this group were neutrophilic infiltration of the lungs, interstitial glomerulonephritis and neutrophilic infiltration of the liver. T. gondii DNA was found in the organs (heart and brain) of three does. In conclusion, does infected with Toxoplasma gondii in semen at the time of artificial insemination display reproductive disorders in the chronic phase of infection that might be associated with toxoplasmosis.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cabras/embriologia , Cabras/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/complicações , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/patologia , Infertilidade/veterinária , Patologia Veterinária , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose Animal/complicações , Toxoplasmose Animal/embriologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Blood biochemistry, body mass, and gross pathology of male eiders (Somateria mollissima) wintering in the Inner Danish Waters of the western Baltic Sea (the Great Belt Strait) were assessed in this study. In November 2015, 14 specimens were obtained from the area defined for examination. Of the subject animals captured, 1 had dilated intestines and 2 had granulomas with encapsulated shotgun pellets considered to be chronic in nature. All 14 males were determined to have enteritis along with acanthocephalan and trematode endoparasites. Compared with reference values for captive eiders, plasma values of alanine aminotransferase (93%), total bilirubin (45%), gamma-glutamyl transferase (41%), and alkaline phosphatase (92%) showed significant increases in all 14 male birds. Altogether, the plasma biochemistry and gross pathology findings suggest that up to as many as 20% of the eider males in the Inner Danish Waters of the western Baltic Sea may suffer from liver and bile duct lesions and enteritis. The overall effect on the bird's survival from the results of this investigation is unknown. Therefore, the authors emphasize that more research is required on wintering eiders in the western Baltic to obtain a better understanding of their overall health status during winter, as well as their responses to wound-related lesions associated with gunshot pellets.